I-Ayutla, noma ngabe kunesikhathi, igcina amasiko wangaphambi kweSpanishi ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa lapho indawo yayo emangele yayinayo. Ezungezwe izintaba, phakathi kwenkungu eshinyene namahlathi e-coniferous, yi-Ayutla, idolobha laseMixe lapho idili labafileyo ligujwa khona ngendlela eyinqaba.
Phakathi kwemihosha ejulile eyakhiwe ifindo iZempoaltepetl enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe lase-Oaxaca, kuhlala amaMixes, iqembu lesizwe elinokusetshenziswa namasiko alo agxile esikweni elijule kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokumbalwa, abantu baseMixe batholakala eziqongweni eziphakeme kakhulu nasemadwaleni aphakeme ngaphezu kogu lolwandle oluguquka phakathi kuka-1,400 no-3,000 m. Isimo sendawo nemifula egijimayo yenza ukuxhumana kube nzima kulesi sifunda, esakhiwa omasipala abayi-17 nemiphakathi eyi-108, okubaluleke kakhulu iCotzocón, Guichicovi, Mazatlán, Mixistlán, Tamazulapan, Tlahuitoltepec, San Pedro neSan Pablo Ayutla kanye neTotontepec.
Ukungena kweSpain kokuqala endaweni yaseMixe kwenziwa nguGonzalo de Sandoval ngonyaka we-1522, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi indawo yaba yindawo yokuhlaselwa okulandelanayo, okunye okwaholela kwinhlangano yabo bonke abantu bakule ndawo: AmaMixes, amaZoques, amaChinantec kanye namaZapotec.
Cishe ngonyaka we-1527 abomdabu behlulwa ngabaseSpain ngemuva kwezimpi ezazichitha igazi, futhi lokhu kwasho ukuqala kokubusa kwabo endaweni yaseMixe. Kodwa-ke, abafundisi bezenkolo baphumelela kakhulu kunamasosha kwathi ngabo-1548 baqala umsebenzi wabo wobuvangeli. Sonke isikhathi sekhulu leshumi nesithupha, isifundazwe saseDominican i-Oaxaca sakwazi ukuthola izishoshovu ezine esifundeni, kwathi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwase kutholakele ibandla kanye nobuKrestu.
Kuwo wonke amaKoloni kuze kube ngekhulu le-19, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokubaluleka komnotho ophansi nokungafinyeleleki, indawo yaseMixe ayizange ibhekwe ngabanqobi futhi yahlala inganaki izinhlangano zenhlalo ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi kwaze kwaba yilapho Revolution ka-1910 lapho umzabalazo wokuzibusa kwe-Oaxaca ubandakanyeka ekubambeni impilo yezombusazwe yombuso.
Namuhla iqembu lobuhlanga ligxile ezinkingeni ezijwayelekile zezwe, futhi ikakhulukazi esifundazweni sase-Oaxaca. Ukufuduka ukufuna ezinye izindlela zezomnotho kubalulekile futhi ukushiya ezikhungweni zentuthuko kuyinto ejwayelekile leyo yokuthi amanye amadolobhana alahlwa lapho abahlali bawo bethutha okwesikhashana.
AmaMixes endawo ebandayo akhula ikakhulu ummbila nobhontshisi emazweni abo anezimvula; Kwezinye izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esiphakathi noma esifudumele, zibuye zihlwanyele upelepele, utamatisi, ithanga namazambane; kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobunzima bokumaketha le mikhiqizo, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kuhlala kusezandleni zabalamuli. Ngokombono wezomnotho, izitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuleli dolobha ikhofi, elibenza bathole imali ebonakalayo, kanye ne-barbasco, isitshalo sasendle esikhula ngobuningi futhi esithengiselwa imboni yamakhemikhali ukukhiqiza ama-hormone.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi phakathi kwamaMixes kusenenhlangano yenkolo yendabuko esekwe ohlelweni lwezimpahla oluqala ngentla phezulu kuze kufike kokusemqoka kakhulu: iMayordomo. Izindleko eziphezulu zokubamba izikhundla ezithile zivumela kuphela ukusebenza kwabo unyaka owodwa, yize noma kwezinye izikhathi ukhetho lwenzelwa emithathu. Izikhundla zepolitiki ezinjenge-topiles, amaphoyisa, i-vara, izikhulu, umphathi, u-regidor de vara, umphathiswa, umongameli kanye nemeya, zixutshwe nezenkolo, okuyisidingo esibalulekile ekunyusweni kwezombusazwe ukuthi zenze ngokuqinile izikhundla zesitebhisi.
