Esifundazweni saseChihuahua, osebeni olusentshonalanga yoMfula iCasas Grandes, eningizimu yedolobha elinegama elifanayo, ingabe le ndawo yokuhlala yangaphambi kweSpanishi ichazwe abalobi bezindaba baseSpain “njengedolobha elikhulu [elinezakhiwo] ezazibonakala zakhiwe ngabasendulo AmaRoma ... "Thola!
Kuze kube muva nje, inyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico ibiyindawo engaziwa yodokotela bezazi nezazi zemivubukulo, kuze kufike ekutheni mhlawumbe ayikho enye indawo engaziwa kangaka eNyakatho Melika. Lo mngcele omkhulu wezingwadule, izigodi, nezintaba kwabelwana ngawo yiPaquimé nezinye izikhungo ezinkulu zabantu eningizimu ye-United States, njengeChaco ne-Aztec eNew Mexico, eMesa Verde eningizimu yeColorado, naseSnaketown eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Arizona. isiko uPaul Kirchhoff alibhapathiza njenge-Oasisamerica.
Cishe ngonyaka we-1958, ucwaningo olwenziwa nguDkt.Charles Di Peso, ngokusekelwa yi-Amerind Foundation, lwenza ukuthi kutholakale ukulandelana kwesikhathi kwale ndawo, okwakhiwa izikhathi ezintathu eziyisisekelo: Isikhathi Esidala (10,000 BC-1060 AD); Isikhathi esiphakathi (1060-1475), kanye nesikhathi Esisemuva (1475-1821).
Esifundeni, isikhathi Esidala siyindlela ende yokuvela kwamasiko. Yisikhathi sokuzingela nokubutha, okwakugcina amadoda efuna ukudla kulezi zindawo ezinkulu cishe iminyaka eyi-10 000, aze aqala ukwenza izilimo zokuqala, cishe ngonyaka we-1000 BC. Kamuva, ngokususelwa kusiko lokwakhiwa kobumba okwasungulwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, uPaquimé uyavela, nemizana emincane enezindlu ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nendlu enkulu, indawo yesiko, ezungezwe wama-patio nezikwele. Lezi yizikhathi lapho ukushintshaniswa kwamagobolondo noluhlaza okotshani okulethwe abathengisi abavela ogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific nasezimayini eziseningizimu yeNew Mexico, ngokulandelana, kwaqala ukwenzeka. Izikhathi lapho inkolo yeTezcatlipoca yazalelwa khona eMesoamerica.
Kamuva, ekuqaleni kwesikhathi esiphakathi nendawo, iqembu labaholi ababethathe ukuphathwa kwamanzi, futhi ababesondelene ngokuhlangana kanye nemishado nabapristi ababaluleke kakhulu, banquma ukusungula indawo yesiko ngasikhathi sinye I-dessert izoba yisikhungo samandla wohlelo lwesifunda. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu wezolimo kukhuthaze ukukhula kwedolobha, futhi kunqubo ethathe cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu, enye yezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenhlangano yezenhlalo enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico yakhiwa, yachuma futhi yawa.
UPaquimé wahlanganisa izinto ezihlanganisiwe zamasiko asenyakatho (ngokwesibonelo, amaHohokam, ama-Anazasi kanye neMogollón) empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke, njengokwakhiwa kobumba, iminyango emise okwe-pallet kanye nenkolo yezinyoni, phakathi kokunye, izakhi zamasiko aseningizimu, ikakhulukazi amaToltec eQuetzalcóatl, afana nomdlalo webhola.
Ubukhosi bendawo kaPaquimé babuxhomeke kakhulu emithonjeni yemvelo enikezwe imvelo yayo. Ngakho-ke, yathola usawoti ezindaweni zasogwadule lwaseSamalayuca, olwalwenza umkhawulo wayo wethonya ngasempumalanga; entshonalanga, ukusuka ogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific, kwafika igobolondo lokuhweba; enyakatho kwakuyizimayini zethusi zesifunda soMfula iGila, naseningizimu uMfula iPapigochi. Ngakho-ke, igama elithi Paquimé, okusho ukuthi ngolimi lwesiNahuatl lisho ukuthi "Izindlu Ezinkulu", lisho zombili idolobha kanye nendawo yalo ethize yamasiko, ukuze lifake nemidwebo emangalisayo yomhume yendawo yaseSamalayuca, emele izithombe zokuqala zomcabango waseMelika. , isigodi esinezindawo zemivubukulo nemigede enezindlu ezintabeni, okuyizimpawu ezibalulekile zokuba khona komuntu kulezi zindawo ezisenobutha namanje.
