Yize engomunye wabadwebi abakhulu baseMexico baleli khulu leminyaka, uZárraga akaziwa kangako eMexico ngenxa yokuthi uchithe isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yempilo yakhe phesheya - cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane eYurophu -, ikakhulukazi eFrance.
U-lngel Zárraga wazalwa ngo-Agasti 16, 1886 edolobheni laseDurango, kwathi esemusha wabhalisa eSan Carlos Academy, lapho ahlangana khona noDiego Rivera, abakha ubungani obuqinile naye. Othisha bakhe nguSantiago Rebull, uJosé María Velasco noJulio Ruelas.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-18 - ngo-1904 - waqala ukuhlala eParis futhi waphephela eqoqweni lakudala leLouvre Museum, wazivikela ekudidekeni okwabangelwa yi-impressionism kanye nemikhuba emisha, yize azwakalisa ukubonga kwakhe ngoRenoir, Gauguin, Degas noCézanne.
Engavumelani kakhulu nalokho okufundiswa eSikoleni Sezobuciko eParis, uthatha isinqumo sokufunda eRoyal Academy yaseBrussels, futhi kamuva uzinze eSpain (Toledo, Segovia, Zamarramala nase-Illescas), okumelela isimo sesimanjemanje kuye. kancane nolaka. Uthisha wakhe wokuqala kula mazwe nguJoaquín Sorolla, omsizayo ukuba afakwe embukisweni weqembu ePrado Museum eMadrid, lapho kunikezwa khona imisebenzi yakhe emibili kwemihlanu athengiswe ngokushesha.
Ngunyaka we-1906, kanti eMexico Justo Sierra - unobhala wePublic Instruction and Fine Arts- uthola uPorfirio Díaz anikeze iZárraga ama-franc angama-350 ngenyanga ukukhuthaza izifundo zakhe zokudweba eYurophu. Umculi uchitha iminyaka emibili e-Italy (Tuscany nase-Umbria) futhi ekhombisa eFlorence naseVenice. Ubuyele eParis ngo-1911 ukuyokwethula umsebenzi wakhe okokuqala eSalon d'Automne; Imidwebo yakhe emibili - iLa Dádiva neSan Sebastián - kufanelekile ukuqashelwa okukhulu. Isikhathi esithile, uZárraga wavumela ukuthonywa yi-cubism futhi kamuva wazinikela ekudwebeni izifundo zezemidlalo. Ukuhamba kwabagijimi, ibhalansi yabaphonsa idiski, ipulasitiki lababhukudi, njll., Uzimisele kakhulu.
Phakathi kuka-1917 no-1918 wadweba imihlobiso yasesiteji yedrama kaShakespeare u-Antony noCleopatra, eyayidlalwa e-Antoine Theatre eParis. Le mihlobiso ingathathwa njengemizamo yokuqala yomculi yokungena emdwebeni wodonga.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kwaphela iminyaka eminingana ezinikele ekwenzeni imidwebo esendongeni - i-fresco ne-encaustic - yenqaba yaseVert-Coeur e-Chevreuse, ngaseVersailles, lapho ehlobisa khona izitebhisi, igumbi lomndeni, iphaseji, umtapo wezincwadi kanye ne-oratory. Ngalesi sikhathi nje, uJosé Vasconcelos wambiza ukuthi abambe iqhaza kwezobuciko baseMexico, ehlobisa izindonga zezakhiwo zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu, kepha uZárraga wenqaba ngoba wayengakawuqedi umsebenzi wakhe kuleyo nqaba.
Kodwa-ke, uqala ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi omkhulu wesakhiwo eFrance.
Ngo-1924 wahlobisa isonto lakhe lokuqala, lelo le-Our Lady of La Salette eSuresnes, ngaseParis. Okwe-altare elikhulu nezinhlangothi, wenza izingoma ezinhle lapho esebenzisa khona ezinye izinsiza ezisemthethweni zeCubism (ngeshwa le misebenzi manje ayikho).
Phakathi kuka-1926 no-1927 wapenda amabhodi ayishumi nesishiyagalombili eLegion yaseMexico ngaleso sikhathi eParis eyayithunywe unjiniyela u-Alberto J. Pani. Lawa mabhodi ahlobisa indawo ebiyelwe okweminyaka engamashumi ambalwa, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi alahlwa kabi endaweni engaphansi komhlaba futhi lapho etholwa kabusha asevele enenkinga enkulu. Ngenhlanhla, eminyakeni edlule bathunyelwa eMexico, lapho babuyiselwa khona futhi bavezwa nomphakathi. Iningi labo lisala ezweni kanti abanye babuyiselwa kwinxusa. Sixoxa kafushane ngamabhodi amane ngezansi.
Akwaziwa noma umbhali wobuhlakani bemisebenzi eyishumi nesishiyagalombili nguZárraga uqobo noma ungqongqoshe obathumile. Imidwebo ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nobuciko bamanje besikhashana, manje obaziwa ngokuthi i-art deco; ingqikithi ingumbono ongokomfanekiso ophathelene "nemvelaphi yaseMexico, ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo kokukhula kwayo, ubungani bayo neFrance nokulangazelela kwayo ukwenza ngcono ngaphakathi nobudlelwano bomhlaba wonke."
Thandanani. Kukhombisa izibalo zabantu ezingafani zazo zonke izinhlanga eziqoqiwe emhlabeni jikelele - zisekelwa ngamanani amabili aguqa ngamadolo- futhi ahlangana ngokuvumelana. IZárraga izimisele kakhulu futhi izama ukudlulisa ukuthi selokhu iNtshumayelo Yasentabeni (cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili eyedlule) impucuko yanamuhla izame ukukhulelisa umoya womuntu ngobuKrestu futhi ayikwazanga ukugcina ngisho isilinganiso esincane kakhulu Ukuziphatha okuqukethwe kumakhodi ahlukene, njengoba kufakazelwa isidingo samaphoyisa nezimpi eziphakathi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki, izigaba zomphakathi noma abantu.
