Ibusiswe yimvelo kamama, iSierra Gorda de Querétaro ibuye ibe nezindlu eziyigugu zobuciko ezihlonishwe njengezindawo zamagugu omhlaba. Zitholele!
I- UCerro GordoNjengoba abanqobi babeyibiza kanjalo, kwakuyisisekelo sokugcina samaPanesi anolaka, amaChichimecas namaNdiya kaJonacas, izizwe ezamangaza abaseSpain uqobo kanye nathi uqobo, abaqhubeka nokubona amakhono abo obuciko ngemisebenzi yabo.
Konke ukuqina namandla abomdabu kuvezwe izakhiwo ezinhle zamasonto ase UJalpan, Concá, Landa, Tancoyol Y I-TilacoImishini eyakhiwe ngenxa yesineke nokuqina komphathi wamaFranciscan uJunípero Serra, owaba ngumsizi nomvikeli wabantu bomdabu bakuleso sifunda lapho bebhekene nesihluku esenziwa ngamasosha ababebhekene nawo.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ubona imisebenzi yabo umuntu ezibuza, kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi la madoda abhekwe njengabantu abanolunya, abezizwe, abayiziphukuphuku, abangahlonishwa nabangathandani nabantu? Ngisho nasezinsukwini zethu isiphawulo esithi "uChichimeca Indian" sisetshenziswa ngendlela ehlambalazayo kulabo ababonakala beyiziphukuphuku futhi bevalekile ukucabanga, kepha akukho okunye okungamanga. Indaba yakhe ingafingqwa ngesingathekiso esidabukisayo salesi sisho esithi: "Umnyuzi wawungadeleli kodwa izinduku zenze kanjalo."
Laba bantu abangazange banikele ngamazwe abo nenkululeko yabo, noma ngamandla ezikhali, noma ngokuphathwa kabi ngabanqobi; abasinda ezintabeni bedla izitshalo nezimpande, ekugcineni bagcina bezinikeza ubumnene, ngamabomu nangokulalela umsebenzi wabasizi UFray Junípero Serra, owaphatha, ngaphezu kokubaguqulela ebuKristwini, wabenza baba yimiphakathi esebenzayo nekhiqizayo.
Kwakungo-1744 lapho uCaptain José Escandón esungula i- ohambweni abahlanu lapho engatholanga khona imiphumela, nalapho uFriar Serra eza khona ukuphatha iminyaka eyisithupha kamuva.
Amehlo amanzi, imifula enamandla kanye namazwe avundile kwakuyizimpawu ezazinquma ukuhlala kwale mishini, eyasungulwa ezindaweni zokufinyelela okunzima kakhulu, phakathi kobuningi, ngakho-ke, kwahlalwa izinkulungwane zamaNdiya.
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-200 yokuthukwa futhi naphezu kokuphakama kwamanani nokulwa kwabantu baseSpain, la maNdiya aqhubeka nokumelana nokunqotshwa okungokomoya nokwezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakho-ke amasosha afuna kuphela ukuqothulwa kwawo nganoma iyiphi into. lokhu kusho ukuhlazeka kuphela amaligi angama-30 avela eNkantolo yaseSpain.
Ukushumayela ivangeli nokwenza ukuthula ku USierra Gorda waseQuerétaro kwakuyi-adventure enzima futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Izithunywa zevangeli zika-Augustinian nezaseDominican zafika ngaphambi kwamaFranciscans, kodwa zahamba ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ngenxa yalokho, ukuqothulwa kwamaNdiya kwabonakala kuseduze.
Ekugcineni, noma ngubani ophumelele wakuthola ngokubekezela nangokucabanga: kusuka eColegio de San Fernando, eMexico City, into yokuqala uFray Junípero Serra ayenza ukulawula isilo saseSierra Gorda kwaba ukusondla.
Umsebenzi wobuvangeli
Impumelelo kaFray Junípero namaNdiya yangenxa yokuthi wayeqonda ukuthi okokuqala kwakudingeka axazulule izinkinga zezinto ezibonakalayo nezesikhashana abese ezama ukushumayela ivangeli, ngoba, njengoba yena ngokwakhe asho kuMqhele: “… akukho okunye okungenangqondo nokusolwayo ekwehlulekeni ukwenza sengathi kuguqula amaNdiya ngezinqumo ”.