Kodwa-ke, lesi simo siguqukile eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokuvela kwamaqembu amaProthestani aphazamise imisebenzi nemikhosi yesiko lendabuko kanye nelamaKatolika. Ngokunjalo, ezombusazwe zithonywe kakhulu amaqembu ahlukene, manje aqoka izikhundla zomphakathi.
U-Alfonso Villa Rojas wathi ngo-1956 ukuthi uma kunikezwe izimo abaseMixes abaphila ngaphansi kwazo amakhulu eminyaka, ukusetshenziswa kwabo, amasiko nezinkolelo zabo kugcwele abantu abasinda ngaphambi kweSpanishi. Ukukhulekelwa kwezithixo zabo kuhlala kusebenza: onkulunkulu bomoya, imvula, umbani nomhlaba kukhulunywa kaningi emithandazweni nasemikhosini abayenza ezindaweni ezingcwele ezifana nemigede, amagquma, iziphethu namadwala ezimo ezikhethekile, Babhekwa njengezethulo zonkulunkulu othile, noma okungenani indawo yokuhlala efanayo.
Izikhathi zokwenza imicikilisho nemikhosi ziningi, kepha ukunaka kwezenkolo amaMixes kuthathwa ngokungathandeki yizenzo ezimaka umjikelezo wempilo, lezo ezenzeka kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ekufeni, kanye nalezo ezixhumene nomjikelezo. ezolimo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi iqembu labambalwa eMexico elisaligcina ikhalenda eliyisiko elenziwe ngezinsuku ezingama-260 ezinezinyanga ezinezinsuku eziyi-13 nezinhlanu ezithathwa njengenhlekelele, ulwazi lwazo kanye nokuphathwa kwalo kusezandleni zongoti, ababikezeli benhlanhla kanye "nabameli."
UMCULO
Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zesiko laseMixe umqondo waso womculo; emidlalweni yomculo wesintu nowe-mestizo, amalungu amaqembu e-Mixe aveza yonke imizwa yohlanga lwabo.
Kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zomoya nezokushaya kwakungumkhuba wendabuko phakathi kwamaMixes. Ama-codices, i-ceramics, i-frescoes, ne-chronicles zisitshela ngohlobo lwezinsimbi abazisebenzisayo, futhi kwaziwa ngokukhethekile ukuthi bafeza umsebenzi wezenkolo, owomphakathi nowezempi. Kodwa-ke, umculo ubuye waba nomthelela ekunqobeni, futhi izinsimbi ezintsha ezifana namacilongo, izigubhu nezihlanu, amahabhu nama-vihuelas ahlanganiswa nama-chirimías, ama-huéhuetl, iminenke kanye ne-teponaztlis okwenza imisindo emisha.
I-Oaxaca yabelana ngomlando omude womculo wayo yonke iMexico, kanti i-Oaxaqueños ngabantu abathanda umculo abakhiqize abaqambi abaphambili. Izinhlobonhlobo emculweni wesintu wakulesi sifundazwe zinkulu kakhulu; Kwanele ukukhumbula ukunotha kwezindikimba, izitayela nezigqi ezisinwa eGuelaguetza.
