IDanzon inezigaba ezine emlandweni wayo eMexico: eyokuqala, kusukela ekufikeni kwayo kuya ezikhathini eziphakeme zomzabalazo wenguquko ka-1910-1913.
Esesibili sizoba nomthelela ocacile ekuguqukeni komsakazo futhi sicishe sihambisane nezinyathelo zokuqala ze-discography, sizothinta izinhlobo zokuzijabulisa okuhlangene phakathi konyaka we-1913 nowe-1933. Isigaba sesithathu sizohlanganiswa nemishini yokuzala nezikhala zokuzithokozisa lapho imisindo nezindlela zokuhumusha idanzon zenziwa kabusha - amahholo wokudansa ne-orchestra -, okusibhekisa kusuka ngo-1935 kuya ku-1964, lapho lawa mahholo okudansa ayezoshiya indawo yawo esemthethweni kwezinye izindawo zokudansa lokho kuzoguqula izinhlobo zezinkulumo zemidanso nemidanso edumile. Okokugcina, singakhuluma ngesigaba sesine sokukhathala nokuzalwa kabusha kwamafomu amadala abuyiselwe emidansweni ehlanganyelwe - engakaze iyeke ukuba khona-, ukuvikela ubukhona bawo futhi, ngawo, ikhombise ukuthi idanzon inesakhiwo lokho kungenza kube unomphela.
Isendlalelo somdanso ongasoze wafa
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ngenxa yokuba khona kwabantu baseYurophu kulokho esikwaziyo manje njengeMelika, kusukela ngekhulu le-16 nangemva kwalokho, izinkulungwane zabantu abamnyama base-Afrika bafika ezwenikazi lethu, baphoqeleka ukuba basebenze ikakhulukazi emisebenzini emithathu: izimayini, amasimu, ne-serfdom. . Izwe lethu alikho ngaphandle kwalesi simo futhi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inqubo yokubolekwa kwemali kanye nezinqubo zokuguqula amasiko ziye zasungulwa nabantu bomdabu, baseYurophu nabaseMpumalanga.
Phakathi kokunye, ukwakheka kwezenhlalo kweNew Spain kumele kubhekelwe, okusho ukuthi, ngokubanzi, kwakhiwa ubuholi obuholayo baseSpain, bese kuba amaCreoles kanye nochungechunge lwezihloko ezingachazwanga imvelaphi yabo kazwelonke-izikhulumi zaseSpain ziyavela. Ama-cacique endabuko azoqhubeka ngokushesha, bese kuthi abomdabu abaxhashazwayo balwele ukusinda, kanye nabamnyama abalwela izikhundla zomsebenzi. Ekupheleni kwalesi sakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sinama-castes.
Cabanga nje kulo mongo eminye yemikhosi ehlangene lapho yonke imikhakha yomphakathi ibambe iqhaza ngokufanele, njengePaseo del Pendón, lapho kwakukhunjulwa khona ukubekwa kwama-Aztec aseMexico-Tenochtitlan.
Phambili kwalo mbukiso kweza iziphathimandla zasebukhosini nezesonto zilandelwa yikholamu lapho ababambiqhaza bezovela khona ngokwesimo sabo senhlalo, ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni komugqa. Kule mikhosi, ngemuva kodwendwe kube nemicimbi emibili ebikhombisa zonke izikhundla zezinga lomphakathi, njengoba kwakunjalo nangezinkunzi. Kwenye i-sarao yesikhumbuzo se-elitist, i-gala yeqembu eliphethe yaba khona kuphela.
Kungabonwa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka yesikhathi samakoloni kwasungulwa umkhawulo omkhulu phakathi "kwezicukuthwane" namanye amaqembu abantu, okwakusolwa kubo konke ukukhubazeka nezinhlekelele. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-syrups, imidanso yomhlaba kanye nemidanso eyake yenziwa abamnyama yenqatshwa njengokuziphatha okubi, okuphikisana nemithetho kaNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, sinezindlela ezimbili zomdanso ezihlukene ngokwesigaba senhlalo abazamukele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-minuettes, ama-boleros, ama-polkas nama-contranzas ayefundiswa ngisho nasezikhungweni zokudansa ezazilawulwa ngokuphelele nguViceroy Bucareli futhi kamuva ezavinjelwa uMarquina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu bajabule nge-déligo, i-zampalo, i-guineo, i-zarabullí, i-pataletilla, i-mariona, i-avilipiuti, amahlamvu futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, uma sekudansa ngokudlikizela, i-zarabanda, i-jacarandina kanye, impela, ukuphithizela.
Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yenkululeko yakwenza kwaba semthethweni ukulingana nenkululeko yamaqembu abantu; kodwa-ke, izinkombandlela zokuziphatha nezenkolo zisaqhubeka nokusebenza futhi akunakwephulwa.