Ukwenqaba kwabo ebuKristwini kwakungenxa yokuthi babehlala behlakazekile ezintabeni futhi kwakudingeka bafune ukudla ukuze baphile yize umhlaba wawunothile. Ekugcineni, ubaba waseFranciscan wabanikeza okwakudingeka ukuze bangabe besahamba ezintabeni.
Kamuva, ama-friar abhekana nenkinga yesibili enkulu kunazo zonke: ezempi. Kusukela ngo-1601, ngesikhathi isithunywa sevangeli sokuqala, uFray Lucas de los Ángeles, singena eSierra Gorda, umbutho wezempi wawuyimbangela yazo zonke izingxabano nokuhluleka kwebhizinisi lokushumayela.
Emizameni yokubeka ukunethezeka kwabo kuqala nokuthola izimpahla eziningi, amasosha awazange ayilalele imiyalo yoMqhele futhi aphikelela ekuvuseleleni impi namaNdiya, nawo ayelangazelela inkululeko yawo. Ngokufanayo, amasosha enza igama likaNkulunkulu lazondwa kumaNdiya nakubo bonke abantu bakwamanye amazwe, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abomdabu ngokuziphindiselela, babhubhisa ohambweni futhi bangcolisa izithombe zabo.
Ukaputeni ovikelayo, u-mestizo Francisco de Cárdenas, wanxusa isivakashi semishini, ngo-1703, ukuba alwe impi yokuqothula abantu: “… ngokunqoba amaNdiya… ubukhosi bakhe buzosindisa umhlangano wesigungu ayewunikeza ohambweni; ukuthi bangaxhashazwa ngenkululeko ephelele ezimayini eziningi zesiliva ezingenzelwe ukwesaba amaNdiya ahlubukayo ”.
Ngokungangabazeki, into eyayinquma ngesiphetho sabomdabu kanye nezithunywa kwakuyikhono lokuxoxisana le-friar eyazalelwa esiqhingini saseMallorca, eSpain. Lowo wawungumsebenzi wakhe eQuerétaro, ukuthi amasosha aphikisana nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-friar kanye nemishini yakhe bazimele eMqhele.
Esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, imisebenzi yakhe nezingxoxo zakhe zamvumela ukuthi amise ubudlova bamasosha futhi athole izinsiza eziningi, azitshala ezilwaneni nasemishinini ukuze asebenze umhlaba.
UJunípero akagcinanga ngokukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwamasosha, abachaza amaNdiya njengababulali nabavilaphayo, kwakungalungile ngokuphelele, futhi wakwazi nokwenza ukusebenzisana okuhle kakhulu, ukuze kuthi ngesikhathi sokuya kwakhe eMexico imiphakathi eyisihlanu ibizimele, imindeni beyiphila ngokuqiniseka futhi imisebenzi yabo ichazwe kahle. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-friars akwazi ukuzinikela ekwandeni kokholo lwawo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yokusebenza, uJunípero ubizelwa eMexico, lapho ethatha khona indebe enkulu kunazo zonke abengayithola: the Unkulunkulukazi uCachum, uMama weLanga futhi ekugcineni kwezithixo zePame, ababezigcina zigadwe ngomona ezintabeni futhi amasosha ayezifune ize iminyaka eminingi. Kwesinye isikhathi, njengophawu lokulalela nokuzincisha kwabo, bamnikela kubaba uSerra.
Udumo lwakhe njengesiteshi esihle samaNdiya esibhekise ebuKristwini lwadlula futhi lwaziwa eSpain, lapho bathatha khona isinqumo sokumdlulisela endaweni eyayiphikisana kakhulu, njenge-Alta California, lapho kwakuhlaselwa khona ukuhlasela kwabantu baseRussia noma abaseJapan, futhi Ama-Apache enza isihluku esibi. Futhi kulapho, ngokunembile, lapho uFriar Junípero Serra ezofeza khona umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokuvangela.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200 ngemuva kokufa kwakhe - ngo-1784-, zombili ku ISpain njengaphakathi EMexico futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ku I-united states, uhlonishwa njengomsunguli wemishini edumile yaseCalifornia, futhi wamiswa itshe lesikhumbuzo eWashington Capitol. Amandla omoya we-friar encane awakhohlakali ngoba imisebenzi yakhe, njengamasonto amahle aseQuerétaro kanye nemishini ekhulayo yaseCalifornia, ibubonisa ngokuphelele ubukhulu bakhe.
