Isigodlo seTecali, idolobha elisePuebla, liyisibonelo sokwakhiwa kwezindlu zezindela ezibonisa ukuguquguquka kwalolu hlobo lwe-onyx ekwakhiweni.
I-Tecali, uhlobo lwe-onyx
UTecali uvela egameni lesiNahuatl elithi tecalli (elivela ku-tetl, itshe, ne-calli, indlu), ngakho-ke lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “indlu yamatshe”, yize le ncazelo ingahambelani nalokho okuthiwa yi-tecali, i-onyx noma i-poblano alabaster, idwala le-metamorphic elisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni AmaMexico avela ngekhulu le-16, kanye ne-tezontle ne-chiluca.
Njengoba kungekho gama lesiNahuatl lolu hlobo lwe-onyx, igama elithi tecali lahlala lisho indawo yaleli dwala endaweni. UTecali ubesetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamapuleti ama-altare namawindi, njengoba enqunywe emashidini amancane bekuyinto ebambekayo yengilazi ngenxa yokubonakala kwawo obala. Imibala ephuzi eyayiveza emasontweni yakha isimo esikhethekile, ngokuhlangana nokukhanya kwezingqimba ze-altare, samboza isonto endaweni encane yasemhlabeni futhi yasezulwini, lapho ababengazizwa beyingxenye yobukhulu baphezulu. Lo mphumela waqondwa ngokucacile ngabadwebi nabadwebi, abanjengoMathías Goeritz lapho beklama amafasitela anengilazi amabhishobhi amakhulu aseMexico naseCuernavaca. Namuhla i-tecali isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuhlobisa nezesekeli, njengepulpiti namafonti wamanzi angcwele epherishi lamanje noma emithonjeni, ebaziwe noma emihlobisweni ekhishwa ngabenzi bomsebenzi bendawo.
Njengamadolobhana ethu amaningi, iTecali inesithunzi esingezansi lapho kwakhiwa khona isifunda kanye nokuthi kwakuyisigodlo esingakanani samaFranciscan ngezikhathi zobukoloni. Namuhla sekuyincithakalo futhi, noma kunjalo, siyabazisa ubukhosi bawo futhi asikwazi ukusiza ukuzwa ukuthakatha okuthile okuzungeze indawo.
Isakhiwo seConvent
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhosi kwakuyisikhala sokushunyayelwa kwevangeli kanye nomkhakha wenkolo wendawo. Izigodlo ezazakhiwe ngamaFranciscans, amaDominican kanye nama-Augustinians zaqhubeka nesiko lezindela laseYurophu, okumele ngabe lavumelana nezimfuno ezazibekwe ukunqotshwa, okwathinta isakhiwo saso sokuqala. Uhlobo lokwakhiwa kwesigodlo saseNew Spain alulandelanga imodeli efakwe eSpain. Ekuqaleni kwakuyisakhiwo sesikhashana futhi kancane kancane salungisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezifanele izimo zendawo, laze lakha imodeli ephindaphindwa kokuningi kwalokhu kwakhiwa: i-atrium enkulu enamasonto ahleli emakhoneni ayo, isonto livulekele ohlangothini olulodwa. yesonto namakamelo esigodlo asatshalaliswa ezungeza i-blister, imvamisa engxenyeni eseningizimu yesonto.
