Funda mayelana neziphikiso neminikelo yomculo waseMexico kule ndlela yokubonakaliswa kwendawo yonke ebaluleke kakhulu.
Umlando womculo wamakhonsathi waseMexico udlule ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene, imisinga yobuhle nezitayela zomculo kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20. Kwaqala ngesikhathi sothando phakathi kuka-1900 no-1920, kwaqhubeka nenkathi yokuqinisekiswa kobuzwe (1920-1950), zombili zathanjiswa ubukhona beminye imisakazo yomculo kanyekanye; Phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu leminyaka, izitayela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola neze-avant-garde zahlangana (kusuka ngo-1960 kuye phambili).
Ukukhiqizwa kwabaqambi baseMexico bekhulu lama-20 yikhona okugcwele kakhulu emlandweni wethu wezomculo, futhi kukhombisa izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zemikhuba yomculo, iziphakamiso zobuhle nezinsizakusebenza zokwenziwa. Ukufingqa ukwehluka nobuningi bomculo wamakhonsathi waseMexico ngekhulu lama-20, kulula ukubheka izinkathi ezintathu zomlando (1870-1910, 1910-1960 no-1960-2000).
Inguquko: 1870-1910
Ngokwenguqulo yomlando wendabuko, kunamaMexico amabili: elinye eliphambi kweRevolution kanye nelazalwa ngalo. Kodwa ezinye izifundo zomlando zakamuva zikhombisa ukuthi, ngezindlela eziningana, izwe elisha laqala ukuvela ngaphambi kwempi ehlomile yango-1910. Isikhathi eside somlando esingaphezudlwana kwamashumi amathathu siphethwe nguPorfirio Díaz, yize sasinokungqubuzana namaphutha. yentuthuko yezomnotho, ezenhlalo nezamasiko eyabeka izisekelo zokuvela kweMexico yanamuhla, exhumene namanye amazwe aseYurophu nawaseMelika. Lokhu kuvulwa kwamazwe omhlaba kwakuyisisekelo sokuthuthuka kwamasiko nomculo okwakondliwa yimikhuba emisha yabantu abahlukahlukene futhi kwaqala ukunqoba inertia yokuma.
Kunezinkomba eziningi zomlando ezikhombisa ukuthi umculo wamakhonsathi waqala ukushintsha ngemuva kuka-1870. Yize ukuhlangana nendawo yokuphumula yothando kwaqhubeka kwaba yizindawo ezithandekayo zomculo osondelene, nokuthandwa komculo wasesteji kwaqinisekiswa kabusha (i-opera, zarzuela, operetta, njll.), kukhona ushintsho olwenzeka kancane kancane kumasiko wokuqamba, ukwenza nokusabalalisa umculo. Kwikota yokugcina yekhulu le-19, kwahlanganiswa inkambiso yamapiyano yaseMexico (enye yezindala kunazo zonke eMelika), ukukhiqizwa kwe-orchestral nomculo wasekamelweni kwasungulwa, umculo wesintu nowaziwayo wabuye wahlanganiswa nomculo wamakhonsathi oqeqeshiwe, futhi repertoires entsha yokufuna ukuvelela ngesimo nangohlobo (ukudlula imidanso nezingcezu ezimfushane zekamelo). Abaqambi basondela kubuhle obusha baseYurophu ukuvuselela izilimi zabo (isiFulentshi nesiJalimane), nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yomculo yesimanje kwaqalwa noma kwaqhubeka okwakuyozwakala kamuva ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, emahholo omculo, kuma-orchestra, ezikoleni zomculo, njll.
Ubuzwe bomculo waseMexico buvele emthelela wezenhlalo namasiko weRevolution. Emazweni ahlukahlukene eLatin America, abaqambi benza uphenyo lwesitayela sikazwelonke maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Ukuseshwa kobunikazi bezwe emculweni kwaqala ngokunyakaza komdabu wothando ePeru, e-Argentina, eBrazil naseMexico, ngokususelwa kuzimpawu zangaphambi kweSpanishi ezikhangayo kwi-opera. Umqambi waseMexico U-Aniceto Ortega (1823-1875) Uqale i-opera yakhe Guatimotzin ngo-1871, ku-libretto eveza uCuauhtémoc njengeqhawe lezothando.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ubuzwe obucacile bomculo base bukhona eMexico nasemazweni odadewabo, bethonywe yimisinga yobuzwe yaseYurophu. Lolu thando lobuzwe luwumphumela wenqubo ye- "creolization" noma ukungaziphathi kahle komculo phakathi kwemidanso yama-ballroom yase-Europe (i-waltz, i-polka, i-mazurka, njll.), Izinhlobo zomdabu zaseMelika (habanera, umdanso, ingoma, njll.) Kanye nokufakwa kwe izakhi zomculo zasendaweni, ezivezwa ngolimi oluvelele lwezothando lwaseYurophu. Phakathi kwama-opera obuzwe abathandanayo kubalwa i-El rey poeta (1900) nguGustavo E. Campa (1863-1934) no-Atzimba (1901) nguRicardo Castro (1864-1907).