KwakunguPorfirio Díaz owayenakekela ukusungula amanye amaqembu aphambili ezweni lakubo, futhi wathuma uMasedonia Alcalá - umbhali we-waltzDios engafi, iculo le-Oaxacan ngendlela-, ukuqondiswa kwe-Conservatory kanye nomyalelo womculo womphakathi. Amaqembu omdabu abe esefinyelela ebukhazikhazini bawo obukhulu futhi asadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini yezifunda zase-Oaxaca, iMorelos neMichoacán.
Umculo ufinyelele ukufaneleka okungavamile phakathi kwamaMixes; Kunamadolobha asendaweni lapho izingane zifunda kuqala ukufunda umculo kunamazwi. Kweminye yayo, umphakathi wonke usiza ukwenza iqembu lihambe phambili esifundeni, kepha njengoba izinsiza zimbalwa kakhulu, akwenzeki njalo ukuba nezinsimbi ezintsha noma ukugcina ezikhona. Ngakho-ke, akuyona into engavamile ukubona izinsimbi zilungiswa ngamabhande enjoloba, izingcezu zokhuni, imicu, iziqeshana zamathayi ebhayisikili nezinye izinto.
I-repertoire yama-mix band ibanzi kakhulu futhi ingxenye enkulu yayo yakhiwe ngezinkulumo zomculo ezinjengama-sones, ama-syrups nomculo oqhamuka kwezinye izifunda zezwe, yize zibuye zenze imisebenzi yezemfundo efana ne-waltzes, polkas, mazurcas, izinyathelo ezimbili, izingcezu ama-opera, ama-zarzuela kanye ne-overtures. Njengamanje, kunamaMixes amancane amaningi afunda eConservatory yaseMexico City enekhono elaziwayo nelingenakuphikwa.
IQEMBU LABANGASEKHO
Umjikelezo wempilo ufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokufa kanti amaMixes abheka ukuthi lokhu kuyisinyathelo esisodwa nje esikhona, ngakho-ke eminye imikhosi kufanele yenziwe. Lapho kwenzeka ukufa, endaweni lapho kwenzeka khona izihlobo zikamufi, benza isiphambano somlotha emhlabathini abawufafaza ngamanzi angcwele futhi ozohlala lapho izinsuku eziningana. I-Wakes ikhanyiswe ngamakhandlela, ngoba bacabanga ukuthi ukukhanya kwabo kusiza imiphefumulo ithole indlela yayo; Kukhulekelwa ubusuku bonke bese kunikezwa ikhofi, imezcal nogwayi kulabo abakhona. Ukufa kwengane kuyisizathu senjabulo futhi kwamanye amadolobha badansa ubusuku bonke ngoba bacabanga ukuthi umphefumulo wabo uye ngqo ezulwini.
Njengoba inyanga kaNovemba isondela, amalungiselelo aqala okubekwa kweminikelo amaMix akhonza ngayo okhokho bawo, abajabulise futhi alinde ukuhlanganyela nabo izithelo zesivuno nomsebenzi. Leli siko eliphindaphindwa minyaka yonke, lifakwa ukunambitheka kokudala, futhi kule ndawo linezici ezikhethekile.
Enkungwini enkulu yezintaba, ekuseni okubandayo ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, abesifazane bayashesha ukufika emakethe futhi bathenge konke abakudingayo ngokunikela: ama-marigolds aphuzi namasha, isandla sebhubesi nesibukhali, amakhandlela namakhandlela i-wax ne-tallow, ikhophi enephunga elimnandi, amawolintshi, ama-apula amnandi namagwava anamakha, izigazu nogwayi wamaqabunga.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufanele udle ummbila, ulungiselele inhlama yama-tamales, u-oda isinkwa, ukhethe izithombe, ugeze izindwangu zetafula futhi uvumelanise izikhala, okulungile kube itafula elikhulu egumbini elibaluleke kakhulu lendlu. Abaculi nabo bayazilungiselela; Insimbi ngayinye iphathwa ngenhlonipho, iyahlanzwa futhi ipholishiwe ukuze idlalwe ephathini, ngoba ngencwadi ngayinye ekhishwe izibopho zobudlelwano ziyabuyiselwa futhi kusungulwa izisekelo zobudlelwano phakathi kwabaphilayo nabafileyo.
