Kuningi osekushiwo ngama-dinosaurs ezikhathini zakamuva futhi siyazi ukuthi bebehlala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zensimu okuyizwe lethu okwamanje, yize lokhu bekukude kakhulu okwathi lapho ziphela, iSierra Madre Occidental yayingakabi bikho. Kuthathe izigidi zeminyaka ukuthi lesi sigaxa esikhulu, kanye naso iSierra Tarahumara, sikhuphuke.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule, ngesikhathi seMfundo ePhakeme, isifunda esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yalokho osekuyiMexico sahlushwa ukuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo, into eyaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-15. Izinkulungwane zezintaba-mlilo zaqhuma yonke indawo, zimboza indawo enkulu ngokuchitheka kwayo komlotha wentaba-mlilo. Lezi zimali zakha amathafa amakhulu ezintabeni, amanye awo afinyelela ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3 000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
I-volcanism, ehlala ihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi nokunyakaza kwe-tectonic, yaveza amaphutha amakhulu we-geological adala ukugqabhuka koqweqwe lwaveza imifantu ejulile. Ezinye zazo zicishe zafinyelela ku-2 000 m ngokujula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokusebenza kwamanzi, izimvula kanye nemisinga engaphansi komhlaba kwakha imifudlana nemifula eyahlangana yangena phakathi emigodini nasemigodini, yabenza baba buthakathaka ngokucekela phansi nokucekela phansi iziteshi zabo. Umphumela wazo zonke lezi zigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuthi manje esingawujabulela uhlelo olukhulu lweBarrancas del Cobre.
Izihosha ezinkulu nemifula yazo
Imifula emikhulu ye-sierra itholakala ngaphakathi kwezihosha ezibaluleke kakhulu. Yonke iSierra Tarahumara, ngaphandle kweConchos, iphelela eGulf of California; imisinga yayo ishiya ezigodini ezinkulu zezifunda zaseSonora naseSinaloa. UMfula iConchos uhamba ibanga elide udabula izintaba, lapho uzalwa khona, bese uwela amathafa namathafa aseChihuahuan ukuze ujoyine iRio Grande uphume uye eGulf of Mexico.
Kuningi okuxoxwe ngakho mayelana nokujula kwezihosha zomhlaba, kepha ngokusho kweMelika uRichard Fisher, imihosha yase-Urique (enamamitha ayi-1,879), iSinforosa (eno-1,830 m) neBatopilas (enamamitha ayi-1 800) ithatha lezo zindawo emhlabeni jikelele. isishiyagalombili, isishiyagalolunye neshumi, ngokulandelana; ngenhla kweGrand Canyon, e-United States (1,425 m).
Izimpophoma ezinkulu
Ezingxenyeni ezivelele zeCopper Canyon izimpophoma zayo, ezihlukaniswe phakathi kwezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. IPiedra Volada neBasaseachi zigqamile. Eyokuqala inempophoma engama-45 m, ingeyesine noma yesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, futhi impela iphakeme kakhulu eMexico. Ukutholakala kwale mpophoma kwakamuva futhi kungenxa yokuhlola kweCuauhtémoc City Speleology Group.
Impophoma yaseBasaseachi, eyaziwa iminyaka eyikhulu, inokuphakama okungama-246 m., Okuyibeka njengenombolo 22 emhlabeni, eye-11 eMelika kanye neyesihlanu ephakeme kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika. EMexico kungokwesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okubili, kunezimpophoma eziningi kakhulu ezinobukhulu nobuhle obukhulu ezisatshalaliswa kulo lonke uhla lwezintaba.
Isimo sezulu
Njengoba yephuke kakhulu futhi ivele yazenzakalela, imifula yethula isimo sezulu esihlukile, ngokungafani futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngokweqile, esifundeni esisodwa. Ngokuvamile, kunezindawo ezimbili ezikhona eSierra Tarahumara: leyo yamathafa nezintaba ezingxenyeni ezingenhla ze-sierra nalezo ezingezansi kwemifula.
Ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1,800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, isimo sezulu sisukela endaweni ebandayo kuya emakhazeni cishe unyaka wonke, kube nezimvula ezincane ebusika futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ukuwa kweqhwa okusindayo okunikeza ubuhle nobukhazikhazi obuhle emasimini. Bese kuthi amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-0 degrees Celsius arekhodwe, kwesinye isikhathi kwehle kuye ku-23 degrees Celsius.
Ehlobo, izintaba zikhombisa ubukhazikhazi obukhulu, imvula iba njalo, indawo iba luhlaza futhi izigodi zigcwala izimbali ezinemibala ehlukahlukene. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo bese kuba ama-20 degrees Celsius, ahluke kakhulu kunaso sonke isimo saseChihuahua, esiphakeme kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka. ISierra Tarahumara inikeza elinye lamahlobo amnandi kakhulu ezweni lonke.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, isimo sezulu esingezansi kweCopper Canyon sishisa kakhulu kanti ubusika baso bumnandi kakhulu, njengoba sigcina amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo ayi-17 degrees Celsius. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenkathi yasehlobo, isimo sezulu saseBarranco siyasinda, isilinganiso sikhuphukela ku-35 degrees Celsius, futhi amazinga okushisa afinyelela kuma-45 degrees Celsius aqoshwe kule ndawo. Izimvula eziningi zasehlobo zenza ukugeleza kwezimpophoma, imifudlana nemifula kukhuphukele ekugijimeni kwayo okuphezulu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Ukuzuma nokujula kwesimo sendawo, esinemithambeka emikhulu kangangokuba kungadlula amamitha ayi-2 000 kumakhilomitha ambalwa, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu kuveza ukunotha okuhlukile kanye nokwehluka kwezinto eziphilayo ezintabeni. Izimbali nezilwane zasendaweni zigcwele kuso, okungukuthi, azitholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni.
Amathafa ambozwe ngamahlathi abanzi futhi amahle lapho kutholakala khona uphayini, yize ama-oki, ubhabhulini, imijunipha (endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi ama-táscates), ama-alders kanye nezihlahla ze-sitrobheli nazo ziyanda. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-15 zikaphayini nama-oki angama-25. Amahlathi amakhulu aseGuadalupe y Calvo, Madera kanye nesifunda saseBasaseachi asinikeza umbono ongavamile ngasekuqaleni kwekwindla, lapho ubhabhulini nama-alders, ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa amaqabunga awo, ethola amathoni aphuzi, awolintshi nabomvu ahluke kakhulu kunalawo uhlaza lwezihlahla zikaphayini, ama-oki nemijunipha. Ehlobo lonke uhla lwezintaba luqhakaza futhi lugcwale imibala, kungaleso sikhathi lapho ukuhlukahluka kwezimbali zalo kujabulisa kakhulu. Izimbali eziningi, eziningi ngalesi sikhathi, zisetshenziswa yiTarahumara emithini yazo yendabuko kanye nasekudleni.
Kunokulandelana kwemiphakathi yezitshalo kusuka ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo ze-sierra kuya ekujuleni kwezihosha lapho amahlumela ekhula khona. Izihlahla ezahlukahlukene kanye ne-cacti: Nokho (Lysiloma dívaricata), chilicote (Erythrína flaveliformis), ocotillo (Fourqueria splendens), pitaya (Lemaíreocereus thurberi), cardón (Pachycereus pectenife), tabachín (Caesalpinia pulcherungaves (Aveíga) lechugilla), sotol (Dasylirio wheeleri), nezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama kunezinhlobo ezinjenge-ceiba (Ceiba sp), izihlahla zomkhiwane (Ficus spp), i-guamuchil (i-Pithcollobium dulce), umhlanga (i-Otate bamboo), i-burseras (i-Bursera spp) ne-liana noma i-liana, phakathi kokunye.