Imibono yobuhle yabaqambi bezwe abanothando yayibonisa amanani ezigaba eziphakathi neziphezulu zaleso sikhathi, ngokuya ngemigomo yothando lwentando yaseYurophu (ukukhuphula umculo wabantu baye ezingeni lobuciko). Kwakumayelana nokuhlonza nokutakula izinto ezithile zomculo odumile nokuzifaka ngezinsizakusebenza zomculo wekhonsathi. Umculo omningi wase-salon owashicilelwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye wawunezinhlobo zokuhleleka kanye nezinguqulo (zepiyano kanye nesigingci) somculo odumile "wezwe lonke" kanye "nemidanso yezwe", lapho umculo womdabu wethulwa khona emahholo ekhonsathi. ikhonsathi negumbi lomndeni, elibukeka libukeka kumakilasi aphakathi. Phakathi kwabaqambi baseMexico bekhulu le-19 abafake isandla ekufuneni umculo wezwe kukhona UTomás León (1826-1893), uJulio Ituarte (1845-1905), uJuventino Rosas (1864-1894), u-Ernesto Elorduy (1853-1912), uFelipe Villanueva (1863-1893) noRicardo Castro. URosas waduma umhlaba wonke nge-waltz yakhe (Emagagasi, 1891), ngenkathi u-Elorduy, uVillanueva nabanye belima umdanso omnandi waseMexico, osuselwa kusigqi esivumelanisiwe sempikiswano yaseCuba, umsuka wehabanera nedanzón.
I-Eclecticism: 1910-1960
Uma okuthile kuphawula umculo wamakhonsathi waseMexico phakathi namashumi eminyaka ayisithupha okuqala ekhulu lama-20, kungukubheka izinto ngendlela eclecticism, okuqondwa njengokufuna izixazululo eziphakathi nezikhundla ezingaphezulu kwezinga eliphezulu noma ukuya esiqondisweni esisodwa sobuhle. I-eclecticism yomculo yayiyiphuzu lokuhlangana kwezitayela ezahlukahlukene nezitayela ezazisetshenziswa abaqambi baseMexico, labo ababelima isitayela somculo esingaphezulu kwesisodwa noma ubuciko obuhle ngesikhathi somsebenzi wabo wokudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqambi abaningi bazifunele isitayela sabo somculo ngokusebenzisa i-hybridization noma ukuxuba isitayela, ngokuya ngemisipha ehlukahlukene yobuhle abayifumene emculweni wase-Europe nowaseMelika.
Kulesi sikhathi, kuyahlonishwa ukuthi iningi labaqambi baseMexico belilandele indlela eclectic, ebenza bakwazi ukusondela kuzitayela ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisa izinto zomculo zikazwelonke noma ezinye. Amathrendi amakhulu atshalwe ngesikhathi se-1910-1960, ngaphezu kwe ubuzwe, ukuthandana ngemuva noma ukuthandana, i-impressionist, i-expressionist, neoclassical, ngaphezu kokunye okuhlukile, njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi microtonalism.
Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, umculo nezobuciko kwakungavikelekile ethonyeni elikhulu elalikhishwa ubuzwe, amandla emibono eyasiza ukuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo zamazwe aseLatin America ekufuneni amasiko awo. Yize ubuzwe bezomculo banciphisa ukubaluleka kwabo eYurophu cishe ngonyaka we-1930, eLatin America kwaqhubeka njengamanje obalulekile kwaze kwaba ngunyaka ka-1950. IMexico eyayihumusha izinguquko yakhetha ukuthuthukiswa kobuzwe bomculo ngokuya ngenqubomgomo yamasiko esetshenziswa umbuso waseMexico kuwo wonke amazwe. Ubuciko. Zizinze ebuhleni bobuzwe, izikhungo ezisemthethweni zamasiko nezemfundo zisekele umsebenzi wabaculi nabaqambi, futhi zagqugquzela ukuhlanganiswa kwengqalasizinda yomculo yanamuhla esekwe ekufundiseni nasekusakazeni.