UFriar Pata Coja
Ngemuva kokwazi umsebenzi wale ndoda engajwayelekile, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi imininingwane yokufika kwakhe eMelika.
Enomdlandla ngomsebenzi omkhulu obusezwenikazi elisha, uMfoweth 'uJunípero ukwazile ukuhlangana kanye nomngani wakhe ongenakuhlukaniswa, ovumayo futhi obhala umlando wokuphila kwakhe, uBaba UFrancisco Palou, emkhankasweni wezithunywa zevangeli zaseFranciscan ezizofika ethekwini laseVeracruz.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kuvela izingqinamba, okuyisandulela kuphela senjabulo ebalindele emsebenzini wabo wobuvangeli.
I-Delirious ngoba amanzi aphela ezinsukwini ezedlule, isiqhingi sasePuerto Rico sibonakala sibasindisa ngokuyisimangaliso ekufeni kokoma. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, lapho bezama ukufika eVeracruz, isivunguvungu esinamandla sabadudulela olwandle ukuze, behamba ngomkhumbi, bakwazi ukubambelela ngoDisemba 5, 1749, kepha lapho kushe imikhumbi.
Lapho efika kuleli zwekazi elisha, ezokuthutha ezizomhambisa sezilungile, kepha uFray Junípero unquma ukuthatha uhambo oluya eMexico City ngezinyawo. Wahamba emahlathini asezintombi aseVeracruz futhi ngobusuku obubodwa isilwane esithile samluma ngonyawo, sayishiya simakwe unomphela.
Impilo yakhe yonke wahlushwa yisifo esasimdonsela leso siluma, esasimvimbela ukuthi ahambe ngokuxhamazela kodwa yena ngokwakhe enqaba ukusiphilisa; Kwesinye isikhathi lapho amukela khona ukuthi umgcini weminyuzi uyamphatha, engaboni ukuthuthuka kobuhlungu bakhe, ngakho-ke akaphindanga wavumela usizo.
Lokhu akuzange kususe ikhono nezigemegeme zobuhlakani “bomlenze okhubazekile”, okwathi ngokusho kombhali wakhe wokuphila, uPalou, wabonwa esho imisa elifanayo nokuthwala amajoyinti amathempeli amasha eQuerétaro noma eCalifornia namaNdiya.
Kungenxa yezinguquko ezihlukile zokuhlala, uMfoweth 'uJunípero akazange ashiye uphawu olwedlula lolu hambo. Kodwa-ke, e-Alta California kwavulwa inkathi yonke, kubhekwe izazi-mlando ezinjengoHerbert Howe, "inkathi yegolide yaseCalifornia", izwe lapho alwela khona isithunzi samaNdiya nalapho asebenza khona kahle kwaze kwaba usuku lokugcina lokuphila kwakhe, Agasti 28, 1784.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaqhawe
UJunípero futhi wayenesipho sokuhola konke lokho kwesibindi emzwelweni wobuciko wamaNdiya. Isibonelo salokhu ukwakhiwa kweQuerétaro, ubuhle obuhle kakhulu bezakhiwo ezingadingi izincomo, ngoba ngokwazo zinomlingo kazibuthe owenza umbukeli aphendule amehlo agcina elahlekile kuma-labyrinths abonakala ngawo.
Le friar ayigcinanga ngokwanele ukuthola amaNdiya anesibindi ukuthatha ubuKristu njengabo, kodwa futhi nokusebenzisana ezinkampanini zabo. Naphezu kolwazi lwakhe olungaqondakali lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, wakwazi ukwakha amasonto aphakeme, futhi kwaba yintando nokuqina kokholo ayekutshalile kwabomdabu ukuthi bakwazi ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa okunzima kangako. Izici zazo zonke imininingwane ye-mestizo, ekhuluma ngokubamba iqhaza okuhle kwamaNdiya abizwa ngamagama ngokuthi "ama-savages", empeleni ababa ngabadwebi bezipho ezinkulu abakwaziyo ukufeza lezi zingaphambili ezinkulu.
