Lapho isikhathi semvula sikhona ezinkangala eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChihuahua, amaTarahumara ahlakazeka emafulethini awo angawodwa. Ukubuyela ekhaya kubandakanya imisebenzi enzima kakhulu yomjikelezo wezolimo, kepha bayazi ukuthi imivuzo yale mizamo iwufanele.
Lapho izilimo zivuthwa futhi isivuno sesizovunwa, abantu bahlangana futhi lapho okuqala khona imiphakathi yabo ukwenza imikhosi nemikhosi ehlanganyelwe: isikhathi sesifikile sokubungaza inhlalakahle yezomnotho emele ukuthola izithelo zomhlaba futhi iqala umjikelezo wemikhosi osukela ku- ukuwa sekwedlule isikhathi ngoFebhuwari noma ngoMashi, isikhathi lapho umsebenzi wezolimo uqala isizini entsha.
Imikhosi esemqoka yalo mjikelezo ngokuyinhloko yanikezelwa ku-cKhuphula abangcwele abaxhasi, ukukhumbula izinsuku ezifanele kakhulu ze- Iphasika likaKhisimusi nokuhlonipha iNcasakazi uMariya, omunye wonkulunkulu bamaKatolika abahlonishwa kakhulu esifundeni (ngaphansi kokuncenga UGuadalupe noma iNcasakazi yaseLoreto). Ngalesi sikhathi, umphakathi wemikhosi ugqamile ngokuzibandakanya kwawo okusebenzayo emikhosini: imayelana matachines, abadansi abanikela ukusebenza kwabo eNcasakazini.
Yize izinsuku zokuvula nokuvala zenqubo ye Imishini ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kuya ngomphakathi okukhulunywa ngawo, umjikelezo wesiko lapho lezi zinamandla kakhulu ufinyelela esigabeni sawo somvuthwandaba esikhathini esiqala phakathi kukaDisemba 12 (idili leNcasakazi yaseGuadalupe) noJanuwari 6 (idili lamaKhosi Angcwele).
INHLANGANO
Abahleli bamaqembu Imishini kubizwe ubhabhe noma chapeyones. Yibo labo babiza ababambiqhaza bese babaqondisa. Banamandla okululeka amalungu eqembu angalandeli izinkomba zawo nanjengophawu lwawo mandla baphatha isiswebhu.
Icala le- Chapeyoko uzungezwe i-aura ye igunya nodumo; Labo abakha leli qembu bangongcweti kwezamasiko, futhi banomthwalo omkhulu wokuhola ukwenziwa okufanele kwabadansi. I- ubhabhe abagqoki isudi yamatachin, kodwa baphethe eyodwa imaski ngokuvamile okwenziwe ngokhuni oluqoshiwe, olunentshebe namadevu enziwe ngoboya behhashi noma uboya bembuzi. Lapho umdanso wenziwa, i- ubhabhe khipha ezinye Ukumemeza abonisa ngazo abadansi izinguquko ezithile ezinyathelweni ze-choreographic.
Abanye abaholi bomdanso baziwa ngaphansi kwegama lika amakhosi; dansa ne- Imishini benza ukuthuthuka, bakhonza njengabafundisi bokubuthwa abasha nabangenalwazi, futhi bathokozela i- udumo olukhulu emphakathini.
Inani lamalungu eqembu le- Imishini kuyehluka kakhulu; ngokwezinga elikhulu kuncike emandleni okuhlangana kwabahleli, ezingeni lamasiko agcinwa ngumphakathi okukhulunywa ngawo, kanye namathuba ezomnotho abantu. Lesi sakamuva kungenxa yokuthi ngamunye UMatachín kumele athenge izingubo zakhe nokunye okuphathelene nempahla yesiko.
Kuvamile kulabo abazibophezela ukwenza njenge I-Matachin yenzele a iminyaka emithathu elandelanayo, kepha lesi sikhathi sokuhlala naso siyahlukahluka. Kweminye imiphakathi lapho kuthonya khona imestizo, njenge I-Cerocahui Y UMorelos, abesifazane bangaba yingxenye yamaqembu we Imishini; nokho, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kufaka kuphela amadoda.
