Eminyakeni engama-30,000 eyedlule iqembu labantu elakhiwa ngabantu abangaphansi kwamashumi amathathu lazulazula kulokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-El Cedral, esifundazweni saseSan Luis Potosí ...
Amalungu eqembu ayethule efuna ukudla kwawo, ayazi ukuthi eduze komthombo izilwane zihlangene zizophuza. Kwesinye isikhathi babezizingela, kepha kaningi babesizakala kuphela ngezinsalela ezazishiywa yizilwane ezidla inyama, noma lezo zezilwane ezisanda kubulawa, ngoba kwakulula kakhulu ukusika izidumbu.
Bamangala futhi bajabule lapho bethola ukuthi kulokhu inyamazane enkulu ibhajwe ogwini olunodaka. Isilo esikhulu sisinda ngokulambisa, imizamo yokuphuma odakeni nezinsuku ebingasazidli ibeke onqenqemeni lokufa. Ngokuyisimangaliso, ama-fining awasibonanga lesi silwane, ngakho-ke leli qembu labahlali bokuqala baseMexico yanamuhla balungiselela ukusebenzisa i-proboscide efa edilini elikhulu.
Ngemuva kokulinda amahora ambalwa ukuthi ife imaston, amalungiselelo aqala ukusebenzisa yonke imithombo enikezwa yi-pachyderm. Basebenzisa amatshe amancane amancane, alolwa kancane ngokuhlukaniswa kwama-flakes amabili, ukukhiqiza onqenqemeni obukhali, obukhali abazobaza ngalo. Lona ngumsebenzi ohilela amalungu amaningi eqembu, ngoba kuyadingeka ukusika isikhumba esijiyile ezindaweni eziqondile, ukuze sikwazi ukusikhipha ngokusihudula ngamandla: inhloso ukuthola isiqeshana esikhulu sesikhumba sokwenza izingubo.
Isikhumba sisebenza eduze nendawo lapho sahlukaniswa khona izicubu, endaweni eyisicaba; Okokuqala, indawo yangaphakathi isongwe ngethuluzi eliyisiyingi eliyindilinga, elifana negobolondo lofudu, ukususa ukwembozwa kwamafutha esikhunjeni; Kamuva, kuzofakwa usawoti bese kushiywa komile elangeni.Kwamanje, amanye amalungu eqembu alungisa imichilo yenyama bese eyengeza usawoti kubo; izingxenye ezithile ziyabhenywa, ukuhanjiswa kusongwe ngamaqabunga amasha.
Amanye amadoda abuyisa izingcezu zesilwane ezidingekayo ukuze benze amathuluzi: amathambo amade, amazinyo kanye nemisipha. Abesifazane baphatha amathambo etarsus, omise okwe-cubic ebavumela ukuthi basetshenziselwe ukwenza umlilo lapho kuzosiwa khona inyama nezinye izibilini.
Izindaba zokutholwa kukamamomoth ziwela ngokushesha esigodini, ngenxa yesaziso esifike ngesikhathi sesinye sezinsizwa zeqembu, esazisa izihlobo zelinye iqembu elinsimu yalo incike kweyakhe. Ifika kanjena enye ingxenye yabantu ababalelwa emashumini amahlanu: amadoda, abesifazane, izingane, intsha, abantu abadala, asebekhulile, bonke abazimisele ukuhlanganyela nokushintshana ngezinto ngesikhathi sokudla komphakathi. Eduzane komlilo bayahlangana balalele izindaba ezinganekwane, ngenkathi bedla. Ngemuva kwalokho badansa ngokujabula bahleke, kuyisikhathi esingajwayelekile. Izizukulwane ezizayo zizobuyela entwasahlobo, ngeminyaka engu-21,000, 15,000, 8,000, 5,000 kanye no-3,000 ngaphambi kwalokhu, njengoba izindaba zogogo nomkhulu ngamadili amakhulu enyama ezungeze umlilo zenza le ndawo ihehe.