USantiago de Tecali
Elinye lala maqembu ngelikaSantiago de Tecali. AmaFranciscans aqala ukusebenza lapho ngo-1554 esakhiweni sangaphambilini, ngoba esamanje sango-1569, esuselwa ekudwebeni ngamatshe ngabalingiswa baseYurophu nabomdabu ekhoneni elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yesonto. Umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwalenxanxathela wenzeka phakathi kuka-1570 no-1580. Ngokwe-Tecali Geographical Relationship, eyalungiswa nguFather Ponce ngo-1585, itshe lesikhumbuzo laqedwa ngoSepthemba 7, 1579 futhi lalinendawo engaphansi, igumbi elingaphezulu, amaseli kanye nesonto. konke "ukuhweba okuhle kakhulu." Lokhu kuhweba okuhle kubonakala ekwakhiweni nasekuhlobiseni konke okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ikakhulukazi esontweni: kuyithempeli elinama-naves amathathu (i-basilical), isici esenza lihluke kuningi lalezo zesikhathi salo, okuyinto balandela imodeli yomkhumbi owodwa. Ine-façade ebabazekayo ebilondolozwe icinene; kuhluke ngokuphelele esigodlweni sezindela esonakele nendawo evulekile yesonto evulekile ebekwe ngenhla komhlaba ohlangothini oluseningizimu yesonto.
Isembozo siveza inhlonipho ejulile. Iveza ukwakheka okunengqondo, okuhlelileko nokunakekela ngobungako bayo; lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi umakhi wayezazi izigaxa zokudweba kwezakhiwo zezivumelwano zakudala zikaVitruvius noma uSerlio. Lo mklamo uze wakhonjiswa nguClaudio de Areiniega, umakhi we-viceroy uDon Luis de Velasco, owaqamba uhlelo lweCathedral of Mexico. Umlingiswa we-mannerist wekhava ulinikeza ukuvumelana okunengqondo, okwakhiwe ngokususelwa kuzakhi ezihambisanayo. Umnyango we-nave emaphakathi, owakhiwe yi-arch semicircular, unokubumba okulula nokulandelana okunesigqi kwamaphoyinti wepiramidi noma wedayimane, nama-scallops noma amagobolondo abhekisele ekunikezelweni kwethempeli: iSantiago apóstol. Ehhovisi, ukulandelana kwamaphoyinti edayimane kuyaphindwa. Ukhiye ophakathi nendawo ugqanyiswa i-corbel kanti kuma-spandrel kusekhona omunye umdwebo onezingelosi ezimbili eziphethe izibopho "ezibamba" i-corbel. Ngokwesimo sokushunyayelwa kwevangeli, izingelosi eminyango yokungena emasontweni zingabaqondisi nabaqali bempilo yobuKrestu; Babekwa emnyango, njengophawu lokushumayela noma lwemiBhalo Engcwele, okuthi ngezwi lakhe kuvule umnyango wamaKrestu amasha, ukufinyelela olwazini ngoNkulunkulu.
Ezinhlangothini zombili kunamakholomu amabili anezinhlayiya ezimbili ezivaliwe ngegobolondo, ebelinezithombe eziqoshiwe ezine: oSanta uPeter noSanta Paul, abasunguli beSonto, uSanta John kanye nosanta ongumvikeli wendawo, iSt James. Amakholomu asekela i-cornice efakwe unyawo olungunxantathu nezinkinobho ezine. Lezi zinto zokwakha zinikeza ikhava uhlamvu lwayo lwe-behaistist, olubizwa nangokuthi i-purist Renaissance. Le ngosi ihambisana neminyango yokungena emaphaseji, ibuye ibe nhlangothi zombili futhi imake ama-ashlars kanye ne-voussoirs ngama-grooves, ikakhulukazi ngesitayela sezigodlo ze-Florentine Renaissance. Isethi yonke ithweswe umqhele wangaphambili noma iphini elibushelelezi elizungezwe izinsika, lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi isihlangu sombuso waseSpain sasikhona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kuphakama umbhoshongo wensimbi ophethwe yinhloko-dolobha; kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunomunye umbhoshongo ofanayo ekugcineni okuphambene kwe-façade, njengoba kukhonjisiwe isisekelo esivele sikhona futhi, ngokwemibandela yokwakhiwa, esingahambisana nokulinganisa kwenkimbinkimbi yonke.