IGCOKAMA
Izembatho ziqukethe izingubo zemvelaphi ye-mestizo: ihembe, amabhulukwe, amabhuzu namasokisi (Lesi sakamuva sidlula amabhuzu futhi silingana ngaphezu kwebhulukwe). Esinqeni, emboza isinqe nezinqe, iboshiwe i-bandana enemibala, ondlebe yakhe ilenga phakathi kwemilenze efana nebhande lesikhumba. Ukuqedela ingubo, nabo bayabekwa izingqimba ezimbalwa ezibomvu noma ezinezimbali wendwangu kakotini, kusuka emahlombe kuya emadolweni.
Mhlawumbe isici esigqoka kakhulu sezingubo ze- Imishini Ikona umqhele ukuthi bathwale ngamakhanda abo futhi ama-rattles nama-palmillas ukuthi baphathe ngezandla zabo. Umqhele wenziwa nge izibuko, noma ngezimbali zezimbali engenziwa ngendwangu, iphepha le-china noma ipulasitiki; ilenga a inqwaba yama-slats anemibala eminingi. Futhi, ngama-bandana, emuva kwekhanda nengxenye yobuso kumboziwe, kuveza kuphela amehlo nekhala.
I- Imishini baphatha ngesandla sabo sokudla a ukukhala beqhweba njalo, ngenkathi ngakwesobunxele bephethe i- isundu (uhlobo lomlandeli nalo olungathatha ukuma kwe-trident), lapho zilenga khona amaribhoni anemibala nendwangu noma izimbali zepulasitiki. Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi sikawa, ukuthi kufayela le- ulimi lwe-tarahumara kusho ukuthi "imbali", igama elisho amandla okulunga. Izinganekwane zikuchaza lokho Imishini badalelwa ukuba babe amasosha eNcasakazi, futhi banweba amathonya amahle ngemidanso yabo namandla angenabungozi, banikeza lokhu okufanekiselwa yimbali.
UMCULO
Izinsimbi zokwenza umculo ohambisana nalomdanso yilezi i-violin, lapho tarahumara bayabiza ravel, Y isiginci noma isigingci esinezintambo eziyisikhombisa iyale ngesilinganiso samabhasi amathathu phezulu bese kuthi ezine ziyehlele phansi. Mhlawumbe lo myalo uhlobene nencazelo yesiko enikezwe lezi zinombolo, ngoba kubantu bomdabu i- isithathu isibalo sowesilisa bese kuthi esesine sibe sesine.
Inani labaculi abaculayo nalo alinqunyelwe, kepha kuyadingeka ukuthi okungenani kube khona oyedwa isiginci ne-violin duo. Lesi sakamuva siyithuluzi lokudala kakhulu ezingxenyeni zomculo njengoba sinesibopho se letha izingxenye zomculo, ngenkathi isigingci sishaya isigqi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsindo we umsindo ethwalwa ngabadansi yakha esinye isisekelo sesigqi esibasiza ukumaka kangcono izinyathelo.
UBUCHOPHO
Imidanso yenziwa ngesinyathelo semfundo ephakeme noma kanambambili. Ukuma komzimba kumile, kanti isinyathelo simakwe ngamathe ezinyawo. Izibalo ezivame kakhulu zomdanso zibiziwe "Iziphambano" (ukushintshaniswa kwezikhundla phakathi kwemigqa emibili lapho iqembu labadansi lihlukaniswe khona): "Abasakazi" (amakhosi awela phakathi kwale migqa emibili, ezungeze ngamunye wabadansi) futhi "Amagagasi" (Ukumiswa kwamalungu omugqa, azungeze lawo amanye ngenkathi ehlala endaweni futhi okuphambene nalokho). Ngaphezu kwalokho, okunye ukunyakaza kuqukethe ukujika okwenziwa ngabadansi ngamunye kubo.
Ukusebenza kuqala nini amalungu eqembu akhiwa e-atrium yesonto, ibheke esiphambanweni esikhulu. Esigqi somculo amakhosi aphephezelisa umsindo wawo Y Imishini iqala ukuvela kwayo. Imigqa ijikeleza isiphambano ukuyibingelela, futhi ngaphambi kwayo imaka amaphuzu amane abalulekile aphendukela ngakunye. Ngemuva kwalokho bangena esontweni futhi babingelele izithombe ezingcwele njengesenzo senhlonipho nentshiseko yenkolo.
Imidanso qhubeka ubusuku bonke, zonke izingcezu eziyisishiyagalolunye kwenziwa ikhefu. Kusatshalaliswa i-tónari yasekuseni (umhluzi wenkomo ongenawo usawoti), futhi ngemuva kwesidlo sasekuseni esiqinisayo Imishini ukuvela kwabo kuqala futhi.