Kusuka kokukhohlwa kuya kokuzitika
Ngeshwa, yonke imisebenzi emihlanu iye yalimala ezakhiweni zayo. Cishe bonke kuvela abangcwele abangenakhanda nemininingwane yokwakha engaphelele. Abanye basindiswe ezibophweni ezinjengezilulwane ezaziphephela lapho zisalahliwe. Eqoshwe ngobuchwepheshe obudlula konke, la masonto ahlala emahle futhi emile kodwa ewohloka ngokumangalisayo.
Phakathi neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 esidlulile selokhu yakhiwa, basukile ebukhazikhazini nasebukhazikhazini, bashiya phansi, baphanga futhi banganakwa. Ngesikhathi seRevolution, ngenxa yokutholakala kwabo kanzima, basebenza njengezindawo zabavukeli kanye nabaphangi ababathola ezindaweni ezingalindelekile ezazimbozwe ubukhulu beSierra Gorda.
Njengamanje amasonto ayagcinwa, kepha izinsizakusebenza abanazo azanele ukugwema ukonakala lapho bevezwa khona yizimo zemvelo nokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingasaphathwa eyokubuyisa umonakalo owadalwa phambilini. Masingazivumeli zinyamalale.
AMAGUGU AMAHLANU OKWENZIWA KWEZAKHONO ZESIKHATHI SIERRA GORDA
UJalpan
UJalpan kwakuwumsebenzi wokuqala owasungulwa ngo-Ephreli 5, 1744; igama layo livela kuNahuatl futhi lisho ukuthi "esihlabathini". Itholakala kumakhilomitha angama-40 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePinal de Amoles.
UJalpan unikezelwe kumphostoli uSantiago, yize namuhla isithombe sompostoli sithathelwa indawo iwashi elingenamphumela. Ku-façade yayo kukhona ukhozi lwaseSpain-Mexico olungamela kahle ukhozi lwaseHabsburg nokhozi lwaseMexico oludla inyoka.
I-Concá
IConcá incane kunawo wonke amasonto ayisihlanu futhi ibinikezelwe San Miguel Arcangel. Isakhiwo sayo sifanekisela ukunqoba kokholo futhi bekuyimishini yesibili eyasungulwa nguKaputeni Escandón. Isembozo esinaso sezigaxa ezinkulu zamagilebhisi sigqamile, futhi nomqondo waso wokuqala kaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele kanye nokumelwa kwengelosi enkulu uSanta Michael. NjengeTancoyol, ilimale kabi, ukuze kubonakale izithombe ezimbili ezingenakhanda.
Landa
ULanda, ovela ezwini leChichimeca "ezinodaka“Kuwumsebenzi omuhle kunayo yonke; njengamanje igama layo eliphelele yiSanta María de las Aguas de Landa. Ingaphambili layo lifanekisela "uMuzi KaNkulunkulu", ngokusho kwezazi zenkolo. Imininingwane eminingi idonsela ukunaka njengoba izahluko nezincazelo eziningana zibekwa engaphambili layo.
I-Tilaco
Isakhiwo esizinikezele eSan Francisco de Asís, iTilaco iyisethi ephelele yemishini, futhi isho ukuthi eNahuatl “amanzi amnyama". Itholakala kumakhilomitha angama-44 empumalanga yeLanda.
Inesonto, isonto lezindela, i-atrium, amasonto, isonto elivulekile nesiphambano sokuzenzela. Ohlangothini olungaphambili lwayo, izibalo zemifuzimfino emine ziyagqama, ukuhumusha kwayo kubangela impikiswano, kanye ne-vase enezinto zasempumalanga eziqeda i-facade.
I-Tancoyol
Igama le-Huasteco, iTancoyol yiyona "Indawo yedethi yasendle". Ikhava yayo iyisibonelo esifaneleka kakhulu sesitayela se-baroque. Ezinikezele ku-Our Lady of Light, isithombe sakhe sanyamalala futhi indawo yakhe ihlala ingenalutho.
Iziphambano ziyimininingwane ephindaphindwayo kuyo yonke i-façade, njengesiphambano saseJerusalema nesiphambano seCalatrava Ifihlwe phakathi kwezindawo ezinhle, itholakala kumakhilomitha angama-39 enyakatho yeLanda.
Lawa magugu okwakha alinde ukuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunakekelwa nokulondolozwa ngoba ubuhle bawo bufanele uhambo oluya eSierra Gorda de Querétaro. Uyazi noma yikuphi kwalokhu kuthunyelwa?
