Ifa lokwakha izakhiwo zesifunda esentshonalanga yezwe lehle ngokushaqisayo engxenyeni yesibili yaleli khulu leminyaka.
Idolobha laseGuadalajara bekungelona elihlukile, futhi kusukela ngawo-1940 selicwiliswe enqubweni yenguquko, ngenxa “yesimanjemanje” kanye nokusebenza kabusha kwesikhungo salo sasemadolobheni. Le phrojekthi iqale ngokuvulwa kwezimbazo ezinkulu zomgwaqo ezazishefa ngokoqobo ubuso bomlando wedolobha; Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amabhulokhi amadala esakhiwo sasemadolobheni asuswa ukuze kwakhiwe isiphambano sezikwele ezungeze iMetropolitan Cathedral, esanda kufaka lokho okubizwa nge- “Plaza Tapatia”.
Ngemuva kwalezi zenzo, ezithuthukisiwe futhi zaphakanyiswa yiziphathimandla zombuso nezomasipala, ukushintshwa nokucekelwa phansi kwezakhiwo zamagugu kuqala ukuthi ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka kwakhiwe inxanxathela eyingqayizivele yasemadolobheni, eyayineyunithi ecebe kakhulu yokuthayipha. Ukwakhiwa kulesi simiso somlando kuxazululwe kakhulu ngokulingisa ubuhle bokuthi "ukunyakaza kwanamuhla" kubuciko bokwakha. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa ngamagugu amagugu amasiko engxenyeni yomphakathi yaleso sikhathi kwakukhula ngokweqile. Ukwenza ihaba kancane, kungafakazelwa ukuthi abantu baseGuadalajara bathathe iminyaka engama-50 ukubhubhisa okwathatha okhokho babo emakhulwini amane eminyaka ukwakha, okwaholela eGuadalajara enesiyaluyalu sonke esiyaziyo. Ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwamagugu amasiko kule ndawo kungumsebenzi wakamuva, oqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970. Zimbalwa impela izakhiwo zamagugu ezitholakale kuleli dolobha zomphakathi, futhi ukutakulwa iningi lazo bekungamele izinhlaka zikahulumeni. Ezinye zezibonelo yilezi: iMnyuziyamu Yesifunda yaseGuadalajara etholakala esikoleni sokufundela esidala saseSan José, esigodlweni sikaHulumeni, eCabañas Cultural Institute, ezindlini zezindela zase-I Carmen naseSan AgustÍn, ithempeli laseSanto Tomás, namuhla i-Ibero-American Library "i-Octavio Ukuthula ”, kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezifanele ezikhungweni zomlando. Kodwa-ke, isinyathelo sangasese besingavamile ukuba nentshisekelo kulo msebenzi. Ngaphandle kokungenelela okuncane, ukubamba kwabo iqhaza odabeni oluba mqoka ngokwengeziwe ngaphakathi kwezintshisekelo zomphakathi kucishe kungabi nalutho.
Ukwamukelwa ngumphakathi kwalokho okungathathwa njengegugu lokwakha akuhlali kumile, kepha kuyavela. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, eGuadalajara, kuphela izakhiwo zobungcweti bezakhiwo ezabalwa njengezifanele ukugcinelwa izizukulwane ezizayo, kunganakwa izakhiwo zasemadolobheni lapho zazibhalwe khona. Lesi simo besilokhu siguquka, futhi njengamanje, yize sekwephuzile, uchungechunge lwamagugu axhunyaniswe nezimpande zethu seluqala ukwamukelwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, izingcindezi zokuqagela nezasemadolobheni zisasebenza ukuthi kancane kancane kubangele ukulahleka, "ekusebenzeni kwentuthwane", kwalesi sigaba sezakhiwo, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yefa lokhokho bethu.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye, iqembu losomabhizinisi abavela eGuadalajara laqala into engajwayelekile kulesi sifunda: ukuvuselelwa nokusetshenziswa kwendlu enkulu kusukela esikhathini esidelelekile samaPorfirian eGuadalajara, okwakuthi, uma kungazange kungenelelwe, ngabe kusetshenziswe. ilahlekile, njengoba kuye kwaba isiphetho sezakhiwo eziningi zomlando wedolobha. "Ukuzama" kuze kube manje kukhombise okuthile okufanele kubhekwe ngalezi zikhathi lapho izivumelwano zokuhweba zamahhala nezindinganiso zokusebenza kahle kwezezimali kuthathwa njengeziphambeko: ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwamagugu amasiko kungaba ngumsebenzi onenzuzo.