I- ubuzwe bomculo Iqukethe i- ukwenziwa noma ukuzijabulisa komculo odumile womdabu wabaqambi bomculo wekhonsathi, kungaba ngqo noma ngokungaqondile, okusobala noma okumboziwe, okucacile noma okuncishisiwe. Ubuzwe bomculo waseMexico babuthambekele ekuxubeni isitayela, okuchaza ukuvela kwezigaba ezimbili zobuzwe nezitayela ezahlukahlukene ze-hybrid. I- uthando lobuzwe, eliholwa ngu UManuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka, yagcizelela ukutakulwa kwengoma yaseMexico njengesisekelo somculo kazwelonke. Phakathi kwabaqambi abalandela uPonce ngale ndlela kukhona UJosé Rolón (1876-1945), u-Arnulfo Miramontes (1882-1960) no-Estanislao Mejía (1882-1967). I- ubuzwe bomdabu had njengomholi wayo ophawuleka kakhulu UCarlos Chávez (1899-1978) emashumini amabili eminyaka ezayo (1920 kuya ku-1940), Inhlangano ebifuna ukwenza umculo wangaphambi kweSpanishi ngokusebenzisa umculo wendabuko wangaleso sikhathi. Phakathi kwabaqambi abaningi balesi sigaba somdabu esisitholayo UCandelario Huízar (1883-1970), u-Eduardo Hernández Moncada (1899-1995), uLuis Sandi (1905-1996) kanye nalabo ababizwa ngokuthi “Iqembu labane”, elakhiwa nguDaniel Ayala (1908-1975), uSalvador Contreras (1910-1982 ), UBlas Galindo (1910-1993) noJosé Pablo Moncayo (1912-1958).
Phakathi kweminyaka yama-1920 kanye no-1950, kwavela ezinye izitayela zobuzwe ezi-hybrid ezifana ne- ukushisekela ubuzwe, ekhona emisebenzini ethile ye UPonce, uRolón, uRafael J. Tello (1872-1946), u-Antonio Gomezanda (1894-1964) noMoncayo; i ubuzwe obungokoqobo nobuzwakalayo bukaJosé Pomar (1880-1961), uChávez noSilvestre Revueltas (1899-1940), futhi kuze kufike ku- Ubuzwe beNeoclassical obenziwa nguPonce, Chávez, Miguel Bernal Jiménez (1910-1956), Rodolfo Halffter (1900-1987) noCarlos Jiménez Mabarak (1916-1994). Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ukukhathala okucacile kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zefayela le- Ubuzwe bomculo waseMexico, ngenxa yokuvulwa kanye nokuseshwa kwabaqambi maqondana nemisinga emisha yabantu abahlukahlukene, abanye babo bafundiswe e-United States kanye naseYurophu yangemva kwempi.
Yize ubuzwe bezomculo banqoba kwaze kwaba ngama-1950 eLatin America, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwavela eminye imisinga yomculo, abanye abafokazi nabanye basondele kubuhle bobuzwe. Abaqambi abathile badonselwa kuma-aesthetics omculo aphikisana nobuzwe, bebona ukuthi izitayela zobuzwe zibaholela emzileni olula wokuveza izifunda futhi baziqhelelanise nezindlela ezintsha zomhlaba. Icala elihlukile eMexico lelo UJulián Carrillo (1875-1965), omsebenzi wakhe omningi womculo wasuka ekuthandeni okungenakulinganiswa kwamaJalimane kuya kuma-microtonalism (kuzwakala iphansi kunethoni lesigamu), futhi umbono wakhe Umsindo 13 kwamzuzela udumo emhlabeni jikelele. Elinye icala elikhethekile lelo UCarlos Chavez, okwathi ngemuva kokwamukela ubuzwe ngentshiseko, wachitha lonke ikusasa lakhe njengomqambi ecija, efundisa futhi esakaza imisinga ethuthuke kakhulu yomculo we-avant-garde womhlaba wonke.