Ngaphakathi kwesonto, i-nave emaphakathi ibanzi futhi yinde, njengoba ihlala i-altare elikhulu futhi ihlukaniswe ezinhlangothini ngamachungechunge amabili wamakhothamo angama-semicircular asebenza kulo lonke ukwakhiwa futhi asekelwa amakholomu abushelelezi anenhloko-dolobha. I-Tuscan. Indawo ebiyelwe yayihlotshiswe ngomdwebo odongeni. Izinkomba zombala ezithandwa kakhulu zisesontweni lama-niche elingaphansi, eligcina ingxenye yomngcele noma isiqephu sezingelosi namahlamvu, esikhawulelwe izintambo ezimbili zaseFranciscan ezibomvu. Engxenyeni engenhla ye-niche kwakupendwe isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza esinezinkanyezi, ngokufanayo njengoba sibona entendeni yokungena yomnyango osenyakatho wethempeli. Isigodlo sasinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemidwebo esendongeni, njengoba kungabonakala ku-sacristy, lapho kwakudwetshwe khona ijazi lothuli belingisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-napkin tile noma onxantathu abadayanayo, kanye nezimbali ezimibalabala kuzimele zamafasitela. Kuwo wonke amanye amakamelo, kusele amanxiwa asimema ukuthi sicabange ukuthi angaba kanjani, yingakho indawo ebiyelwe inezinkondlo ezithile, njengoba isivakashi saleyo ndawo siphawule.
Ebudlelwaneni obukhulunywe ngenhla bukaGeographical Relationship of Tecali kuphinde kwavezwa ukuthi isonto lalinophahla lwamapulangwe ngaphansi kophahla oluyigable olunamathayili, uphahla olwaluvame kakhulu kuleyonkathi yokuqala yamakoloni. EMexico sesivele sinezibonelo ezimbalwa zale alfarjes yamapulangwe emangalisayo futhi uTecali angaba omunye wabo, ukube bekungekhona isisulu sikajenene ogama lakhe linguCalixto Mendoza owakha inkunzi yenkomo lapho ngo-1920. Kodwa-ke, le ndawo evulekile ihlinzeka umuzwa omnandi wokuthula nokuthula, futhi umema izivakashi nezakhamizi ukuthi beze kuyo ngesikhathi sabo samahhala ukujabulela imindeni yabo noma abathandekayo utshani obuhle manje obuyisitezi sethempeli, ngaphansi kwelanga elikhanyayo lePuebla.
Ngemuva ungabona i-presbytery enekhothamo elikhulu elisekelwa ngama-corbel ayizikwele futhi liqokonyiswe ngamadayimane noma amaphuzu e-pyramidal alingana nalawo asesembozweni, enza izincwadi ezihlobisa ngomusa. Egumbini elingumgogodla elenza i-arch kunezingcezu zama-caisson ama-polygonal aqoshwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu, ahambisana nomhlobiso wophahla lwokhuni. Lokhu kungenzeka kwalungiswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, lapho kunamathiselwe i-altare elikhulu ngesitayela sesitashi, elalimboza umdwebo wokuqala wobumba, lapho kuhlala khona ucezu lweCalvary kuphela. Odongeni ungabona izisekelo ezithile ezenziwe ngokhuni ezazisekela i-altare legolide.
Isisekelo se-altare eligciniwe sibukeka silula futhi singanakiwe, kepha siqukethe inganekwane edumile engaqondakali, ngokusho kukaDon Ramiro, ohlala kuleyo ndawo. Uqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona okufihliwe ukungena kweminye imihubhe exhumana nesigodlo esingumakhelwane saseTepeaca, okwadlula kuso amafreyimu ngasese nalapho babegcina khona isifuba esinezingcezu ezibalulekile zebhulukhwe lesonto, "elanyamalala" ngemuva kokubuyiselwa lendawo, kumashumi ayisithupha.
Ngenhla komnyango bekukhona ikwaya, ebesekelwa imengamo emithathu eyehlisiwe ehlangana nemengamo emincane yamasango, ifinyelela isethi yomgwaqo eyehlayo. Le ndawo iphendula isitayela saseSpain sekwephuzile se-15th century, esamukelwa emasontweni e-New Spain.