Ukubuyiselwa kwalelo pulazi ngumkhakha womphakathi ngokwesiko onganaki izindaba eziphathelene namagugu -njengezinyathelo ezizimele- kusikhombisa enye yezindlela eziningi okufanele zihlolwe uma sikholelwa ukuthi kusengenzeka ukudlulisela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo imvelo ishiyelwe okhokho bethu.
Amadolobha akhiwa isamba sezindaba ezincane okuthi, uma zihlanganiswa, zisinikeze umbono wokuthi singobani, izimpande zethu-mhlawumbe- nekusasa lethu. Enye yalezi zindaba ezincane yilezo ezingakhiwa kabusha zizungeze indawo eyaziwa njenge- "Casa de los Abanicos", ekwakhiweni kwayo - kokuhle noma kokubi - izehlakalo kanye nokushisekela okwenzeke kuleli dolobha kukhonjiswa enkambisweni iminyaka eyikhulu edlule. IGuadalajara ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule yahlangabezana nesikhathi sokuthuthuka okukhulu kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Uhlelo lwezepolitiki nolwezomnotho olwaluxhaswe umbuso wePorfirio Díaz lwaluthanda inqubekela phambili yomkhakha womphakathi wendawo. Ngalesi sikhathi, idolobha lalinokukhula okubalulekile ngasentshonalanga, ngoba imindeni eminingi yaqala ukushiya izindlu zayo ezindala ezisenkabeni yedolobha ukuze bayozinza “emakoloni”. Kubo ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlu kuqala ngokuya ngamamodeli wokwakha nawasemadolobheni asendaweni ngaleso sikhathi. Ama- "French" "Reforma", "Porfirio Díaz" kanye "namaMelika" amakoloni asungulwa kulawo makoloni aphezulu. Esikhathini esedlule isakhiwo okuyiyona ndaba yalesi sihloko sakhiwa cishe ngo-1903.
Njengamanje ipulazi lisezindaweni ezihlukaniswe imigwaqo iLibertad, Atenas, La Paz kanye neMoscow, emkhakheni waseJurez. Unjiniyela uGuillermo de Alba wayephethe ukuthi kungaba yini isigaba sokuqala sokwakhiwa kwamanje: indawo yokuhlala iphakathi nendawo yendawo; ezingeni elilodwa necebo elingalingani nelingalingani, lalizungezwe imigudu esekelwa amakholomu aseTuscan, enezingqimba kanye nomdwebo odongeni kwezinye zezindonga zalo, kulandela izitayela zasemadolobheni zesikhathi esaphula kakhulu amaphethini ezakhiwo azuzwe njengeSpain, lapho ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ezungeze igceke eliphakathi elinamaphaseji namatheku ezinhlangothini.
NgoMashi 1907 uManuel Cuesta Gallardo wawuthola ngama-peso ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 kusukela kulezo zikhathi. Lo muntu ubengumnikazi womhlaba oshisekayo futhi izimo ezimbeka njengombusi wokugcina wasePorfirismo eJalisco, njengoba esebenze izinsuku ezimbalwa ezingama-45, ngoba ngenxa yochungechunge lwemibhikisho esekela uMaderista kwadingeka ashiye phansi. Le ndlu akazange ayithengele yena, owayengashadile, kodwa wayithengela umngane wakhe ogama lakhe linguMaría Victoria. Le ndlu "bekuyindlu yakhe encane".