I- (neo / post) ezothando Yaphumelela kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, yaba isitayela esinenhlanhla phakathi kokunambitheka komphakathi kokusebenza kahle kwamathoni nokukhipha imizwa, kanye naphakathi kwabaqambi bokusebenza kwayo okuhlukahlukene ngokuxuba isitayela. Phakathi kwabaqambi be-neo-romantic bokuqala bekhulu leminyaka (uTello, Carrasco, Carrillo, Ponce, Rolón, njll.), Abanye babenjalo impilo yabo yonke (uCarrasco, u-Alfonso de Elías), abanye bayeka ukuba kamuva (uCarrillo, uRolón) nabanye Bafuna ukuhlanganiswa kwalesi sitayela nezinye izinsizakusebenza zokwenziwa, kungaba ngabe ubuzwe, umcabangi noma i-neoclassicist (uTello, uPonce, uRolón, Huízar). Ithonya lenoveli laseFrance le-Impressionism ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka (uPonce, uRolón, Gomezanda) lashiya uphawu olujulile emsebenzini wabaqambi abathile (iMoncayo, Contreras) kwaze kwaba ngawo-1960. Okuthile okufanayo kwenzeke ngeminye imisinga emibili ebihlangana neyedlule: inkulumo (1920-1940), ngokufuna kwakhe ukuqina okucacile okungaphezu kokulinganisela okusemthethweni (uPomar, Chávez, Revueltas), kanye i-neoclassicism (1930-1950), ngokubuyela kwakhe kumafomu nezinhlobo zakudala (uPonce, Chávez, Galindo, Bernal Jiménez, Halffter, Jiménez Mabarak). Yonke le misinga yavumela abaqambi baseMexico benkathi yowe-1910-1960 ukuthi bazame izindlela zomculo we-eclecticism, kuze kube yilapho bethola isitayela esiholele ekuhlanganeni kobunikazi obuningi, ubuso obuhlukahlukene bomculo wethu waseMexico.
Ukuqhubeka nokuqhekeka: 1960-2000
Phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20, umculo wamakhonsathi waseLatin American wahlangabezana nezindlela zokuqhubeka nokuqhekeka okwaveza ukwehluka kwezilimi zomculo, izitayela nobuhle ekusebenzeni kokuqamba. Ngaphezu kobuningi nokuchuma kwemisinga eyahlukahlukene, kukhona futhi ukuthambekela okuya kancane kancane ekubhekeni kwe-cosmopolitanism emadolobheni amakhulu, okuvulekele kakhulu amathonya ezinyakazo zomculo zomhlaba jikelele. Enkambisweni yokwenziwa “komculo omusha” ovela eYurophu nase-United States, abaqambi bomculo baseLatin America abathuthuka kakhulu badlula izigaba ezine ekwamukelweni kwamamodeli wangaphandle: sukukhetha okuhle, ukulingisa, ezokungcebeleka kanye noguquko (ukwabiwa), ngokuya ngezindawo zenhlalo nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye noma okuncamelayo. Abanye abaqambi babona ukuthi bangafaka isandla kusuka emazweni abo aseLatin America kuthambekela komculo womhlaba wonke.
Kusukela ngo-1960, imisinga emisha yomculo yesimo sokuhlola yavela emazweni amaningi aseMelika. Abaqambi abajoyine izitayela zokuphuma ngokushesha bathola ukuthi bekungeke kube lula ukuthola izincomo ezisemthethweni ukushicilela, ukwenza, nokuqopha umculo wabo, okwenza abanye abadali baseLatin America bahlala e-Europe, e-United States nase Canada. Kepha lesi simo esinzima saqala ukushintsha kusuka eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa I-Argentina, iBrazil, iChile, iMexico neVenezuela, lapho abaqambi be- "umculo omusha" Bathole ukwesekwa ezinhlanganweni zamazwe omhlaba, basungula izinhlangano zikazwelonke, basungula ama-laboratories omculo ngogesi, bafundiswa ezikoleni zomculo nasemanyuvesi, futhi umculo wabo waqala ukusatshalaliswa ngemikhosi, imihlangano kanye neziteshi zomsakazo. Ngalezi zindlela, ukwehliswa kwabaqambi be-avant-garde kuncishisiwe, abangakwazi ukuxhumana manje futhi bajabulele izimo ezingcono ukudala nokusabalalisa umculo obizwa njengamanje.