Kulesi sikhathi, esichazwa ngabavubukuli njenge-Archeolithic (iminyaka engama-30,000 kuya kwengu-14,000 ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi), ukudla kunenala; Imihlambi emikhulu yezinyamazane, amahhashi nezingulube zasendle zihlala zifuduka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, zivumela izilwane ezincane, ezikhathele noma ezigulayo ukuthi zizingelwe kalula. Amaqembu abantu anezela ekudleni kwabo ngokuqoqwa kwezitshalo zasendle, imbewu, izilimo eziyizigaxa nezithelo. Abakhathazeki ngokulawula inani labazalwayo, ngoba lapho ubukhulu besibalo sabantu busongela ukukhawulela izinsiza zemvelo, abanye abancane kunabo bonke bahlukana bakha iqembu elisha, badlulela phambili endaweni engakahlolwa.
Ngezikhathi ezithile iqembu liyazi ngabo, njengoba kweminye imikhosi bayabuya bamvakashele, beletha izinto ezintsha nezingajwayelekile, njengamagobolondo asolwandle, i-pigment ebomvu namatshe okwenza amathuluzi.
Impilo yezenhlalo iyavumelana futhi iyalingana, izingxabano zixazululwa ngokufaka ibhendi ifune ama-horizons amasha; Umuntu ngamunye wenza umsebenzi olula kubo futhi awusebenzise ukusiza iqembu, bayazi ukuthi ngeke baphile bodwa.
Lokhu kuphila okungatheni kwakuzohlala cishe iminyaka eyi-15,000, kuze kube yilapho umjikelezo wesimo sezulu ovumela imihlambi yama-megabeast ukuthi idle kuyo yonke insimu kazwelonke. Kancane kancane i-megafauna iyaphela. Lokhu kubeka ingcindezi emaqenjini ukuthi avuselele ubuchwepheshe bawo ukuze aphendule ekuqothulweni kwezilwane ezazizisebenzela njengokudla, kushintshe amasu azo okuqola ukuzingela ngamandla. Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane yokubukwa kwemvelo yale nsimu enkulu ivumela amaqembu abantu ukuthi azi izinhlobo eziningi zamatshe. Bayazi ukuthi abanye banezimfanelo ezingcono kunezinye ukwenza iphuzu le-projectile. Ezinye zazo zazizacile futhi zinde, futhi kwenziwa umgodi ophakathi nendawo owawumboza ingxenye enkulu yobunye bobuso bawo, inqubo yokukhiqiza manje eyaziwa ngokuthi isiko leFolsom. I-groove iwavumele ukuba aboshwe ngemisipha noma ngemicu yemifino ngezinduku ezinkulu zokhuni, lapho kwakhiqizwa khona imikhonto.
Elinye iphuzu le-projectile elenza isiko kwaba uClovis; Leli thuluzi lalinciphile, ngesisekelo esibanzi nesilula, lapho kwenziwa khona umsele ongakaze weqe ingxenye esemaphakathi yengcezu; Lokhu kwenze ukuthi bakwazi ukufakwa ezindukwini ezincane, nezinhlaka zemifino, ukuze zisetshenziswe njengemicibisholo kanye nezinto zokufaka izinto zokhuni.
Siyazi ukuthi lo mqhudelwano, okwathi ngemuva kweminyaka wabizwa nge-atlatl, wenyusa amandla edubulo lika-dart, okwakuzokwehlisa umdlalo ngokulandela izwe. Ulwazi olunjalo lwabiwe ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene enyakatho, maphakathi naseningizimu yeMexico, kepha ngamunye wabo uzoshiya isitayela sakhe maqondana nokuma nosayizi wethiphu. Lesi sici sokugcina, esisebenza ngaphezu kobuhlanga, sivumelanisa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe nezici zento eluhlaza yasendaweni.
Enyakatho yeMexico, ngalesi sikhathi, esaziwa ngabavubukuli njengeLower Cenolithic (iminyaka eyi-14,000 kuya kwengu-9,000 ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi), isiko lamaphoyinti eFolsom livinjelwe eChihuahua, eCoahuila naseSan Luis Potosí; ngenkathi isiko lamathiphu e-Clovis lisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke iBaja California, Sonora, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco naseQuerétaro.