Phakathi kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ephawule inqubo yokuziphendukela kwePaquimé sithola ukuphathwa kohlelo lwe-hydraulic. Isethi yemisele enikezela ngamanzi agobhozayo edolobheni langaphambi kweSpanishi lasePaquimé iqale entwasahlobo eyaziwa namuhla njenge-Ojo Vareleño, etholakala ngamakhilomitha amahlanu enyakatho yedolobha. Amanzi ayethuthwa ngemisele, imisele, amabhuloho nezindonga. ngisho nasedolobheni uqobo kwakukhona umthombo ongaphansi komhlaba, lapho izakhamuzi zazithola khona amanzi ngezikhathi zokuvinjezelwa.
Ngenkathi uFrancisco de Ibarra ehlola isigodi saseCasas Grandes ngo-1560, umlandeli walo wabhala: “sathola imigwaqo egandayiwe”, futhi kusukela lapho ababhali bezindaba abaningi, abahambi nabaphenyi baqinisekisile ukuba khona kwemigwaqo yasebukhosini ewela izintaba zaseSierra Madre de Chihuahua futhi waseSonora, oxhuma hhayi kuphela abantu bohlelo lwesifunda kepha futhi nentshonalanga nezindawo eziphakeme ezisenyakatho. Ngokunjalo-ke, kunobufakazi bohlelo lokuxhumana olude ibanga eziqongweni zezintaba eziphakeme kakhulu; Lokhu kungokwakhiwa okuyindilinga noma kunecebo elingajwayelekile, elixhunywe ngokwendawo, elenza ukuxhumana kwaba ngezibuko noma ababhemayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwedolobha lasePaquimé kunkulu kunazo zonke kulezi zakhiwo, ezaziwa ngokuthi iCerro Moctezuma.
Umqondo wokuthi ukusebenza nemvelo enqunyiwe ifomu bekuhlala kukhona ezingqondweni zabakhi abakha futhi bahlela idolobha. Idolobha lagculisa izidingo eziningi zezakhamizi zalo, ezibandakanya indawo yokuhlala, ukupheka ukudla, ukugcinwa, ukwamukela, ezokungcebeleka, izindawo zokucobelelana ngolwazi, izindawo zokuqothula ama-macaw nezindlu zabapristi, izinyanga, ama-mezcaleros, abathengisi, abadlali. ibhola, amaqhawe nabaholi nemibuso.
UPaquimé wabhalwa ohlwini lwamagugu omhlaba we-UNESCO ngoba ukwakheka kwalo kobumba kuyisikhathi sokulandelana kokuthuthukiswa kwamasu wokwakha alolu hlobo oluyingqayizivele lwezakhiwo; Zonke izindawo zokuhlala nezikhala okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla zenziwa ngenqubo yokwakha eyayisebenzisa ubumba olushayiwe, ithululelwa ezibunjini zokhuni futhi yafakwa emgqeni ngomugqa, enye phezu kwenye, kuze kufinyelelwe ubude obulindelekile.
UDkt.Di Peso usungule ukuthi leli dolobha belihlelelwe ukuhlalisa abantu ababalelwa ku-2,242 kumakamelo ayi-1,780 esewonke, ahlanganiswe ngamaqembu emindeni, njengamafulethi. Kuxhunywe ngamapaseji, akha iphethini enkulu yenhlangano yezenhlalo ngaphakathi kwedolobha, la maqembu azimele komunye nomunye, ngaphandle kokuthi amakamelo ayengaphansi kophahla olufanayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani labantu lakhuphuka nezindawo ezake zaba ngumphakathi zaguqulwa zenziwa izindlu; ngisho namaphaseji amaningi avaliwe ukuwaphendulela amakamelo okulala.
Amanye amayunithi akhiwe ngezigaba zokuqala zesikhathi esiphakathi futhi kamuva aguqulwa kakhulu. Injalo-ke eyunithi yesithupha, iqembu lomndeni elisengxenyeni esenyakatho yeplaza emaphakathi, eliqale njengeqembu elincane lamakamelo azimele futhi kamuva lagcina selinamathele eCasa del Pozo.