Umngcele osenyakatho weMexico. Lapha kuphawulwe umugqa ohlukanisayo wezinhlanga ezimbili ezihlala ezwenikazi kanye nomngcele osenyakatho weLatin America. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona ama-cacti nezimbali zezindawo ezishisayo, kanti kolunye kunamabhilidi, amafektri nawo wonke amandla anqwabelene enqubekela phambili yempahla yanamuhla. Owesifazane wendabuko uwuphawu lweLatin America; iqiniso lokuthi owesifazane usemhlane wakhe futhi ubheke enyakatho lingaphendula kakhulu esimweni sokwamukela njengesenzo sokuzivikela.
Uphondo lwenala. Umcebo waseMexico - ozifisayo futhi ophethwe yilabo abanelungelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle abanamandla - bekulokhu kuyimbangela yezinkinga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Imephu yaseMexico, i-cornucopia yayo kanye nomsebe wokukhanya okwenziwe ngokhuni ophethwe amaNdiya, kuveza ukuthi ingcebo efanayo ethokozisayo yenhlabathi yomdabu bekuyisiphambano sabantu baseMexico kanye nemvelaphi yabo bonke ubuhlungu babo.
Ukubulawa kukaCuauhtémoc. Okokugcina i-Aztec tlacatecuhtli, iCuauhtémoc ifanekisela amandla nokuqina kohlanga lwamaNdiya.
UZárraga uyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wezithombe ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zaseFrance, kwathi ngawo-1930 uthathwa njengomculi waphesheya owathola amakhomishini amaningi okudweba izindonga kulelo zwe.
Ngo-1935 uZárraga wasebenzisa inqubo ye-fresco okokuqala emifanekisweni yezithombe ezibunjiwe zeChapel of the Redeemer, eGuébriante, eHaute-Savoie, laba, kanye nomsebenzi wakhe omuhle, bamenza waqokwa njengesikhulu seLegion of Honor.
Kuqubuka iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba futhi u-1940 ngunyaka onzima kakhulu kulo mdwebi, kepha ngoJuni 2 - usuku lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okukhulu eParis - iZárraga, enganaki kakhulu, iyaqhubeka nokupenda imidwebo esontweni labafundi le-University City yaseParis. "Kwakungekhona ngesibindi, kodwa ngenxa yaleso simo sokuthi thina baseMexico sinakho."
Umsebenzi wakhe awumkhiphi eceleni ezehlakalweni ezishaqisa umhlaba. NgeRadio Paris uqondisa uchungechunge lwezinhlelo ezinikezelwe ukuvusa ukwazi ukulwa namaNazi eLatin America. Yize wayengumdwebi owayeziqhelelanisa nezepolitiki, uZárraga wayengumKatolika ozinikele, futhi ngaphezu kokudweba wabhala izinkondlo, imilando nezindatshana ezijulile ezindabeni zobuciko.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1941, esizwa uhulumeni waseMexico, uZárraga wabuyela ezweni lakithi ehamba nomkakhe nendodakazi yakhe encane. Lapho efika, akayitholi incazelo nomsebenzi wabasebenzi bezakhiwo zokwakha izindonga eMexico. Ulwazi olungelona iqiniso lomdwebi waseDurango lubangelwa ukungazi kwakhe iMexico yangemva kokuguqula umbuso. Izinkumbulo zakhe kuphela zazicwile ku-Frenchification nase-Europeanism yenkathi yamaPorfirian.
EMexico, wazinza enhlokodolobha, wasungula isitudiyo lapho enza khona amakilasi, wapenda ezinye izithombe futhi, ethunywe ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uMario Pani, waqala umdwebo ngo-1942 emagumbini eBankers Club yesakhiwo sikaGuardiola. Umdwebi ukhetha ingcebo njengendikimba yakhe.
Wabuye wenza i-fresco e-Abbot Laboratories futhi cishe ngo-1943 waqala umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu eCathedral yaseMonterrey.
Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe, umdwebi wasebenza emifanekisweni emine eMexico Library: The Will to Build, The Triumph of Understanding, The Human Body neThe Imagination, kodwa waqeda owokuqala kuphela.
U-lngel Zárraga wabulawa i-edema yamaphaphu eneminyaka engama-60, ngoSepthemba 22, 1946. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu uSalvador Novo ubhala kwiNews ukuthi: “Wagcotshwa ngodumo lwaseYurophu, olwalulingana kakhulu nokufika kwakhe, kunalolo ayehlobise ngalo UDiego Rivera ekuqaleni kwakhe ... kepha ngosuku abuyela ngalo ezweni lakubo, izwe lakubo lase linqotshwe ukwamukelwa kwento, phakathi kwabantu abavamile, yisikole iRivera, nomdwebo ongokoqobo, wokufunda , ngu-Ángel Zárraga, bekuxaka, kungahambisani ... Wayengumdwebi waseMexico ogama lakhe lobuzwe lenza umuntu acabange ngoSaturnino Herrán, uRamos Martínez, ophelelisiwe noma oguqukele ebukhosini obudala kakhulu ... izwe lakhe ".
Imithombo esemqoka yemininingwane yokubhalwa kwalesi sihloko ivela: Ukulangazelela umhlaba ongenayo imingcele. U-Ángel Zárraga eMbusweni waseMexico eParis, nguMaría Luisa López Vieyra, iNational Museum of Art, no-Ángel Zárraga. Phakathi kwezinganekwane nobuzwe, imibhalo ka-Elisa García-Barragán, Ministry of Foreign Relations.