Kungenzeka ukuthi lonke iqembu, abesilisa nabesifazane bayo yonke iminyaka, babambe iqhaza ngesikhathi sokuzingela ukukhulisa imiphumela. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, izilwane zasePleistocene zacekelwa phansi kakhulu ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuzingela okunamandla.
Esikhathini esilandelayo, i-Upper Cenolithic (iminyaka engama-9,000 kuya kwengu-7,000 ngaphambi kwanamuhla), isimo samaphuzu we-projectile sashintsha. Manje sezincane futhi zibonakala ngokuba ne-peduncle namaphiko. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umdlalo mncane futhi awutholakali kalula, ngakho-ke isikhathi esiningi nomsebenzi utshalwa kulo msebenzi.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwaqala ukumakwa. Lezi zokugcina zihlala ekamu elisezingeni eliphansi, lapho ziqoqa khona ukudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo, njengembewu nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukulungiswa kwazo kubandakanya ukugaya nokupheka ukuze kudliwe. Yonke insimu isivele inabantu, futhi ukuvunwa kwama-crustaceans nokudoba kwenziwa emaphethelweni nasemifuleni.
Ngokwandisa ubukhulu besibalo sabantu ngaphakathi kwendawo ehlala amaqembu, kuyadingeka ukukhiqiza ukudla okuningi ngekhilomitha-skwele ngalinye; Ukuphendula lokhu, abazingeli abaqongelelayo abasenyakatho basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lokhokho mayelana nemijikelezo yokuzala yezitshalo abaziqoqayo bese beqala ukutshala izimbabazane, isikwashi, ubhontshisi nommbila emithambekeni yezindawo zokukhosela nasemihumeni, njengaleyo yaseValenzuela ILa Perra, eTamaulipas, izindawo lapho umswakama nodoti wezinto eziphilayo kugxilwe kakhulu.
Abanye bazophinde balime osebeni lwemithombo, imifula namachibi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuze kudliwe imbewu yommbila, kwakudingeka benze izinsimbi zokugaya ezinendawo yokusebenza enkulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezangesikhathi esedlule, okwakuyinhlanganisela yamathuluzi okugaya nokuchoboza avumela ukuthi kuvulwe amakhoba aqinile futhi achotshozwe. imbewu nemifino. Ngenxa yalezi zici zobuchwepheshe, le nkathi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Protoneolithic (iminyaka engama-7,000 kuya kwengu-4 500 ngaphambi kwanamuhla), umnikelo wayo omkhulu wobuchwepheshe kwakuwukufaka isicelo sokupholisha ekwakhiweni kodaka namamitha futhi, kwezinye izimo, imihlobiso.
Sibonile ukuthi, lapho bebhekene nezimo zemvelo, njengokuqothulwa kwezilwane, okungekho okungalawulwa phezu kwazo, abahlali bokuqala basenyakatho neMexico baphendula ngobuciko obungapheli bezobuchwepheshe. Ngenkathi usayizi wabantu ukwanda namadamu amakhulu ayeswele, bakhetha ukuqala ukulima, ukubhekana nengcindezi yabantu kwizinsizakusebenza.
Lokhu kuholela amaqembu ukuthi atshale inani elikhulu lomsebenzi nesikhathi ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kamuva bazohlala emadolobhaneni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ngeshwa, ukuhlala ndawonye emaqenjini amakhulu abantu kuholela ekwandeni kwezifo nodlame; ekuqiniseni umkhiqizo; ezinkingeni ezijikelezayo zomkhiqizo wezolimo ngenxa yale nqubo, kanye nokwahlukaniswa ngezigaba zenhlalo. Namuhla sibheke ngamehlo engqondo i-Edene elahlekile lapho impilo emphakathini yayilula futhi ivumelana, ngoba ilungu ngalinye leqembu labazingeli-labaqoqi lalibalulekile ekusindeni.