Kule mikhosi cishe kwenzeka njalo izindwendwe lapho i- iziphathimandla yomphakathi, ama-tenanches (amantombazane amathathu noma amantombazane aphethe izithombe ezingcwele) kanye ne- umphakathi jikelele.
Udwendwe ngalunye luvulwa nge izingcezu ezintathu zemishini, abayihola kanye nabaculi babo. Uma kukhona umpristi otholakala endaweni, kubanjwa imisa; kepha kuthiwani uma ungaphuthelwa yiyona ukuphinyiselwa kwe-nawésariNgamanye amazwi, izintshumayelo ezinikezwa yiziphathimandla ukunxusa wonke umuntu ukuthi aziphathe kahle, asebenze unyaka wonke futhi akhumbule ukubaluleka kwalo mcimbi ogujwayo.
Ukuqeda ukusebenza kwabo, Imishini zinqunywa ngokwenza isiqeshana lapho abadansi, abakhelwe ngaphakathi imigqa emibili ibhekene, bayashintshana ukuthintwa kwama-palmillas abo nezinyawo ezakha a phakathi nomdansi phambi kwabo. Lesi senzo senziwa e-atrium futhi siyaphindwa ngaphakathi kwethempeli.
EMINYE IMAKHONO YASENorthway
I- yaquis kanye ne- imayos ISonora nayo inamaqembu we- Imishini, futhi ebekelwe inkolo yeNcasakazi. TO maphakathi noJulayi omunye wemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi emuhle ye- yaquis ndawonye amakhulu Imishini neziphathimandla zezenkolo ze Imizana Eyisishiyagalombili. Inhloso yocingo ukunikela ngezenzo zalo ku- Intombi Yendlela, ongcwele yakhe isedolobheni elaziwa njenge I-Loma de Bácum.
Ngokwabo inyakatho tepehuanos, omakhelwane be tarahumara, yize bevela egatsheni elihlukile lomndeni wolimi yutooceca, wabelane nabo nge umdanso wemishini, phakathi kwezinye izici eziningi zamasiko. Kuyathakazelisa nokho ukuthi phakathi kwamanye amaqembu omdabu endaweni yamasiko enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico, isiko le Imishini ilahlekile noma mhlawumbe ayikaze ibe khona.
Eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, indawo enokufana okuningi kwamasiko omdabu enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico, amaqembu ezinhlanga aqoqana ngaphansi kwaleli gama Abantu baseKeresan, eTaos, eTewas naseTiwas, abagcini ngokusetshenziswa komdanso kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izinganekwane ngemvelaphi yawo. Bathi yethulwe eningizimu nguMoctezuma, unkulunkulu waseNdiya owayegqoka izingubo zase-Europe nowabikezela ukufika kwabelungu, exwayisa amaNdiya ukuthi asebenzisane nabo, kodwa angakhohlwa imikhosi namasiko abo.
OKUQALA KWEZIMAKHONO
I- Imvelaphi yaseYurophu yemidanso Imishini neminye imidanso ehambisana nale - eyaziwa ngokuthi "Imidanso Yokunqoba" noma kusuka "AmaMoor namaKrestu"- kusobala impela. Ezinkantolo zeZwe Elidala ukuqhubeka kwe matchinins phakathi EFrance, kuhlatshwa e-Italy kanye ne- moriskentänzer eJalimane. Yize igama lesi-Arabhu mudawajjihen, kusho ukuthini "Labo abeza ubuso nobuso" noma "Labo ababeka ubuso" - mhlawumbe ngokubhekisele ekusetshenzisweni kwamamaski - kungaphakamisa imvelaphi yase-Arabhu yomdanso.
Izincazelo zaleso sikhathi ziveza i- matachines njengamahlaya owayesebenza ezinkantolo zasenkantolo. Ngokuvamile babengamadoda ababedansa esiyingini begxuma futhi bezenzisa ukulwa ngezinkemba ezihlekisayo; babegqoka izigqoko zokuzivikela nezinsimbi bese belandela isigqi esasibekwa umtshingo.