Kukuleyo minyaka lapho unjiniyela owazalelwa eJalimane u-Ernesto Fuchs enza izinguquko ezahlukahlukene ezinikeza ipulazi ukubukeka kwalo kwamanje: wenza ukunwetshwa okuhambisanayo, wakha amazinga amabili namanye amayunithi wezinsizakalo, kwasatshalaliswa kukho konke ukunwetshwa kwebhulokhi, futhi I-grill yangaphandle esime sabalandeli, lapho impahla ithatha khona igama layo. Ukwakheka kwezakhiwo nokuhlobisa okusetshenzisiwe bekungohlobo lwe-eclectic olunamathonya wesitayela afana nalokho okwenziwa yiFrance. Into yalo ekhanga kakhulu uhlobo lombhoshongo ozungezwe amaphaseji. Ama-facade akhombisa umlingiswa ohlukile ezitezi zawo ezimbili: isitezi esiphansi sesitayela saseTuscan sinemigqa evundlile ezindongeni zayo, eyakhiwe nge-adobe; Isitezi esingenhla, sihlotshiswe ngokwengeziwe, sinamakholomu anezitayela zaseKorinte, futhi izindonga zawo zinama-vertices nezindonga ezigwedlisiwe, ukubunjwa kwe-eclectic nokhonkolo; Ziphethwe yisakhiwo esihle kakhulu, ucezu lwaso olwenziwe ngamabhalustrade nezimbiza zobumba.
Ngemuva kokuwela ehlazweni lezepolitiki, uCuesta Gallardo wathengisa indlu engaphansi kwenani layo, yadlulela ezandleni zomndeni wakwaCorcuera.
Kusukela ngo-1920 kuya ku-1923 yaqashiselwa amaJesuit, asungula ikolishi. Kamuva kuze kube ngu-1930, yayihlalwa ngumndeni wakwaBiester. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngenxa yoshushiso lweCristero, iphansi eliphezulu lisebenza njengendlu yezindela eyimfihlo. Ngezikhala zayo bekukhona izikhungo eziningi zemfundo, phakathi kwazo okukhona iFranco-Mexican College, i-Autonomous University yaseGuadalajara kanye ne-ITESO. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nezidingo ezahlukahlukene bekudala ukonakala kancane kancane kwesakhiwo -kunye nokuguqulwa kwaso lapho kungezwa ekwakhiweni kwasekuqaleni-, kuze kube yilapho isishiywa ngokuphelele ezikhathini zamuva.
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi iCasa de los Abanicos, kusukela ekubeni "yindlu encane" yaqala ukubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakheni nasekufundiseni izizukulwane ezingenakubalwa zabantu abavela eGuadalajara, bejoyina inkumbulo yedolobha.
Inqubo yokucekelwa phansi kwendlu yacishe yadala ukulahleka kwayo. Njengoba ayeshiywe iminyaka eminingana, wonakaliswa futhi wabhekana nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi. Ngenhlanhla, le nqubo ingahlehliswa ngenxa yeqembu losomabhizinisi baseGuadalajara abathengile le ndawo emndenini wakwaMancera, ukuyibuyisa nokuqalisa ukusebenza ekomkhulu le-University Club yaseGuadalajara.
Lapho bethola indawo yokuhlala, abatshalizimali banquma ukwenza umsebenzi ofanele imisebenzi yeClub, bathatha okuhlangenwe nakho kwezikhungo ezifanayo eMexico nakwamanye amazwe. Okwakungelula, ngoba ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakudingeka baxazulule isidingo sendawo enkulu ukwedlula umthamo wangempela wepulazi futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, benze umsebenzi owawuphendula futhi uvumelane ngokuqinile nezindinganiso zikazwelonke nezamazwe omhlaba udaba lokongiwa nokubuyiselwa kwamagugu amasiko. Lezi zakhiwo ezimbili ezibalulekile zidinga ukuqashwa kwabasebenzi abakhethekile kule ndawo ukuze ngomsebenzi bakwazi ukubuyisana.
