Isikhathi besilokhu sixhunyaniswa nezinsimbi. Uyawakhumbula lawo mawashi abeka isikhathi semidlalo noma sokudla empilweni yansuku zonke kusuka emashumini ambalwa edlule? Ngakho-ke izinsimbi zaba yingxenye yempilo yomphakathi, zigcina, uma kungenjalo uphawu lwazo lwenkolo, okungenani indima yazo njengophawu lwesikhathi.
Igama lesiLatini elithi campanana belilokhu lisetshenziswa ukuqamba into esiyihlanganisa nayo namuhla. ITintinábulum yigama le-onomatopoeic elalisetshenziswa ngezikhathi zoMbuso WaseRoma, elalikhomba ngomsindo owawukhiqizwa izinsimbi lapho kukhala. Igama elithi insimbi lasetshenziswa okokuqala embhalweni kusuka ngekhulu lesi-6. Enye yezindawo lapho lezi zinsimbi zaqala ukusetshenziswa khona njalo kwakuyisifunda sase-Italiya esibizwa ngeCampania, okungenzeka ukuthi leli gama lathathwa kulo ukuze likhonjwe. Noma kunjalo, izinsimbi zisebenza "ukusayina", njengezinkomba zempilo yethempeli, ukumaka amahora emihlangano kanye nohlobo lwemisebenzi engcwele, njengophawu lwezwi likaNkulunkulu.
Izinsimbi ziyizinsimbi zokushaya ezifeza umsebenzi ongokomfanekiso waso sonke isintu. Ngaphezu kwesikhathi sokulinganisa, izwi lakhe likhala ngolimi lwendawo yonke, oluqondwa yibo bonke, ngemisindo ephindaphinda ngobumsulwa ngokuphelele, ekuvezeni imizwa okuphakade. Ngesinye isikhathi, sonke besilinde "ukukhala kwensimbi" ukukhombisa ukuphela kwempi ... ngisho "nokuphumula." Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ngisho amawashi e-elekthronikhi kanye nama-synthesizers alingisa ukukhala kwama chimes amakhulu. Kungakhathaleki ukuthi iyiphi inkolo lapho amasonto ephakamisa khona amazwi, izinsimbi zidlulisa umyalezo ongenakuphikwa wokuthula kuso sonke isintu. Ngokwenganekwane yaseFlemish yangekhulu le-18, izinsimbi zinemisebenzi eminingi: “ukudumisa uNkulunkulu, ukuqoqa abantu, ukubiza abefundisi, ukulila umufi, ukugwema izinhlupho, ukumisa izivunguvungu, ukucula imikhosi, ukujabulisa abahamba kancane , shweleza imimoya ... "
Namuhla, izinsimbi zivame ukusakazwa ku-alloy bronze, okuyi-80% yethusi, i-10% tin, ne-10% yokuhola. Inkolelo yokuthi izingodo zezinsimbi zincike ezilinganisweni ezincane ezingaqukatha igolide nesiliva akuyona nje inganekwane. Empeleni, ukuzwakala, iphimbo nokuthinta insimbi kuncike kubukhulu bayo, ubukhulu, ukubekwa kwe-clapper, ukwakheka kwe-alloy, nenqubo yokusakaza esetshenzisiwe. Ngokudlala ngazo zonke lezi zinto eziguqukayo - njengakumahlanganisi ahlukahlukene we-chime - izinga eliphezulu lezomculo lingatholakala.
Ukukhokhiswa Kobani?
Ekuphakameni kosuku, izinsimbi zifuna ukukhumbula nokukhuleka. Amazwi ajabulisayo anesizotha amaka zonke izinhlobo zemicimbi. Ukukhala kwezinsimbi kungaba nsuku zonke noma kukhetheke; phakathi kokugcina, kunesizotha, imikhosi noma ukulila. Izibonelo zabahloniphekile yilezo zeCorpus Christi ngoLwesine, uLwesine oNgcwele, oNgcwele noNkazimulo ngoMgqibelo, ukukhala kweSonto Lovuko, njll. Njengoba kuthintwa amaholide, sinokukhala okunikezwa ukuthula komhlaba njalo ngoMgqibelo ngehora leshumi nambili, okusho ukuthi, isikhathi somkhuleko womhlaba. Elinye ipheya lendabuko lingo-Agasti 15, usuku lapho kugujwa khona idili eliyisihloko lesonto lombhishobhi omkhulu waseMexico, ukukhumbula ukwenyuka kweNtombi nto. Esinye isenzakalo esingalibaleki uDisemba 8, ogubha uMqondo Ongcwele kaMariya. Futhi ukukhala kukaDisemba 12 bekungekho, ukugubha iNcasakazi yaseGuadalupe. NgoDisemba kuthintwa imikhosi yobusuku obandulela uKhisimusi, uKhisimusi noNyaka Omusha nayo iyenziwa.
