Ukubhonga kwabo kuphume kubusuku obude besikhathi, okumele ngabe kubamangaze futhi kubethuse ngaphezu kokukodwa. Amandla akhe, ubugovu bakhe, isikhumba sakhe esinamabala, ukuzithela kwakhe ngobuqili nangokuyingozi edabula emahlathini aseMesoamerican, kumele ngabe kwafaka kubantu bakudala inkolelo yobunkulunkulu, enhlanganweni engcwele eyayiphathelene namabutho okutshela kanye nokuzala. yemvelo.
Ama-Olmec, ubukhona bawo obuyindida eGuerrero obungakacaciswa ngokuphelele, abubonakalise emidwebweni yemihume, kuma-monoliths nasezithombeni eziningi zobumba nezamatshe. Umlingiswa wakhe wasenganekwaneni ubonakala kuze kube yilolu suku, lapho isibalo sakhe senziwa kabusha komunye wemikhiqizo eyakhiwe kakhulu kamaskandi ezweni, emidansweni, emicimbini yezolimo kwamanye amadolobha, esifundeni saseLa Montaña, ezindaweni zamagama ahlukahlukene. abantu, emasikweni nasezinganekwaneni. I-jaguar (i-panther onca) ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiphenduke isibonakaliso sabantu baseGuerrero.
ABANGABONI BAKWA-OLMEC
Iminyaka eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, yesikhathi esifanayo lapho okwakuthiwa isiko lomama kwanda endaweni yedolobha elikhulu (iVeracruz neTabasco), kwenzeka okufanayo emazweni aseGuerrero. Ukutholakala, emashumini amathathu edlule, kwesiza saseTeopantecuanitlan (Indawo yethempeli lamahlosi), kumasipala waseCopalillo, kuqinisekisile ukuqomisana kanye nesikhathi esivele senziwa ngenxa yobukhona be-Olmec eGuerrero, ngokususelwe kokutholakele izindawo ezimbili ezedlule ezinomdwebo womhume: umhume waseJuxtlahuaca kumasipala waseMochitlán, nomhume wase-Oxtotitlan kumasipala waseChilapa. Kuzo zonke lezi zindawo ukuba khona kwe-jaguar kuyabonakala. Kokuqala, ama-monoliths amane amakhulu anezici ezijwayelekile ze-tabby zesitayela se-Olmec esithuthuke kakhulu; Ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezinomdwebo womhume sithola ukubonakaliswa okuningana kwe-jaguar. EJuxtlahuaca, endaweni esendaweni eyi-1,200 m ukusuka ekungeneni komhume, kupendwe isithombe se-jaguar esibonakala sihambisana nelinye ibhizinisi elibaluleke kakhulu kwi-cosmogony yaseMesoamerican: inyoka. Kwenye indawo ngaphakathi kwendawo ebiyelwe efanayo, umlingiswa omkhulu ogqoke isikhumba se-jaguar ezandleni, ezingalweni nasemilenzeni, kanye ne-cape lakhe nalokho okubonakala kungumbhinqo, kubonakala kumile, kuphoqa, ngaphambi kokuba omunye umuntu aguqe phambi kwakhe.
E-Oxtotitlan, umuntu oyinhloko, omele umuntu omkhulu, uhlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi esimise umlomo wengwe noma isilo sasemhlabeni, kusoseshini ophakamisa ukuxhumana kwesigaba esibusayo noma sobupristi nezinhlangano ezinganekwane, ezingcwele. Kumvubukuli uDavid Grove, owabika lezi zinsalela, indawo evezwe lapho ibonakala inencazelo yesithombe ehlobene nemvula, amanzi nokuzala. Futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-l-D, ngaphakathi kwesiza esifanayo, kunokubaluleka okukodwa ekuthwebuleni izithombe kwaleli qembu langaphambi kweSpanishi: umlingiswa onezici ezijwayelekile ze-Olmec, emi, ume ngemuva kwe-jaguar, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi kumelele ikhophi. Lo mdwebo uphakamisa, ngokusho kombhali oshiwo ngenhla, umbono wobumbano lwezocansi phakathi kwendoda ne-jaguar, emfanekisweni ojulile wemvelaphi yasenganekwaneni yalabo bantu.
