I-Hispanization yasenyakatho neMexico yalandela izindlela ezahlukahlukene njengobukhulu besifunda kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zamaqembu aso endabuko.
Ukungena kokuqala kweSpain bekunezimo ezihlukile. UHernan Cortes Uthumele imikhankaso eminingi yolwandle enqamula iPacific Ocean, kuyilapho u-varlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ethathe uhambo lweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili - oluhle noluthandekayo - phakathi kweTexas neSinaloa (1528-1536). Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNuño de Guzmán yayilibangise enyakatho-ntshonalanga, ngale kweCuliacán, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uFray Marcos de Niza noFrancisco Vázquez de Coronado bafika endaweni manje eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States befuna i-Seven imaginary Amadolobha aseCíbola ...
Ngemuva kwabo kwafika abezempi, abavukuzi nabahlali bezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene abavela eNew Spain abasungula izivikelo zemingcele, baxhaphaza imithambo ecebile yesiliva ezintabeni noma bamane baqala impilo entsha ngokufuya izinkomo noma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi abawuthola ulungile. Futhi yize bekwazile ukuthola amadolobha ethu amaningi asenyakatho kusukela ngekhulu le-16 - iZacatecas, iDurango neMonterrey - ngokwesibonelo - baphinde babhekana nokuphikiswa okuqinile komdabu kusukela ekuqaleni kakhulu.
Inyakatho yayingeyona indawo eyomile kuphela futhi enabile, kepha yayinamaNdiya amaningi futhi anolaka okwathi, ngenxa yobunjalo bawo bokuhambahamba noma bokuzulazula, babengeke babuswe kalula. Ekuqaleni, laba bantu bomdabu babizwa ngokuthi "amaChichimecas", okuyigama elijivazayo abantu abakhulile abakhuluma isiNahuatl baseMesoamerica balisebenzisa kulabo bantu abasabisayo "abangahambi". Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweSpanish iMesoamerica, usongo lwaqhubeka, ukuze igama lahlala iminyaka eminingi.
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabahlali kanye namaNdiya "angamaqaba" kwakukuningi. Cishe lonke inyakatho, kusukela kumaBajío kuye phambili, kwakuyindawo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zempi ende eyayingenabo abaseSpain njengesitha esikhethekile samaNdiya. Izimpi zokugcina zokulwa namaNdiya "anonya" (lelo kwakuyigama ngaleso sikhathi) zanqotshwa ngabaseMexico eChihuahua naseSonora ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 belwa neVitorio, Ju, Gerónimo, kanye nabanye abaholi bama-Apache abadumile.
Umlando weHispanisization yasenyakatho awugxili ekoloniyoni nasezimpini ezahlukahlukene zeChichimeca. Isahluko saso esikhanya kakhulu esokushunyayelwa kwevangeli.
Ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka eMesoamerica, lapha isiphambano nenkemba kwakuvame ukulandela izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izithunywa zevangeli eziningi ezihamba zodwa zangena emizileni emisha ngenhloso yokuyisa ivangeli kumaNdiya angamaqaba. Izithunywa zevangeli zashumayela imfundiso yobuKrestu phakathi kwamaNdiya, ngalezo zinsuku eyayilingana nempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Ngekhathekizimu baqala umkhuba wokuba nomuntu oyedwa, ukwenqatshelwa komuntu, ulimi lwesiSpanish, ukufuywa kwezinkomo, ukutshalwa kwezinhlamvu ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa kwegeja nezinye izinto eziningi zamasiko ezazifaka nempilo emadolobhaneni angaguquki .
Abalingisi abaphambili balesi siqhwaga kwakungu-friars baseFranciscan, ababehlala kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga (eCoahuila, eTexas, njll.), Nabazali beNhlangano kaJesu, abashumayela enyakatho-ntshonalanga (iSinaloa, Sonora, iCalifornias). Kunzima ukwenza i-akhawunti yawo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, kepha icala eliyingqayizivele lingakhombisa umoya wala madoda: owe-Jesuit uFrancisco Eusebio Kino (1645-1711).
UKino, owazalelwa e-Italy (ngaseTrento), wakudelela ukuhlonishwa kwezihlalo zaseyunivesithi e-Austria ngokuya emsebenzini wezithunywa zevangeli. Wayefisa ukuya eChina, kodwa inhlanhla yamholela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico. Ngemuva kokubuya nokubuya okuningi, kufaka phakathi ukuhlala okukhungathekile eCalifornia engabanjwanga, uKino wathunyelwa njengesithunywa sevangeli ePimería, izwe lamaPima, namuhla elihambisana nenyakatho yeSonora naseningizimu ye-Arizona.
Wafika lapho eneminyaka engama-42 (ngo-1687) futhi ngokushesha wathatha izintambo zomsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli - ngokomfanekiso nangokoqobo: umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukugibela ihhashi kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi eyedwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngosizo lwamanye amaJesuit ambalwa, wasungula imishini ephumelelayo ngesilinganiso esimangazayo - cishe esisodwa ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso. Amanye awo namuhla angamadolobha achumayo, njengeCaborca, Magdalena, Sonoyta, San Ignacio ... Wafika, washumayela, wakholwa futhi wasungula. Ngemuva kwalokho uzoqhubekela phambili amanye amakhilomitha angamashumi amane noma ayikhulu bese eqala kabusha inqubo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ubuyile ukuzophatha amasakramente futhi afundise, ahlanganise umsebenzi futhi akhe ithempeli.
Phakathi nemisebenzi yakhe, uKino ngokwakhe waxoxisana ngezivumelwano zokuthula phakathi kwamaqembu aseNdiya ayelwa, okwathatha isikhathi ukuwahlola. Ngakho-ke, waphinde wathola uMfula iColorado futhi wenza imephu yomzila woMfula iGila, okwambonga wona owake waba umfula waseMexico. Iphinde yaqinisekisa lokho abahloli bamazwe bekhulu le-16 ababekufundile, kwathi kamuva abantu baseYurophu bakhohlwa: ukuthi iCalifornia yayingesona isiqhingi kepha inhlonhlo.
UKino kwesinye isikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi ubaba wezinkomo, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Egibele ihhashi wawela amathafa agcwele ama-saguaros, elusa izinkomo nezimvu: imfuyo kwakudingeka isungulwe phakathi kwama-catechumens amasha. Imishini ekhiqiziwe futhi uKino wazi ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi okusele kuzosebenza njengezakhamzimba kumaphrojekthi amasha; Ngenxa yokugcizelela kwakhe, ukuthunyelwa kwathunyelwa eBaja California, eyaqale yanikezwa ivela ePimería.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nane kuphela yomsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli, ngokuthula uKino wafaka eMexico insimu ebanzi njengezwe lase-Oaxaca. Ugwadule olukhulu, yebo, kodwa ugwadule ayekwazi ukukhulisa.
Akukho okuningi okusele namuhla ngemishini kaKino. Amadoda - amaNdiya nabelungu - ahlukile; ukuthunywa kwaphela ukuba yimishini futhi kwanyamalala noma kwaguqulwa kwaba amadolobha namadolobha. Futhi i-adobe yokwakhiwa kwehle. Akukho okuningi okusele: yiSonora ne-Arizona kuphela.
Umthombo: Izindatshana Zomlando No. 9 AmaWarriors WamaThafa Asenyakatho
UHernan CortesIntatheli nesazi-mlando. Unguprofesa weGeography and History and Historical Journalism e-Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, lapho azama khona ukusabalalisa i-delirium yakhe emakhoneni angajwayelekile akha leli lizwe.