Izindaba umlobi omkhulu kanye no-patrician, uDon Guillermo Prieto, asishiyele zona ngaleso sikhathi, zisenza sicabange ngomehluko omncane owenzekile esikweni lethu, ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezingenakubalwa zobuchwepheshe ezenzeke cishe eminyakeni eyi-150.
Isakhiwo senhlalo sashintshwa ngobuqili futhi, yize isonto lalahlekelwa yizikhala zamandla ezomnotho ngesikhathi senqubo yezinguquko, alizange liyeke ukugcina isithunzi salo sokuziphatha, esathola nokuqiniswa okuthile.
Ukulandelana kwenqubo ngayinye ebekiwe lapha ngokweqa kuzobaluleka kakhulu ekuqondeni izindlela zamanje zabantu baseMexico zokuhumusha imidanso ye-ballroom. Isigaba esifanayo, kwamanye ama-latitude, sinezisho ezihlukile. Lapha ukuphindeka kwengcindezi yenhlalo yaseMexico kuzobeka ushintsho lwabesilisa nabesifazane ngokuzwakalisa ukuthanda kwabo umdanso.
Lokhu kungaba ukhiye wokuthi kungani abantu baseMexico bengama "stoic" uma sidansa.
Idanzon livela ngaphandle kokwenza umsindo omkhulu
Uma singathi ngesikhathi sePorfiriato -1876 kuya ku-1911- izinto azizange zishintshe eMexico, ngabe siveza amanga amakhulu, ngoba ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, amasiko kanye nomphakathi lwalubonakala kulesi sigaba. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe kuboniswe ngomfutho omkhulu nokuthi kancane kancane kuthinte amasiko namasiko futhi ngobuqili emphakathini. Ukuhlola ukuthokozela kwethu sizothatha umculo nokudlalwa kwawo ikakhulukazi. Sibhekise emdansweni weSan Agustín de Ias Cuevas namuhla iTlalpan, njengesibonelo sokunye okwenziwa emuva emakhulwini ayisishiyagalolunye e-Country Club noma eTivoli deI Elíseo. Iqembu le-orchestra lalawa maqembu lalakhiwe ngezintambo nokhuni, ikakhulukazi, nasezikhaleni ezivaliwe - izindawo zokudla nezindawo zokudlela- ukutholakala kwepiyano kwakungagwemeki.
Upiyano bekuyinsimbi ehlukanisayo yomculo ngokwenza kahle. Ngaleso sikhathi ujantshi wawunamagatsha ezweni lonke, imoto yanikeza ukuqoshwa kwayo kokuqala, umlingo wokuthwebula izithombe waqala, futhi ibhayisikobho yakhombisa ukubhuza kwayo kokuqala; ubuhle buqhamuka eYurophu, ikakhulukazi buvela eFrance. Ngakho-ke, kumdanso kusetshenziswe amagama anjengokuthi "glise", "uNdunankulu", "cuadrille" namanye, ukuze kukhonjiswe ubuhle nolwazi. Abantu abenza kahle babehlala bephethe upiyano lapho bahlala khona ukuze babukise emibuthanweni ngokuchazwa kwezingcezu ze-opera, i-operetta, i-zarzueIa, noma izingoma ze-opera zaseMexico ezifana no-Estrellita, noma ngasese, ngoba kwakuwumculo onesono, njengoPerjura. Ama-danzone okuqala afika eMexico, ahunyushwa kupiyano ngobumnene nangomunyu, ahlanganiswa kule nkantolo.
Kepha masingalindeli izembatho zokugqoka bese sibonisa kancane "ngokuzalwa" kwedanzon. Enkambweni yokufunda ngenzalo, umdanso waseCuba kanye nokuphikisana akufanele kulahlekwe. Kusukela kulezi zinhlobo isakhiwo sedanzon sivela, kuguqulwa kuphela -kakhulukazi- ingxenye yaso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyazi ukuthi i-habanera i-antecedent esheshayo ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezihloko zivela kuyo (futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, "izinhlobo zezwe" ezintathu: idanzón, iculo kanye ne-tango). Izazi-mlando zibeka i-habanera njengefomu lomculo kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19.
Kuphikiswana ngokuthi ama-okuphikisa okuqala athuthwa esuka eHaiti aya eCuba futhi angumbono womdanso waseZweni, umdanso wezwe laseNgilandi owathola umoya wawo waze waba umdanso waseHavana womhlaba wonke; Zinezingxenye ezine zaze zehliswa zaba zimbili, zazidansa ngezibalo ngamaqembu. Yize uManuel Saumell Robledo ethathwa njengobaba we-quadrille yaseCuba, u-Ignacio Cervantes nguyena owashiya uphawu olujulile ngalokhu eMexico. Ngemuva kokudingiswa e-United States wabuyela eCuba futhi, kamuva waya eMexico, cishe ngonyaka we-1900, lapho akhiqiza khona imidanso eminingi eyaba nomthelela endleleni yabaqambi baseMexico abanjengoFelipe Villanueva, Ernesto Elourdy, Arcadio Zúñiga no-Alfredo Carrasco.