Ukuthinta okunesizotha kwenziwa ngazo zonke izinsimbi zesonto lombhishobhi, lapho iVatican imemezela ukukhethwa kompapa omusha. Ukukhombisa ukulila ekufeni kukapapa, insimbi enkulu ishaywa izikhathi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, imvamisa yesisindo esisodwa njalo ngemizuzu emithathu. Ngokufa kukakhadinali, i-quota yimivimbo engamashumi ayisithupha enesikhawu esifanayo, kanti ekufeni kohlu lwezincwadi kunemivimbo engamashumi amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kugujwa imisa le-Requiem, lapho izinsimbi zikhokha ngokulila. NgoNovemba 2, sikhulekela abangasekho ngosuku lomkhosi wabo.
Emasontweni izinsimbi zivame ukukhokhelwa njalo, usuku ngalunye: kusukela emthandazweni wasekuseni (phakathi kuka-4 no-5: 30 ekuseni), lokho okubizwa nge- "mass conventual" (phakathi kuka-8 kuya ku-30 kuya ku-30 ngehora lesishiyagalolunye), umkhuleko wakusihlwa (cishe ngehora lesithupha) nokukhala ukuze kukhunjulwe imiphefumulo ebusisiwe yesihlanzo (ukukhala kwensimbi yokugcina yosuku, ngehora lesishiyagalombili ebusuku).
Izinsimbi eNew Spain
Ake sibheke imininingwane ethile yomlando: ENew Spain, ngoMeyi 31, 1541, umkhandlu wesonto wavuma ukuthi isikhathi sokukhulisa umninikhaya kufanele sihambisane nokukhala kwezinsimbi. I- "Angelus Domini", noma "Ingelosi yeNkosi", ngumkhuleko wokuhlonipha iNcasakazi efundwa kathathu ngosuku (entathakusa, emini nantambama) futhi emenyezelwa ngama-chimes amathathu insimbi ehlukaniswe ikhefu elithile. Indandatho yokuthandaza yasemini yasungulwa ngo-1668. Ukukhala kwansuku zonke "ngehora lesithathu" - ukukhumbula ukufa kukaKristu - kwasungulwa kusukela ngo-1676. Kusukela ngo-1687, umkhuleko wokusa waqala ukukhala ngehora lesine. ekuseni.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa izinsimbi zaqala ukukhala kamufi usuku ngalunye, ngehora lesishiyagalombili kusihlwa. Isikhathi sokukhala sencike esihlonipheni sikamufi. Ukukhala kukamufi bekuphindaphindwe ngendlela yokuthi kwesinye isikhathi bekungabekezeleleki. Uhulumeni wobumbano ucele ukuthi lezizindandatho zimiswe ngesikhathi kubheduka ingxibongo yango-1779 kanye nesifo sekholera sase-Asia sango-1833.
Ukuthintwa "komkhuleko" noma "okweqile" kwenziwa ukunxusa uNkulunkulu ekwelashweni kwesidingo esithile esibi (njengesomiso, ubhadane lwezifo, izimpi, izikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba, iziphepho, njll.); baphinde bakhala bezofisa uhambo olumnandi lwemikhumbi yaseChina nemikhumbi yaseSpain. I- "peal general" bekungukuthokoza (njengokugubha ukungena kwama-viceroys, ukufika kwemikhumbi ebalulekile, ukunqoba ezimpini ezilwa nama-corsairs, njll.)
Ezimweni ezikhethekile, okwakubizwa ngokuthi "ukuthintana ngaphandle" kwenziwa (njengasendabeni yokuzalwa kwendodana yommeli). "Isikhathi sokubekwa ekhaya" bekuwukwazisa abantu lapho kufanele baziqoqe emakhaya abo (ngo-1584 kwakudlalwa kusuka kwabayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwabayishumi ebusuku; ngezindlela ezahlukene, isiko laqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1847). "Ukuthintwa komlilo" kwanikezwa ezimweni zemililo emikhulu kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo esiseduze kwethempeli elikhulu.
Ipheya elide kunawo wonke emlandweni wesonto lombhishobhi omkhulu waseMexico kuthiwa lenzeka ngoDisemba 25, 1867, lapho kumenyezelwa ukunqoba kwamaLiberal phezu kwamaConservatives. Ngokuncengwa yiqembu labathandi benkululeko, ukukhala kwaqala entathakusa ngaphambi kokukhanya, futhi kwadlalwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaze kwaba ngu-9 ebusuku, lapho kuyalwa ukuba kuphele.