Ukuhlukana nemisinga yobuzwe kwaqala eMexico ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950 futhi kwaholwa ngu UCarlos Chávez noRodolfo Halffter. Isizukulwane sokuqhekeka sikhiqize abaqambi abaziwayo bokuthambekela kobuningi namuhla osekuvele “kungokudala” komculo omusha waseMexico: UManuel Enríquez (1926-1994), Joaquín Gutiérrez Heras (1927), Alicia Urreta (1931-1987), Héctor Quintanar (1936) noManuel de Elías (1939). Isizukulwane esilandelayo sihlanganise usesho lokuhlola nolokusika nabadali ababaluleke njenge UMario Lavista (1943), uJulio Estrada (1943), uFrancisco Núñez (1945), uFederico Ibarra (1946) noDaniel Catán (1949), phakathi kwabanye abaningi. Ababhali abazalwa ngawo-1950s baqhubeka nokuvulela izilimi ezintsha nobuhle, kepha ngokuthambekela okucacile ekubhekaneni nenhlanzeko enemisakazo ehlukahlukene kakhulu yomculo: Arturo Márquez (1950), Marcela Rodríguez (1951), Federico valvarez del Toro (1953), Eugenio Toussaint (1954), Eduardo Soto Millán (1956), Javier Álvarez (1956), Antonio Russek (1954) noRoberto Morales (1958) , phakathi kokuvelele kakhulu.
Imisinga nezitayela zomculo waseMexico wonyaka we-1960-2000 wehlukile futhi ubuningi, ngaphezu kwalokhu okwephula ubuzwe. Kunabaqambi abaningana abangatholakala ngaphakathi kohlobo lobuzwe obusha, ngenxa yokugcizelela kwabo ekuhlakuleleni izitayela ezihlobene nomculo odumile oxutshwe namasu amasha: phakathi kwabo UMario Kuri Aldana (1931) noLeonardo Velázquez (1935). Abanye ababhali basondela kusibonakaliso esisha samanje se-neoclassical, njengoba kunjalo ngoGutiérrez Heras, Ibarra noCatán. Abanye abaqambi bancike kuthrendi ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukuvuselelwa kwamathuluzi", efuna amathuba amasha okuveza ngezinsimbi zomculo zendabuko, abalimi bazo ababaluleke kakhulu UMario Lavista labanye babafundi bakhe (Graciela Agudelo, 1945; Ana Lara, 1959; Luis Jaime Cortés, 1962, njll.).
Kukhona abadali bezomculo abaningana ababambe iqhaza emisakazweni emisha yokuhlola, njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Ubunzima obusha" (funa umculo oyinkimbinkimbi nomqondo) lapho enza kahle khona UJulio Estrada, kanye ne umculo we-electroacoustic kanye nethonya elinamandla le- ikhompyutha yomculo kusukela emashumini ayisishiyagalombili (Álvarez, Russek noMorales). Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, abaqambi abathile abazalwe ngawo-1950s naku-1960s bazama izindlela ezixubekile eziphinda zenze umculo othandwayo wasemadolobheni kanye nomculo wobuzwe waseMexico ngendlela entsha. Ezinye zalezi zici zinezici ze-neotonal kanye nomzwelo oqondile okwazile ukufaka izethameli ezibanzi, kude nokuhlolwa kwe-avant-garde. Phakathi kokuvumelana kakhulu kukhona Arturo Márquez, Marcela Rodríguez, Eugenio Toussaint, Eduardo Soto Millán, Gabriela Ortiz (1964), Juan Trigos (1965) noVíctor Rasgado (1956).
Isiko nokuvuselelwa, ubuningi nokwehlukahluka, ubunyoninco nokuhlukahluka, ubuwena nokuphindaphindeka, ukuqhubeka nokuqhekeka, ukusesha nokuzama: lawa ngamagama awusizo wokuqonda umlando omude womculo, owaqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu eyedlule, othuthukise ubuhlakani bomculo eMexico kuze kufinyelele endaweni yokuthakasela phakathi kwamazwe aseMelika, kanye nokuhlonishwa komhlaba wonke ekuqophelweni okuningi (kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe) imisebenzi yabaqambi bethu ebafanele, ubuso obuhlukahlukene bomculo waseMexico wekhulu lama-20.
Umthombo: México en el Tiempo No. 38 Septhemba / Okthoba 2000