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zepiyano zikaVillanueva, ukuthembela kwakhe kumamodeli aseCuba kusobala. Ziqondana nokuqukethwe ngumculo kwalezi zingxenye ezimbili. Imvamisa owokuqala unomlingiswa wesingeniso nje. Ingxenye yesibili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, icabangisisa kakhulu, i-languid, ine-rubato tempo kanye ne "tropical", futhi inika inhlanganisela yokuqala yesigqi. Kulesi sici, kanye nangokuguquguquka okukhulu, uVillanueva udlula uSaumell, njengoba kungokwemvelo kumqambi wesizukulwane esilandelayo futhi enokuxhumana okungokomoya okwengeziwe nomqhubi wohlobo lwaseCuba, u-Ignacio Cervantes.
Impikiswano ibithatha indawo ebalulekile kokuthandwa ngumculo nemidanso yaseMexico, kepha njengayo yonke imidanso, inezinhlobo zayo okufanele umphakathi uhumushwe ngokuya ngokuziphatha namasiko amahle. Kuyo yonke imibuthano yamaPorfirian, ikilasi labacebile laligcina izinhlobo ezifanayo zakudala zango-1858.
Ngale ndlela, sinezinto ezimbili ezizokwakha isigaba sokuqala sokuba khona kwedanz eMexico, esukela ku-1880 kuya ku-1913, cishe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphuzu wepiyano okuzoba yimoto yokudlulisa ngobuningi futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkambiso zomphakathi ezizovimbela ukwanda kwayo okuvulekile, kuyinciphisele ezindaweni lapho isimilo namasiko amahle angakhululeka khona.
Izikhathi zokuqhuma nentuthuko
Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, iMexico izoba nomdlandla wangempela emculweni wasezindaweni ezishisayo, amagama kaTomás Ponce Reyes, Babuco, Juan de Dios Concha, Dimas noPrieto aba yinganekwane ohlotsheni lwedanzon.
Bese kufika isimemezelo esikhethekile sokumemeza kunoma yikuphi ukuhunyushwa kwedanzon: Hei mndeni! UDanzon unikezelwe ku-Antonio nabangane abahamba naye! Isisho silethwe enhlokodolobha sisuka eVeracruz nguBabuco.
U-Amador Pérez, uDimas, ukhiqiza idanzon Nereidas, ephula yonke imikhawulo yokuthandwa, ngoba isetshenziswa njengegama lama-ice cream parlors, amabhusha, amathilomu, amadina, njll. Kuzoba idanzón yaseMexico ebhekene neCuba Almendra, evela eValdés.
ECuba, idanzón laguqulwa laba yi-cha-cha-chá ngenxa yezizathu zokuhweba, lakhula ngokushesha futhi lasusa idanzon ukunambitheka kwabadansi.
Ngawo-1940, iMexico yabhekana nokuqhuma kwe-hubbub futhi impilo yayo yasebusuku yayinhle kakhulu. Kodwa ngolunye usuku oluhle, ngo-1957, kwavela umlingiswa enkundleni owalethwa kusukela kuleyo minyaka lapho kushaywa imithetho yokunakekela onembeza abahle, owathi:
"Izikhungo kumele zivalwe ngehora lokuqala ekuseni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umndeni womsebenzi uthola umholo wawo nokuthi umkhaya womndeni awusaphazwa ezikhungweni eziphikisana nazo," kusho uMnu Ernesto P. Uruchurtu. Regent weDolobha LaseMexico. Unyaka ka-1957.
Ukulala kabusha nokuzalwa kabusha
“Ngibonga” ezinyathelweni ze-Iron Regent, amahholo amaningi okudansa anyamalala futhi, kwabayishumi nambili ababekhona, kwasala amathathu kuphela: i-EI Colonia, iLos Angeles ne-EI California. Bebehanjelwe abalandeli abathembekile bezinhlobo zomdanso, abagcine ebunzimeni nasekunciphiseni izindlela ezinhle zokudansa. Ezinsukwini zethu, i-SaIón Riviera ingeziwe, phambilini obekuyigumbi kuphela lamaqembu nabadansi, umvikeli wasekhaya wemidanso emihle yaseSaIón, phakathi kwayo okuyinkosi.
Ngakho-ke, sinanela amazwi ka-Amador Pérez noDimas, lapho ebalula ukuthi "izigqi zesimanjemanje zizofika, kepha idanzon ayisoze yafa."
