Kuyamangaza ngempela ukuthi ososayensi bazi kangcono ukuthi zingaki izinkanyezi ezisemthaleni kunezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni.
Ukwehluka kwamanje kuyashintshashintsha phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene eziphakathi kwezigidi eziyisikhombisa nezingama-20, ngokusho kokulinganisela okujwayelekile, yize kungafinyelela ezigidini ezingama-80, ngasinye sinezinhlobonhlobo kwimininingwane yolibofuzo, ehlala emiphakathini eyahlukahlukene yemvelo. Kodwa-ke, yisigidi esisodwa nengxenye kuphela esihlukaniswe futhi sachazwa; ngakho-ke, ingxenye encane kakhulu yengqikithi iye yaqanjwa. Amaqembu ezinto eziphilayo, njengama-bacteria, ama-arthropods, isikhunta nama-nematode, akufundwanga kangako, kanti izinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle nezasogwini cishe azaziwa.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: a) ukwehluka kofuzo, okuqondwa njengokuhluka kofuzo ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo; b) ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo, okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezikhona esifundeni - inombolo, okungukuthi, "ukunotha" kwayo kuyisilinganiso "esisetshenziswa kaningi"; c) ukwehluka kwemvelo, inani lalo nokusatshalaliswa kwalo okungalinganiswa emiphakathini nasezinhlanganweni zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokujwayelekile. Ukuhlanganisa zonke izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko, okubandakanya izinhlanga zezwe ngalinye, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwamasiko nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo.
UKUNCIPHISWA KWE-BIODIVERSITY
Kungumphumela oqondile wokuthuthuka komuntu, njengoba imvelo eminingi iguqulwe yaba yizinhlelo ezimpofu, ingakhiqizi kangako kwezomnotho nakwezinto eziphilayo. Ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwemvelo, ngaphezu kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwayo, nakho kusho izindleko nokulahleka kohlobo.
Ngokufanayo, sincike ngokuphelele enhlokodolobha yemvelo. Ukwehlukahluka ngaphakathi naphakathi kwezinhlobo kusinikeze ukudla, ukhuni, ifayibha, amandla, izinto zokusetshenziswa, amakhemikhali, izimboni, nemithi.
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s kanye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s kwaqanjwa igama elithi mega-diversity, elibhekisa emazweni agxila ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, futhi yize igama lidlula inani lezinto eziphilayo, Kuyinkomba okufanele ibhekwe, ngoba kuzo zonke izizwe ziyi-17 kuphela ezifaka phakathi kuka-66 kuye ku-75% noma ngaphezulu kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo, ezigidini ezingama-51 million 189 396 km2.
OKUPHAKATHI
IMexico ingelinye lamazwe amahlanu ahamba phambili ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu futhi ihlala endaweni yesikhombisa ngendawo, ngesigidi esisodwa 972 544 km2. Phakathi kwezici ezichaza lokhu kwehlukahluka okumbalwa: indawo yayo ezindawo phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili, i-Nearctic neNeotropical, ngakho-ke, sithola izinhlobo ezivela enyakatho naseningizimu; izinhlobonhlobo zezulu, kusuka ezomile kuya komswakama, kanye namazinga okushisa kusuka emakhazeni kakhulu kuya kufudumele. Ekugcineni, kunesimo sendawo, kusuka ezindaweni eziphansi kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, njengamanje iMexico iyikhaya eliphakathi kuka-10 no-12% wazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni, inezinhlobo ezingama-439 zezilwane ezincelisayo, ezingama-705 ezihuquzelayo, ezingama-289 zezilwane eziphila ezweni, ezingama-35 ezincelisayo zasolwandle nezingu-1061 zezinyoni; kodwa abangaphezu kwengxenye basengozini yokuqothulwa.
Ngokuphathelene nezilwane, kunezibonelo ezivela esifundeni sase-Nearctic, njengezimfudu zasogwadule, izimvemvane ezinhle kakhulu ze-monarch, ama-axolotls, amahansi, ama-moles, amabhere, i-bison nezimvu ze-bighorn. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezibonelo zezilwane zeNeotropical, ezinjengama-iguana, ama-nauyacas, ama-macaws, izicabucabu nezinkawu, ama-anteaters nama-tapir, phakathi kokunye, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezinjenge-hummingbirds, i-armadillos, i-opossum, nezinye zasatshalaliswa kuzo zombili izifunda.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, izilwane zasolwandle zinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kunakho konke, okutholakala esifundeni esinezinto eziphilayo ezinjengezixhobo zamakhorali zaseCaribbean, ezingaphambili lazo ziba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-200, izipanji, i-jellyfish, imfanzi, ukhukhamba wasolwandle, ama-urchins kanye nenani elikhulu zezinhlobo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-140 no-1,300 wama-polychaetes noma ama-sea worms achazwe eGulf of California.