IJAGUAR EMAKHODINI
Kusukela kulezi zikhathi zokuqala, ukutholakala kwe-jaguar kwaqhubeka ngezithombe eziningi ezinamaphutha, okungaqiniseki, okuholele uMiguel Covarrubias ukuphakamisa iGuerrero njengenye yezindawo zokuqala zase-Olmec. Esinye sezikhathi ezibalulekile zomlando lapho kuthathwe khona isibalo se-jaguar bekuyinkathi yokuqala yamakholoni, ngaphakathi kwama-codices (imibhalo yezithombe lapho umlando namasiko wabantu abaningi baseGuerrero abhalwe khona). Esinye sezinkomba zokuqala yisibalo seqhawe lengwe elivela kuCanvas 1 yaseChiepetlan, lapho kungabonwa khona izigcawu zokulwa phakathi kwamaTlapanecas neMexico, okwandulela ukubusa kwabo esifundeni iTlapa-Tlachinollan. Futhi ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu lama-codex, inombolo V, yokwenziwa kwamakholoni (1696), iqukethe i-heraldic motif, ekopishwe embhalweni osemthethweni waseSpain, omelwe amabhubesi amabili. Ukuhunyushwa kabusha kwe-tlacuilo (okuyiyo edweba ama-codex) kubonise ama-jaguar amabili, ngoba ama-tiger ayengaziwa eMelika, ngesitayela somdabu esicacile.
Ekhasini 26 le-Azoyú Codex 1 kuvela umuntu onesifihla se-jaguar, ushwabadela esinye isihloko. Isimo sibonakala sihambisana nokubekwa esihlalweni kukaMnu Turquoise Serpent, ngonyaka we-1477.
Elinye iqembu lama-codex, elivela kwaCualac, elabikwa nguFlorencia Jacobs Müller ngo-1958, lakhiqizwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. Maphakathi nepuleti 4 sithola izithandani. Owesilisa uphethe induku yokulawula futhi uhleli emhumeni, onomfanekiso wesilwane, inyamazane ehlangene nayo. Ngokusho komcwaningi, kumayelana nokumelelwa kwendawo yemvelaphi yomuzi waseCototolapan. Njengoba kuvamile ngaphakathi kwesiko laseMesoamerica, sithola lapho ukuhlangana kwezakhi zemihume-jaguar. Ngaphansi kwendawo yesehlakalo kulowo mbhalo kuvela ama-jaguar amabili. KuLienzo de Aztatepec naseZitlaltepeco Codex de las Vejaciones, engxenyeni engaphezulu kwesobunxele kuvela ama-jaguar nenyoka. Ngasekupheleni kweSantiago Zapotitlan Map (ngekhulu le-18, kususelwa koqobo lwango-1537), i-jaguar ivela ekucushweni kwe-Tecuantepec glyph.
DANSI, MASKS ne-TEPONAXTLE
Ngenxa yalokhu okwandulela umlando namasiko, isibalo se-jaguar kancane kancane sihlangana futhi sidideke naleso sehlosi, yingakho ukubonakaliswa kwaso okuhlukahlukene manje sekuqanjwe ngalesi sihlava, noma ngabe isithombe se-jaguar siyisisekelo sangemuva. Namuhla, eGuerrero, ngaphakathi kwezinkulumo eziningi zezinganekwane namasiko lapho i-feline izibonakalisa khona, ukuphikelela kwamafomu okudansa lapho kubonakala khona i-tiger, kuyisibonakaliso salezi zimpande.