Ngo-Okthoba 31, i-altare lomndeni kufanele ngabe selivele lihlobisa ngezimbali namakhandlela, enongwe ngamakhophi nokudla, iziphuzo, izithelo nezinto ezazinambitheka kwabangasekho abathembekile. Isinkwa sifanelwe ukubalulwa okukhethekile, sihlotshiswe ngezimbali zikashukela ngemibala ehlukahlukene, ubuso bezingelosi obenziwe nge-aniline nemilomo edwetshiwe ngomumo ojulile obomvu nowejometri lapho kuvezwa khona konke ubuciko bababhaki. Lobu busuku buyakhumbula; ukuqhuma kwamalahle lapho kushiswa khona ikhophi kuphula ukuthula.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi amaMixes angelinye lamaqembu ambalwa asagcina ikhalenda elingokwesiko eliqukethe izinsuku ezingama-260, nezinyanga zezinsuku eziyi-13 nezinhlanu ezithathwa njengenhlekelele.
Yize ezinsukwini zethu iqembu lesizwe laseMixe licwile ezinkingeni zezwe jikelele, lisalondoloza amasiko amaningi okhokho bawo engaguquki.
Ngosuku lokuqala lukaNovemba, abantu baphuma baye emigwaqweni beyofuna izihlobo zabo, ama-compadres ayamenywa futhi anikezwa umhluzi wenkukhu oshisayo futhi othokozisayo ukulwa namakhaza, kanye nama-bean tamales amasha, i-tepache ne-mezcal. Izinkumbulo, izikhalo, amahlaya ayenziwa ngezihlobo ezingasekho, mhlawumbe ilunga lomndeni lizoba lusizi bese kuvela ukuphawula: “Umphefumulo wakhe kunzima ukuza kuleli phathi ngoba wasala enakekela indlu yakhe e-elmucu amm (igama elinikezwe amaMixes esihogweni), phansi lapho enkabeni yomhlaba. Lokhu kuphawula kukhombisa ukukhulelwa komhlaba, ukubuka umhlaba kweqembu: basabeka umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba maphakathi nomhlaba njengoba wawenziwa ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi.
NgoSuku Lwabo Bonke Abangcwele, ama-tamales agingqiwe, ama-tamale aphuzi wenkomo, inhlanzi, i-rat, i-badger ne-shrimp alungile; izimbiza ezintathu noma ezine ezingama-80 litre tepache; amathini owodwa noma amabili we-mezcal, amaphakethe amaningi kagwayi nogwayi wamaqabunga. Iphathi izothatha izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili kanti amaqembu azilungiselela ukudlala umculo okhethwe yizihlobo esontweni nasesithombeni.
Ukuhlanza amathuna nokuwahlobisa kungumsebenzi ongcwele; isimo sendawo sizibophezela ekuzinikeleni: inkungu isakazeka phezu kwedolobha ngenkathi umculi yedwa edlala icilongo endleleni engahambi kahle. Esontweni iqembu lidlala ngokungaphezi ngenkathi kunkulunkulu kunomsebenzi omningi: izimpunga zamathuna kanye nomhlaba owomile ziqala ukuphenduka zibe mthubi ophuzi wezimbali futhi amathuna ahlotshiswe ngokuvumela umcabango ugijime ukuze wakhe indawo efanelekile abantu abafile.
Izingane ziyalingisa, zidlale emaqenjini ezingane, zitheleleka ngamasiko asendulo bese ziqala ukufunda ngokuhamba indlu ngendlu zidla iminikelo: izindlela zokupheka zokhokho ezilungiselelwe ngezandla ezinekhono zonina nogogo, abagcini besiko, abakhiqizi bezinto isiko, izandla zomdabu unyaka nonyaka zinikela futhi zijabulise abafileyo bazo.