Uma singanweba umbono wethu futhi siqaphele ezweni lonke kusuka ezintweni ezincane kakhulu kuya ezintabeni eziqhuma izintaba-mlilo, emigedeni nasezintabeni, imifula, amachibi nolwandle, okungukuthi, kuyo yonke imvelo, Singaqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into ikhonjwe yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, futhi iningi lifike ngaphambi kwabantu. Kodwa-ke sibasusile futhi kaningi siholele ekuqothulweni.
Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezisemhlabeni yizinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu kanti ama-arthropod ahola phambili ezinombolweni, izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezinjengamabhungane, izimvemvane, izinyosi, ojekamanzi, izintuthwane nama-arachnids afana nezicabucabu noma ofezela.
EMexico, kwaziwa izinhlobo zezinyosi eziyi-1,589, ojekamanzi abangama-328, izimvemvane ezingaphezulu kuka-1,500 ezishisayo kanye nobusuku obuningi, futhi kunezinkumbi ezingaphezu kuka-12 000 noma izicabucabu eziyi-1 600, kuyilapho kubikwe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-2 122. wezinhlanzi emanzini asolwandle nasezwenikazi, okungukuthi, cishe i-10% lomhlaba jikelele, okuyizinhlobo ezingama-380 ezisatshalaliswa emanzini ahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi emabhodini we-hydrological asezindaweni ezifudumele, ezinomswakama nezishisayo.
Izwe linezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-290 zezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini kanye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ezingama-750, ezimele cishe u-10% wazo zonke ezikhona emhlabeni. AmaCaecilia, amasele namaxoxo akha iqembu lama-amphibian, kanti izinyoka zomhlaba nezasolwandle, ezinjengamakhorali, ama-nauyacas, ama-rattlesnakes namawa, noma ama-saurian anjengezibankwa, ama-iguana, izingulube ze-Guinea kanye nabantu abadala, njengezimfudu, izingwenya, izingwenya kanti abanye bakha iqembu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Zaziwa cishe izinyoni eziyi-1,050 kwezingu-8 600 emhlabeni, kanti ezinhlotsheni eziphelele zaseMexico eziyi-125 zikhona. I-70% itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni zase-Oaxaca, eChiapas, eCampeche naseQuintana Roo. Leli qembu elinemibala ehlukahlukene liqinisekisa ukunotha okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala ezweni, okukhona phakathi kwazo onondwebu baseChiapas; ijuba elinamakhanda amhlophe elitholakala kuphela esiqhingini saseCozumel kanye nezinye eziseduze; ama-toucans, ama-pelican, ama-cormorants, ama-boobies nama-frigates, ama-flamingo, izindwandwe, onogolantethe, njll. Lawa amele amanye amagama ezinyoni ajwayelekile atholakala kalula eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico.
UKUKHULUMA NGASENINGIZIMU
IChiapas inezinyoni ezinjenge-quetzal nepikoko elinezimpondo, indawo yazo eyehlisiwe yaba sezingeni lokuba yodwa ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zeSierra Madre. Kwabahlaseli, izinhlobo ezingaphezudlwana kwama-50 zama-falconiform ezibikiwe, ezinjengama-hawk, oklebe kanye nezinkozi, kanye nama-strigiforms angama-38, njengezikhova nezikhova, kodwa iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lakhiwa abadlulayo, njengezibungu, amagwababa nondlunkulu, phakathi kwabanye. , okungukuthi, ama-60% ezinhlobo ezibikiwe eMexico.
Ekugcineni, izilwane ezincelisayo yizinto eziphilayo ezifinyelela osayizi abakhulu futhi eziheha ukunakwa kakhulu kanye nezinyoni. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-452 zezilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni, ezingama-33% azo ezikhona kanye nama-50% asolwandle, asatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. E-Lacandon Jungle kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-Chiapas, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezincelisayo.
Iqembu elisatshalaliswa kakhulu ngamagundane, anezinhlobo ezingama-220, okulingana no-50% wezwe kanye no-5% emhlabeni jikelele. Kumalulwane noma amalulwane, kubikwa izinhlobo eziyi-132, iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo eligxilwe enombolweni enkulu - ukusuka emakhulwini ambalwa kuya ezigidini - emihumeni eseCampeche, eCoahuila noma eSonora.
Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezigcwele eLacandon Jungle ngama-artiodactyls: ama-peccaries, izinyamazane, i-pronghorn kanye nezimvu ze-bighorn: iqembu elenza amakoloni, amanye anabantu abangafika kwabangu-50, njengama-peccary amilomo emhlophe. Ngokufanayo, ummeleli kuphela weqembu lama-perissodactyls abikwe eMexico yilawo ama-tapir, isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sezindawo ezishisayo zaseMelika ezitholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga, emahlathini aseCampeche naseChiapas. Abantu balolu hlobo bangaba nesisindo esingama-300 kilogram.
Phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngenxa yomlando wayo nezimpande zawo emasikweni aseMesoamerican ngenxa yamandla amele i-jaguar. Njengama-pumas nama-ocelots, ama-coyotes, izimpungushe, amabhere, ama-raccoon nama-badger, phakathi kokunye, kungokwenhlobo yezinhlobo ezingama-35 zezilwane ezidla inyama eMexico.
Izinkawu zesicabucabu nezinkawu ze-howler yizinhlobo ezimbili zezinkawu ezitholakala endle emahlathini ase! eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico. Babaluleke kakhulu emasikweni eMayan, ngoba kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kukaColombia kwakusetshenziswa ekufanekiseni kwabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-cetaceans - imikhomo namahlengethwa-, izinzipho eziphikisiwe - izimvu zamanzi namabhubesi olwandle- kanye nama-sirenid -manate- yizibonelo zezinhlobo ezingama-49 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala ezweni, ezimele u-40% walabo abasemhlabeni.
Lokhu kumane nje kuyisampula yengcebo yemvelo yaseMexico, nezibonelo zezilwane zayo. Ukuze ube nombono ophelele kudinga iminyaka yolwazi kanye nocwaningo oluningi lwesayensi, kodwa ngeshwa asikho isikhathi esiningi, ngoba izinga lokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kuholele ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo ezinjengebhere elimpunga, inyathi, isigebenga sombuso noma i-condor yaseCalifornia, phakathi kwabanye.
Kudinga ukukhiqiza ukuqwashisa ukukhombisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zethu ezicebile, kepha ngenxa yokungazi nokunganaki siyakulahla. EMexico, lapho okutholakala khona izinto eziningi zasendle kusezindaweni ezivikelekile zemvelo, ngokungangabazeki okuyindlela enhle yokulondoloza. Kodwa-ke, sidinga izinhlelo ezibanzi zokukhulisa intuthuko yemiphakathi yasendaweni, ngenhloso yokwehlisa ingcindezi etholakala emazweni alondoloziwe.
Kuze kube ngonyaka ka-2000, bekunezindawo ezingama-89 ezinqunyiwe ezimboze ngaphezulu nje kuka-5% wensimu kazwelonke, phakathi kwayo okukhona kuyo iBiosphere Reserves, amaPaki kaZwelonke, Izindawo Zokuvikelwa Kwezinambuzane Zasendle Nezamanzi, nezikhumbuzo Zemvelo.
Kunamahektha angaba yizigidi eziyi-10 alondoloziwe. Ukuba khona kwayo akuqinisekisi ngokulondolozwa okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene noma ukukhuthazwa kwentuthuko nokusebenza nemiphakathi yasendaweni, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Ziyizakhi kuphela zohlelo lukazwelonke lokongiwa kwemvelo okufanele lusetshenziswe uma sifuna ukonga ingcebo yethu yemvelo.
Ukuze wazi isimo sezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuphathelene nezinga lokusongela kwazo, kwenziwa Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, uhlu oluphelele kakhulu lwesimo sokongiwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo emhlabeni wonke, olusebenzisa izindlela ezithile Ukuhlola ubungozi bokuqothulwa kwezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinhlobo eziphilayo nezincane.
Le mibandela ifanele zonke izinhlobo nezindawo zomhlaba. Ngokusekelwe ngokwesayensi, Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwaziwa njengegunya eliphakeme kunawo wonke esimweni sokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, inhloso yalo enkulu ukudlulisa ukuphuthuma nobukhulu bezindaba zokongiwa emphakathini kanye nakubenzi bezinqumo noma abagqugquzeli world ukuzama ukunciphisa ukuphela kwezinhlobo. Ukuqwashiswa kwalokhu kubalulekile ekongeni imvelo.