Umdanso we-tecuani (tiger) wenziwa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba wombuso, ukuthola izindlela ezithile zendawo nezesifunda. Lowo owenziwa esifundeni saseLa Montaña ubizwa ngokuthi okuhlukile kweCoatetelco. Iphinde ithole igama elithi "Tlacololeros". Itulo lalo mdanso lwenzeka ngokwesimo semfuyo, okumele ngabe yaqala izimpande eGuerrero ngezikhathi zamakholoni. I-tiger-jaguar ibonakala njengesilwane esiyingozi esingaqeda imfuyo, uSalvador noma uSalvadorche, umnikazi womhlaba, athembisa umsizi wakhe, uMayeso, ukuba azingele lesi silo. Njengoba engakwazi ukumbulala, abanye abalingiswa bayamsiza (i-flechero endala, umkhonto wakudala, ukhokho omdala, ne-xohuaxclero endala). Lapho nalaba behluleka, uMayeso ubiza leli khehla (nezinja zalo ezinhle, phakathi kwazo okuyinja yaseMaravilla) noJuan Tirador, oletha izikhali zakhe ezinhle. Ekugcineni bayakwazi ukumbulala, ngaleyo ndlela begwema ingozi ezilwaneni zomlimi.
Kuleli cebo, kungabonakala isingathekiso sokuqotshwa kwamakoloni aseSpain nokunqotshwa kwamaqembu omdabu, ngoba i-tecuani imele amandla "asendle" abanqotshiwe, abasongela omunye wemisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho eyayiyilungelo labanqobi. Lapho kuqedwa ukufa kwesibaya ukubusa kwabaseSpain phezu kwabomdabu kuyaqinisekiswa.
Ngaphakathi kwendawo ebanzi yalomdanso, sizothi e-Apango osotswebhu noma ama-chirriones we-tlacoleros ahlukile kunabanye abantu. EChichihualco, izingubo zabo zihlukile futhi izigqoko zimbozwe nge-zempalxóchitl. EQuechultenango umdanso ubizwa nge- “Capoteros”. E-Chialapa wathola igama elithi "Zoyacapoteros", okukhonjiswe ngezingubo zokulala ze-zoyate abalimi abazimboze ngazo ngemvula. E-Apaxtla de Castrejón “umdanso waseTecuán uyingozi futhi unesibindi ngoba uhilela ukudlulisa intambo, njengomuntu ohamba ngezintambo esekisini nasezingeni eliphakeme. YiTecuán eyeqa imivini nezihlahla kube sengathi yingwe ebuya nesisu esigcwele izinkomo zaseSalvadochi, isicebi sesizwe ”(Sinjalo ke, unyaka 3, no. 62, IV / 15/1994).
ECoatepec de los Costales okuhlukile okubizwa nge-Iguala kuyadanswa. ECosta Chica, umdanso ofanayo udanswa phakathi kwabantu base-Amuzgo nabezemestizo, lapho no-tecuani ehlanganyela khona. Lona ngumdanso obizwa nge- "Tlaminques". Kuyo ingwe igibela ezihlahleni, amasundu nombhoshongo wesonto (njengoba kwenzeka futhi emkhosini weTeopancalaquis, eZitlala). Kuneminye imidanso lapho kuvela khona i-jaguar, phakathi kwayo kukhona umdanso wamaTejorones, ongowokuzalwa eCosta Chica, nomdanso wamaMaizo.
Okuhlotshaniswa nomdanso wehlosi nezinye izinkulumo ze-folkloric ze-tecuani, kube nokukhiqizwa kwamaskandi phakathi kokuchichima kakhulu ezweni (kanye noMichoacán). Njengamanje sekukhiqizwe umkhiqizo wokuhlobisa, lapho i-feline iqhubeka nokuba ngesinye sezici eziphindaphindwayo. Enye inkulumo ethokozisayo ehlotshaniswa nomfanekiso wengwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-teponaxtli njengethuluzi elihambisana nezinqubo, amasiko, nemicimbi ehambisanayo. Emadolobheni aseZitlala, inhloko kamasipala wegama elifanayo, kanye ne-Ayahualulco -kamasipala waseChilapa- insimbi inebuso behlosi obuqoshwe kolunye lwezinhloso zayo, okuqinisekisa iqhaza elingokomfanekiso le-tiger-jaguar emicimbini efanelekile ngaphakathi komjikelezo wesiko noma wemikhosi.