Izilwane zaseCopper Canyon zihlala ezindaweni ezifudumele noma ezishisayo. Cishe u-30% wezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba ezibhaliswe eMexico zitholakale kulentaba, zizihlukanisa: ibhere elimnyama (i-Ursus americanus), i-puma (i-Felis concolor), i-otter (iLutra canadensis), inyamazane emsila omhlophe ( U-Odocoileus virginianus), impisi yaseMexico (Canis lupus baileyi) ebhekwe njengengozi yokuqothulwa, ingulube yasendle (Tayassutajacu), ikati lasendle (Lynx rufus), i-raccoon (i-Procyon lotor), i-badger noma i-cholugo (i-Taxidea taxus) ne-skunk enemigqa (Mephitis macroura), ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane, izingwejeje nezimbongolo.
Izinhlobo ezingama-290 zezinyoni zibhalisiwe: ezingama-24 kuzo zikhona kuphela futhi eziyi-10 zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, njenge-macaw eluhlaza (i-Ara militaris), upholi wasentabeni (Rbynchopsitta pachyrbyncha) kanye ne-coa (i-Euptilotis noxenus). Ezingxenyeni ezikude kakhulu, kusengabonakala ukundiza kokhozi olusagolide (i-Aquila chsaetos) kanye nokhokho be-peregrine (u-Falco peregrinus). Phakathi kwalezi zinyoni kukhona abagawuli bezinkuni, ama-turkeys asendle, izigwaca, ama-buzzards nesiduli. Izinkulungwane zezinyoni ezifudukayo zifika ebusika, ikakhulukazi amahansi namadada abalekela amakhaza asenyakatho ye-United States naseCanada. Futhi inezinhlobo ezingama-87 zezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanti ezingama-20 zezilwane eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, kwezingu-22 zokuqala zikhona kanti ezesibili eziyi-12 zinalo mlingiswa.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-50 zezinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti, ezinye ziyadliwa njenge-rainbow trout (Salmo gardneri), i-largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), i-mojarra (i-Lepomis macrochirus), i-sardine (i-Algansea lacustris), i-catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) , i-carp (i-Cyprinus carpio) ne-charal (i-Chirostoma bartoni).
I-Chihuahua al Pacifico Railway
Omunye wemisebenzi yobunjiniyela obabazeka kakhulu owenziwa eMexico ungaphakathi kwesimo esimangalisayo seCopper Canyon: ujantshi waseChihuahua al Pacífico, owavulwa ngoNovemba 24, 1961 ngenhloso yokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kweSierra Tarahumara, ihlinzeka ngeChihuahua ukuphuma olwandle ngeSinaloa.
Lo mzila uqala e-Ojinaga, udlule edolobheni laseChihuahua, uwele iSierra Tarahumara bese wehlela ogwini lwaseSinaloa, udlule eLos Mochis uyophela eTopolobampo. Ingqikithi yalo mzila wesitimela ingu-941 km futhi unamabhuloho angama-410 anobude obungafani, ubude obude kunabo bonke obuseRío Fuerte obunesiqingatha sekhilomitha kanti obude kakhulu obuseRío Chínipas obunamamitha angama-90. Inemigudu engu-99 ephelele ingqikithi yama-21.2 km, ende kunazo zonke yi-El Descanso, emngceleni ophakathi kweChihuahua neSonora, enobude obungu-1.81 km neZwekazi laseCreel, elinamakhilomitha angu-1.26 Ngesikhathi somzila wayo iphakama iye kumamitha angama-2,450 ngaphezulu kwezinga le ulwandle.
Ujantshi unqamula esinye sezifunda ezisencane kakhulu zezintaba, udabule iBarranca del Septentrión, ukujula kwe-1,600 m, namanye amaphuzu e-Urique canyon, ejulile kulo lonke elaseMexico. Izwe eliphakathi kweCreel, iChihuahua, neLos Mochis, iSinaloa, liyindawo emangalisa kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa kwalo jantshi kwaqalwa umbuso waseChihuahua ngo-1898, kwafinyelela eCreel ngo-1907. Umsebenzi waqedwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1961.