ILa Casa del Pozo ibizwa ngomthombo wayo ongaphansi komhlaba, ukuphela kwawo wonke amadolobha. Kungenzeka ukuthi le ndawo yokulala yahlalisa abantu abangu-792 kumakamelo angama-330 esewonke. Lesi sakhiwo samakamelo, izindlu ezingaphansi komhlaba, ama-patio nezikwele ezivaliwe sasinenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinto zemivubukulo ezikhethekile ekwakhiweni kwezinto zobucwebe. Izinsimbi zawo zazinezigidi zamagobolondo asolwandle ezinhlobo okungenani ezingamashumi ayisithupha ezahlukahlukene, ezazivela ogwini lweGulf of California, ngaphezu kwesigaxa esimsulwa se-rhyolite, u-turquoise, usawoti, i-selenite nethusi, kanye neqoqo lemikhumbi engamashumi amahlanu evela Isifunda saseGila River, eNew Mexico.
Leli qembu lomndeni lethule ubufakazi obucacile bobugqila, ngoba ngaphakathi kwelinye lamagumbi alo ebelisetshenziswa njengezinqolobane, kutholakale umnyango omile oxhumene negumbi eliwile, ukuphakama kwalo kungafinyeleli kwimitha elilodwa, ebeliqukethe izingcezu zegobolondo ezingenakubalwa nezinsalela zomuntu ngaphakathi, zihleli phansi, okungenzeka ukuthi zazisebenza izingcezu ngesikhathi sokuwa.
Ngaseningizimu yeCasa de la Noria kukhona iCasa de los Cranios, ebizwa kanjalo ngoba kwelinye lamagumbi ayo kutholakale umakhalekhukhwini owenziwe ngamakhakhayi omuntu. Elinye iqembu elincane lomndeni elisezingeni elilodwa yiNdlu yabafileyo, eyayihlalwa izakhamuzi eziyishumi nantathu. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bukhombisa ukuthi laba bantu babeyingcweti kumasiko okufa, njengoba amakamelo abo ayenenqwaba yabantu abangcwatshwayo abangashadile nabaningi. Iqukethe iminikelo enezigubhu ze-ceramic nezinye izinto zemivubukulo njengezibungu, le mingcwabo yayihlotshaniswa namasiko lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona ama-macaws ahlonishwayo.
ICasa de los Hornos, enyakatho yedolobha, yakhiwa iqembu lamagumbi ayishumi nanye ezinga elilodwa. Ngenxa yobufakazi bemivubukulo obutholakala endaweni, kuyaziwa ukuthi izakhamizi zayo zazizinikele ekukhiqizeni inqwaba yotshwala be-agave, obubizwa nge- "sotol", obabudliwa emikhosini yezolimo. Ukwakhiwa kuzungezwe ngamahhavini amane ayindilinga afakwe emhlabathini asetshenziselwe ukushisa amakhanda e-agave.
ICasa de las Guacamayas mhlawumbe kwakuyindawo yokuhlala lokho uBaba Sahagún akubiza ngokuthi “abathengisi bezimpaphe”, ePaquimé ababezinikele ekukhuliseni ama-macaws. Itholakala endaweni emaphakathi nedolobha, iminyango yayo emikhulu ixhunywe ngqo esigcawini esiphakathi. Kulesi sakhiwo esincane, esinezitezi eziphakeme, usengabona ama-niches noma amadilowa lapho izilwane zikhuliswe khona.
I-Mound of the Bird iyisibonelo sendlela yokwakha izakhiwo ezinezitshalo zokwakha ezifana nezinyoni noma izinyoka, njengoba kwenzeka ngeNdunduma yeNyoka, isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele eMelika. I-Bird Mound yakhiwe njengenyoni engenakhanda, futhi izinyathelo zayo zilingisa imilenze yayo.
Idolobha lifaka ezinye izakhiwo, njengendawo yokungena eningizimu, inkundla yebhola kanye nendlu kaNkulunkulu, zonke izakhiwo ezinzima kakhulu ezakhiwe ngomqondo wenkolo, okwakuwuhlaka lokwamukela abahambi ababevela eningizimu.