I-TIGER IN RITES RITES
La Tigrada eChilapa
Noma kwenziwa phakathi nesikhathi lapho isiqinisekiso noma imicikilisho yokuzala iqala ukwenzelwa ukuvuna (amasonto amabili okuqala ka-Agasti), ihlosi alibonakali lixhumene kakhulu nenkambiso yezolimo, yize kungenzeka ukuthi kumvelaphi wayo. Iphela ngomhla ka-15, usuku lweVirgin of the Assumption, okwakungumuntu ongcwele waseChilapa ngesikhathi sengxenye yamakoloni (leli dolobha ekuqaleni lalibizwa ngeSanta María de la Asunción Chilapa). I-la tigrada ibilokhu iqhubeka isikhathi eside, kangangoba abantu abadala baseChilapa bebevele bekwazi ebusheni babo. Kuzoba yiminyaka eyishumi selokhu isiko laqala ukwehla, kepha ngenxa yesasasa nokwenyuswa kweqembu lama-chilapeños anomdlandla anentshisekelo yokugcina amasiko abo, i-tigrada ithole amandla amasha. I-tigrada iqala ekupheleni kukaJulayi futhi ihlala kuze kube ngu-Agasti 15, lapho kwenzeka umkhosi weVirgen de la Asunción. Lo mcimbi uqukethe amaqembu amancane nabadala, agqoke njengamahlosi, azulazula emihlambini emigwaqweni emikhulu yedolobha, enqikaza amantombazane nokwethusa izingane. Njengoba zidlula zikhipha isibhongo sendalo. Ukuhlangana kwamahlosi amaningi eqenjini, ukuqina kwengubo yawo nezimaski zawo, okunezelwa ukufutheka kwawo nokuthi, ngezikhathi ezithile, ahudula iketango elisindayo, kumele kube namandla anele ezinganeni eziningi ukwethuka ngokoqobo. ngaphambi kwesinyathelo sakhe. Abadala, abanobuqili, bavele babathathe emathangeni abo noma bazame ukubatshela ukuthi bangabantu bendawo abacashile, kodwa incazelo ayikholisi abancane, abazama ukubaleka. Kubukeka sengathi ukubhekana nezingwe kungumqondo onzima zonke izingane zaseChilapeño ezedlule kuzo. Njengoba sezikhulile noma sezinesibindi, izingane "zilwa" namahlosi, zenze i-hoot ngesandla sazo emilonyeni yazo futhi ziyicasule, ziyinyakazise, ngokumemeza zithi: “Ingwe ephuzi, ubuso be-skunk”; "I-tiger emnene, ubuso be-chickpea"; "Ingwe engenamsila, ubuso buka anti wakho uBartola"; "Leya ngwe ayenzi lutho, leloya tiye alenzi lutho." I-tigrada ifinyelela kuvuthondaba lwayo njengoba sekusondele i-15. Ngezikhathi zantambama ezifudumele zika-Agasti amaqembu ezihlosi abonakala egijima emigwaqweni yedolobha, ejaha abantu abasha, abagijima ngokuganga, bebalekela kubo. Namuhla, ngo-Agasti 15 kunodwendwe olunezimoto ezingokomfanekiso (izimoto ezigqokile, abantu bendawo bazibiza kanjalo), nezethulo zeVirgin of the Assumption nangobukhona bamaqembu amahlosi (tecuanis) aqhamuka amadolobha angomakhelwane, ukuzama ukubonisa phambi kwabantu uhla lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-tecuani (izingwe zaseZitlala, iQuechultenango, njll.).
Ifomu elifana ne-tigrada yilokho okwenzeka ngesikhathi sedili labaphathi e-Olinalá ngo-Okthoba 4. Amahlosi aphuma angene ezitaladini ukujaha abafana namantombazane. Omunye wemicimbi emikhulu udwendwe, lapho ama-Olinaltecos ethwala iminikelo noma amalungiselelo lapho imikhiqizo yesivuno ivelele khona (upelepele, ikakhulukazi). Isigaxa sehlosi e-Olinalá sihlukile kwesikaChilapa, futhi lokhu, nakho, kwehlukile kwekaZitlala, noma i-Acatlán. Kungashiwo ukuthi isifunda ngasinye noma idolobha ngalinye ligxiviza isitembu esithile kumamaski alo we-feline, okungekho ngaphandle kokuthinteka kwesithonjana sendawo maqondana nesizathu salo mehluko.
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-272 / Okthoba 1999