Amadrama nemicikilisho ekhethiwe eyenza i "Imidanso Yokunqoba", yethulwa eMexico yi Izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKatolika, obasebenzise njengomthombo wokuqinisa imisebenzi yabo yokuvangela, bebona ukunamathela okukhulu abantu bomdabu ababenakho umdanso, ingoma nomculo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni izithunywa zevangeli zazihlose ukulingisa ukunqoba kwamaKristu phezu kwe Umbusi wama-Aztec uMontezuma sibonga amahhovisi eMalinche, athathwa njengowokuqala ukuguqukela ebuKristwini eMexico yasendulo.
Vele, abantu bomdabu baqala ukungeza izinto zomdabu kukho konke ukudansa nokuhambisana komculo. Ukwamukelwa kwalokhu kwakungukuthi abaphathi be-viceregal banqabela ukubulawa kwabo ngaphakathi kwamathempeli noma e-atrium yamasonto, ngokwesaba ukuvukela futhi ngoba babheka okunye kwalokhu kubonakaliswa njengobuqaba; Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwezinyathelo zokucindezela luzuze kuphela ukuthi imidanso yenziwa ebangeni eliqine ngokwengeziwe kusuka kumandla aseSpain, ngokwesibonelo, ezindlini zamaNdiya amakhulu. Leli qiniso liphinde lathandisa ukuvumelanisa nokwengezwa kwezinto ezintsha ezingokwesiko labomdabu. Uma kwenzeka kuba Imishini, incazelo yokuqala efundiswa yi Izithunywa zevangeli zamaFranciscan namaJesuit yagcina inyamalale phakathi kwabantu bomdabu basenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Izakhi zezinto zokugqoka nezingubo nazo zishintshiwe ukuze kuhambisane nokunambitheka nezimpawu ezihlonishwa kakhulu ngabantu bomdabu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphalamende kwashiywa futhi imisebenzi yabalingiswa abathile yabelwa kabusha (njengamakhosi, amaMalinche namajesters). I- Ukudansa kwemishini ngaleyo ndlela kwaba ukubonakaliswa kwamasiko we Imizana yabomdabu kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico.
UMDANISO KWEZINYE IZINDAWO ZASEMEXICO
Kunezinguqulo eziningana ze- Umdanso weMatachin endaweni kazwelonke, lapho labo abadansayo futhi benza kanjalo ukubonga umusa abawutholile noma njengenkokhelo yomyalo noma isithembiso esenziwe kwabangcwele. Ezinye izibonelo zikhombisa ukuthi lo mdanso uyisiko lamasiko eleqa imingcele yobuzwe, kusukela kwenzeka emiphakathini ehlukahlukene ye-mestizo kusuka enyakatho yeMexico.
Phakathi kwemidanso engabhekwa okuhlukile kweMachines kukhona, ngokwesibonelo, lowo oseCoahuila obiziwe "Umgodi wamanzi", njengoba leli kuyigama lomakhelwane wedolobha laseSaltillo lapho kwenziwa kulo intela ku UKristu Ongcwele Ubethelwe esiphambanweni. E-Aguascalientes, eNayarit, eDurango, naseningizimu yeSinaloa, lAbadansi abathwali imfefe noma izintende, kodwa baphatha umnsalo nomcibisholo omncane, bese kuthi owokugcina anikeze igama le- "Umdanso Womnsalo". I- eningizimu tepehuanos banalo mdanso njengokunye kokukhashelwa kwabo okungcwele. KuZacatecas, ikakhulukazi kufayela le- umasipala waseGuadalupe, umdanso ka isicelo semvula nokuzala, igama lika matlachin owamukela umdanso kulesi sifunda uhumusha ngokuthi "Umuntu ozifihlile". EGuerrero, umdanso uxhunyaniswe ne- umjikelezo "wamaMoor namaKrestu", ngokuhlukile kwe- "I-Santiagos"; i ukuthatha iJerusalema ngamaMoor kanye nokuxoshwa okulandelayo kanye nokufa okufanayo ngoMphostoli uJames onqobayo. Ekugcineni, eTlaxcala, umdanso uhluke kakhulu, kepha unokufana nokuhlukahluka okuthile kwe- Imishini: kukhona amaqembu abadansi abizwa "AmaLitters" adansa ngaphandle kokuphendula kumidwebo ehlelwe kusengaphambili ngesigqi se-mariachis, agqoke onodoli abakhulu abenziwe ngamakhadibhodi nephepha le-china elinama-animal motifs, futhi enze amahlaya kanye nama-antics ezilalelini, okubasondeza nohlobo lwe amaqembu omkhosi.
Umthombo: Engaziwa iMexico No. 263 / Januwari 1999