Imininingwane yemvelaphi yasendulo
E-Tecali sithola nezixazululo zemvelaphi yangenkathi ephakathi: lokho okubizwa ngezitebhisi eziyindilinga, okuyiziphaseji ezincane ngaphakathi kwezindonga ezithile futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezivumela ukusakazeka ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Lawa ma-corridors empeleni ayesetshenziswa ngokoqobo ukugcinwa kwe-facade, njengoba nje ayesetshenziswa eYurophu yangesikhathi esidlule ukuhlanzwa kwamawindi. ENew Spain bekungekho amawindi engilazi anamabala, kodwa izindwangu noma amaphepha acijwayo abesongwa noma asatshalaliswa ukulawula ukungena komoya nokukhanyisa, yize lapha kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amawindi ayevaliwe ngamashidi e-tecali. Enye yalezi zindlela eziphakathi kwezindonga kwakungamawindi ayethinta isonto nebhokisi futhi asebenze njengabavuma izono, lapho umpristi ayelinda esigodlweni sezindela futhi ozisolayo esondela esuka esigungwini. Lolu hlobo lokuvuma izono luyeka ukusetshenziswa ngemuva koMkhandlu waseTrent (1545-1563), owathola ukuthi lawa kufanele abe ngaphakathi kwethempeli, ngakho-ke sinezibonelo ezimbalwa eMexico.
Akwaziwa ukuthi zingaki izingcezu ze-altare eziqoshwe ngegolide nange-polychrome esontweni lesigodlo saseTecali ebinazo, kodwa ezimbili zisindile: eyodwa enkulu nohlangothi olulodwa esilubonayo esifundeni samanje, kanye nezinye izingcezu ezintathu ze-altare legolide, okwenzelwe ngempela ithempeli elisha. . Leli elise-altare elikhulu linikezelwe kuSantiago the Apostle, umphathi kaTecali, opendwe ngamafutha kwindwangu emaphakathi. Isebenzisa i-stipe pilasters, eyaziwa eMexico njenge-churriguerescas, eyethulwe ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, ihambisana nemifanekiso ebunjiweyo yabangcwele, phakathi komhlobiso omkhulu ogcizelela umlingiswa wayo oyibharoque. Ukunwetshwa kwalesi siqobosho kwakudingeka kwenziwe ngaphambi nje kokuba isonto lishiywe ngo-1728, lapho ukwakhiwa kwepherishi yamanje kuqedwa futhi okwakukhona esontweni elidala kwasuswa.
Kunemithombo emibili emikhulu eqhubekayo futhi esasetshenziswayo eqoqa futhi igcine amanzi emvula ngohlelo lwemigudu engaphansi komhlaba yokubamba uketshezi olubalulekile futhi lube nalo ngenkathi eyomile. Isandulela sangaphambi kweSpanishi salezi zithangi kwakungu-jagüeyes, okwenziwa ngcono ngamafriya ngokuwamboza ngamatshe. E-Tecali kunamathangi amabili: elinye limbozwe ngamanzi okuphuza - ngemuva kwesonto - kanti elinye ukukhulisa nokutshala izinhlanzi, kude nakhudlwana.
Ukuvakashela eTecali ukuhlangana nezolo, ikhefu empilweni yansuku zonke ematasa. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi eMexico kunezindawo eziningi ezithakazelisayo; Bangabethu futhi kufanele bazi.
UMA UYA ETECALI
ITecali de Herrera yidolobha elisendaweni engama-42 km ukusuka edolobheni lasePuebla, emgwaqweni omkhulu kahulumeni no. 150 ezisuka eTehuacán ziye eTepeaca, lapho ufinyelela khona lapho ujikele khona. Ibizwa ngokuhlonipha uColonel Ambrosio de Herrera okhululekile.