Izinsimbi nesikhathi
Izinsimbi ziboshelwe isikhathi ngezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, kunomqondo othile walokho okungabizwa ngokuthi "isikhathi somlando", ngoba yizinto ezivamise ukuba neminyaka eminingi selokhu zancibilika, lapho kwasetshenziswa inqubo yobuciko eyashiya izingcezu zobuciko zenani elikhulu lamagugu. Okwesibili, "isikhathi sokulandelana kwesikhathi" asikwazi ukunikezwa, ngakho-ke izinsimbi zisetshenziselwa ukukala isikhathi kumawashi noma zisetshenziswe emicimbini yomphakathi enezincazelo zencazelo ezaziwa ngumphakathi. Ekugcineni, singasho ukuthi kunokuthile okufana "nesikhathi sokusebenzisa", okusho ukuthi, leso sikhathi “sisetshenzisiwe”, ukusisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo kwensimbi: kunesici esenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ekunyakazeni okuyindilinga kokugunda, noma kukhona izikhathi zokulinda impama ye-clapper on the lip (ehambisana nemvamisa ye-sinusoidal), noma iqiniso lokuthi ukulandelana kwezingcezu ezahlukahlukene kudlala ku-chime kubuswa iphethini yesikhashana.
Ngaleso sikhathi, eNew Spain, izingcweti ezahlukahlukene zazizosebenza enhlanganweni eyodwa: abakhiqizi bemali, ababezoshintsha indlela umuntu ayezoqhuba ngayo imisebenzi yakhe yezentengiselwano; abakhiqizi bezinganono, bona kanye nompu wesibhamu abazoqhubeka nokuguqula ubuciko bempi; futhi, ekugcineni, izinto zokuncibilikisa izinto ezaziwa ngokuthi “tintinabulum”, ezazifana namapani angenalutho, okwazi ukukhiqiza umsindo ojabule kakhulu lapho uvunyelwe ukudlidliza ngokukhululeka, futhi okwakusetshenziswa ngabantu abafayo ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo ngezikhathi ezithile, izinsimbi zibe yizinto eziwusizo kakhulu ukukala isikhathi, zakha ingxenye yamawashi, imibhoshongo yensimbi nama-chimes.
Izinsimbi zethu ezidume kakhulu
Kukhona ezinye izinsimbi ezifanele ukushiwo okukhethekile. Ngekhulu le-16, phakathi kuka-1578 no-1589, abafowethu uSimón noJuan Buenaventura bashaya izinsimbi ezintathu zethempeli elikhulu laseMexico, kuhlanganise neDoña María, okuyisona esidala kunazo zonke. Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, phakathi kuka-1616 no-1684, leli sonto elikhulu lase lihlotshiswe ngezinye izingcezu ezinkulu eziyisithupha, kuhlanganise neSanta María de los Ángeles edumile neMaría Santísima de Guadalupe. Esigcinweni somkhandlu wedolobha lombhishobhi wedolobha elikhulu, umbhalo oqoshiwe owanikezwa isisekelo ngo-1654 ukumuphathisa ngendlela ucezu olunikezelwe kowesifazane waseGuadalupe okufanele wenziwe namanje usagcinwa. Ngekhulu le-18, phakathi kuka-1707 no-1791, kwashaywa izinsimbi eziyishumi nesikhombisa zeCathedral of Mexico, eziningi zazo inkosi uSalvador de la Vega, waseTacubaya.
Esontweni elikhulu lasePuebla, izinsimbi ezindala kunazo zonke zaziqala ngekhulu le-17 futhi zaphonswa ngamalungu ahlukahlukene omndeni kaFrancisco noDiego Márquez Bello, avela ebukhosini obuhloniphekile basePuebla Foundries. Kumele sikhumbule isiko elidumile eligijima e-Angelópolis: "Kwabesifazane nezinsimbi, ama-poblanas." Inganekwane futhi ithi, lapho sekufakwe insimbi enkulu yasesontweni elikhulu lasePuebla, kwatholakala ukuthi ayithinti; Kodwa-ke, ebusuku, iqembu lezingelosi lalihla nalo lisuka embhoshongweni wezinsimbi, lalilungisa, futhi lalibuyisela endaweni yalo. Amanye ama-foundries avelele kwakungu-Antonio de Herrera noMateo Peregrina.
Njengamanje, kukhona ukungabi bikho okucacile kwezifundo ze-campanology eMexico. Sithanda ukwazi okuningi ngabenzi bensimbi ababesebenza eMexico phakathi namakhulu amahlanu eminyaka edlule, amasu abawasebenzisayo, amamodeli ayesuselwe kuwo nemibhalo yezingcezu ezibaluleke kakhulu, yize sazi, zabanye abancibilikisi ababesebenza ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-16, uSimón noJuan Buenaventura babekhuthele; ngekhulu le-17, “uParra” noHernán Sánchez basebenza; Ngekhulu le-18, uManuel López, uJuan Soriano, uJosé Contreras, uBartolomé no-Antonio Carrillo, uBartolomé Espinosa noSalvador de la Vega basebenza.