Ukulondolozwa, ukuvuselelwa nokusetshenziswa kwendlu ukwenza umsebenzi wayo omusha kuqale ngochungechunge lwemisebenzi yokuqala (uphenyo lomlando wesikhumbuzo kanye nomongo waso wasezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezenhlalo, kanye nezinhlolovo ezahlukahlukene zokuthatha izithombe, ezokwakha, ukuguqula kanye nokonakala. ) elenze lakwazi ukuchaza imininingwane yesakhiwo esizongenelelwa, isimo ebesikuso namathuba okusetshenziswa kwaso. Ngemininingwane eqoqwe kulesi sigaba, ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kungenziwa lapho isimo sempahla, izici zayo ezakhayo nezendawo, ukuba namandla kwayo, izinkinga ezithile ebinazo nezimbangela ezaqala ukuwohloka kwazo kwacaca ngokusobala. Ngokuya ngokuxilongwa, iphrojekthi yokubuyisela kabusha yakhiwe ezinhlangothini ezimbili ezizohlinzeka ngempendulo efanayo: eyokuqala yayihlanganisa ukongiwa nokubuyiselwa kwempahla, kanti okwesibili ukuguqulwa kwasebenza ukuze isakhiwo sihambisane nokusetshenziswa kwaso okusha. Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyenziwayo, okulandelayo kwagqama: ukwenza ama-coveves kanye nocwaningo; ukukhishwa kwezakhi ezingezwe kusakhiwo sokuqala; ukuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo; ukuhlanganiswa, ukuvuselelwa kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni kwezinkwali, izitsha zobumba, ukudweba okwendonga, ubuciko bensimbi kanye nokhonkolo wokuqala wokuhlobisa; ukulungiswa kwemithombo yokonakala, kanye nakho konke okuphathelene nokulungiswa kwezikhala ekusetshenzisweni okusha, izakhiwo ezikhethekile nokuhlanganiswa kwezinye izindawo.
Ngenxa yobubanzi bohlelo lokwakha oludingekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-University Club - okubandakanya, phakathi kokunye, ukwamukela, umtapo wezincwadi, izindawo zokudlela, ikhishi, imigoqo, amagumbi okushisa, i-aesthetics kanye nokupaka- izikhala ezintsha bekufanele zihlanganiswe kepha ngendlela yokuthi azizange ancintisane futhi athinte ifa lobuzwe. Lokhu kuxazululwe ngokwakhiwa kwamakamelo angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezivulekile: indawo yokupaka ngaphansi kwengadi enkulu nangombhoshongo onamazinga amaningana, ifuna kuzo zonke izimo ukuhlanganiswa kwayo nomongo, kwehlukanise konke okusha, ekugcineni kwayo nezinto ezisemthethweni, kusuka Ukwakhiwa kwasekuqaleni. Umsebenzi waqala ngonyaka we-1990 futhi waphetha ngoMeyi 1992. Iphrojekthi yokubuyiselwa yasungulwa ngumbhali wale migqa ngokubambisana no-Enrique Martínez Ortega; Ia restoration Specialised in mural paint and artistic blacksmithing, nguGuadalupe Zepeda Martínez; Umhlobiso, kaLaura Calderón, nokwenziwa komsebenzi kwakuphethe uConstructora OMIC, ophethe unjiniyela uJosé deI Muro Pepi. Ukuqonda nokuzethemba kohlangothi lwabatshalizimali, kukho konke okuphathelene nemisebenzi yokubuyiselwa, kusivumele ukuthi sifike kahle -ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokusebenza- ukutakula ubukhazikhazi obulahlekile balesi sibonelo esifanele sokwakhiwa kwamaPorfirian eGuadalajara.
Iqiniso lokuthi lokhu kwakhiwa kwamagugu kunikezwe ukusetshenziswa okuhambisana nesakhiwo saso sokuqala (okuthi ngenxa yezici zesevisi zaso kudinga ukugcinwa njalo nokongiwa) nokuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezenhlalo kuvumela ukubuyiselwa kotshalo-mali lokuqala nokuthi abaphathi balo iyazikhokhela, iqinisekisa unomphela nobuqotho bayo esikhathini esizayo. Ngemuva kokusebenza cishe iminyaka emibili, ukuhlolwa ngokujwayelekile kuvumelekile: umphumela wokugcina wamukelwa ngumphakathi, izakhiwo, ngenxa yempendulo, zigcinwe zisesimweni esihle kakhulu, imvelo yabo yasemadolobheni ivuselelwe futhi, njengoba I-Anecdote, "amakhalenda" wendabuko ayifakile ohambweni lwabo lokuvakasha. Ukuphothulwa ngempumelelo kwe- "experiment" kube nomthelela omuhle kwabanye osomabhizinisi abanentshisekelo yokuthola izindlu ezinkulu endaweni yomlando ukuze bazithole. Ukubuyiselwa nokuqalwa kweCasa de los Abanicos kukhombisa ukuthi ukongiwa kwamagugu amasiko akuhlukanisiwe neze namanani omsebenzi webhizinisi.
