Omunye wochwepheshe bethu ukubheka isikhathi esivela kowe-1930 kuya kowe-1934 lapho, kusukela ekubeni ngumsebenzi ongakaqedwa, le ndawo yaba yinto ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu e-Historic Center yaseMexico City.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uPorfirio Díaz wathuma umakhi wezakhiwo wase-Italy U-Adamo Boari iphrojekthi ye-imposing Itiyetha likazwelonke lokho bekuzothatha isikhundla salowo owakhuliswa ngesikhathi sikaSanta Anna futhi kuzonikeza ukukhanya okukhulu embusweni wakhe. Umsebenzi awuqediwanga ngokwenhloso yawo yakuqala, ngenxa yezizathu ezahluka kwezomnotho (ukwanda kwezindleko), ezobuchwepheshe (ukuwa kwesakhiwo okwaphawulwa kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokwakhiwa kwaso), kuya kwezepolitiki ( ukuqhamuka kwenhlangano yezinguquko yaqala ngo-1910). Kusukela ngo-1912 kuqhubeke, amashumi eminyaka adlula ngaphandle kwenqubekela phambili ebonakalayo emsebenzini. Ekugcineni, ngo-1932, U-Alberto J. Pani, bese kuba nguNobhala Wezezimali, futhi UFederico Mariscal -Umakhi waseMexico, umfundi kaBoarii- uthathe umthwalo wokuqedela isakhiwo esidala. Ngokushesha babona ukuthi kwakungewona umbuzo wokuqedela indawo yaseshashalazini yamaPorfirian, kodwa ukucabanga ngokucophelela ngesiphetho esisha salesi sakhiwo ngemuva kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ezatholwa yiMexico, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezamasiko. Encwadini ka-1934, uPani noMariscal balandisa le ndaba:
"Ukwakhiwa kwePalace of Fine Arts kudlule ezigamekweni eziningi kakhulu esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezihambisana nomlando wethu noguquko olukhulu emphakathini."
“Kusukela ngomzuzu, ngo-1904, ngenkathi kubekwa izisekelo zalokho okwakufanele kube yiNational Theatre ebabazekayo, kuze kube yimanje, ngonyaka we-1934, lapho konke kwavulelwa abantu, ngomsebenzi wabo, i-Palace of Fine Ezobuciko, ushintsho olunzulu kangaka selwenzekile oluye lwabonakala emlandweni wokwakha. "
Okulandelayo, uPani noMariscal babuyela ezikhathini ezimbili zokuqala zokwakhiwa kwetiyetha, emashumini okuqala ekhulu leminyaka, ukubhekana nesikhathi ababenza ngaso, esisithandayo manje:
“Esikhathini sesithathu, esihlanganisa kuphela iminyaka esukela ku-1932 kuya ku-1934, ukukhulelwa okusha kukhulelwa futhi kuyafezeka. Igama le- Isigodlo Sezobuciko ichaza ngokucacile ngokwanele ukuxwayisa ukuthi akugcini nje ngokunyamalala kweNational Theatre of the Porfirian aristocracy - okungenani njengoba yayikhulelwe ekuqaleni - kepha nokuthi aboHlanga banikezwe isikhungo esibalulekile sokuhlela nokwethula ukubonakaliswa kwaso kwezobuciko yazo zonke izinhlobo, ezeshashalazi, ezomculo nezepulasitiki, ezingakahlakazeki nezingasebenzi kuze kube manje, kepha zichazwe ngokufanelekile kukho konke okuhlangene okungabizwa ngokuthi ubuciko baseMexico.
Lo ngumqondo umbuso wamavukelambuso, owafinyelela kuwo ukugcwala kwawo, esikhundleni sokuqedela iNational Theatre, empeleni wakhe isakhiwo esisha - iPalace of Fine Arts - engeke isabamba ukuhlwa kwesicukuthwane esingenakwenzeka, kepha ikhonsathi, ingqungquthela, umbukiso nombukiso, okukhombisa nsuku zonke ukuphakama kobuciko obufana nobethu ... "
Lo mbhalo uyaphikelela ngesikhundla esathathwa uPani:
“… Uma umsebenzi ungaphenduli kunesidingo senhlalo, ungashiywa unomphela. Akuwona umbuzo manje wokuphothula ngokusiphothula, kodwa kunalokho ukubheka ukuthi umhlatshelo wezomnotho okudingwa yisiphetho wawo ubekwa ezingeni elingakanani. "
Ekugcineni, uPani noMariscal benza incazelo eningiliziwe ngokuguqulwa okwenziwe kuphrojekthi ye-Boari ukunikeza lesi sakhiwo ukusetshenziswa okusha abakubona kubalulekile. Lo mbono wawuguqula izinguquko ngaleso sikhathi, futhi yize manje sesikujwayele akumele sikhohlwe iqiniso lokuthi indawo eyinhloko okwakhiwa kuyo lesi sakhiwo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi emasikweni aseMexico ixhunyaniswe ngqo nokuguqulwa kwesimo okwenzeka lapho ukukhulelwa kwaso kwenzeka ngo-1932. umsebenzi owenzeka emini e-Palace of Fine Arts, nomphakathi ohambela ukuhambela imibukiso yawo yesikhashana, ukubabaza imidwebo yayo (leyo kaRivera no-Orozco bathunywa ukuba kuvulwe iSigodlo ngo-1934; kamuva labo USiqueiros, uTamayo noGonzález Camarena), ekwethulweni kwencwadi noma ukulalela ingqungquthela, bekungacabangeki ukube lesi sakhiwo besiphothuliwe ngokwenhloso kaPorfirio Díaz. Ukukhulelwa kukaPani y Mariscal kuwubufakazi obuhle kakhulu bokudala amasiko iMexico abhekana nakho ngokuphelele emashumini eminyaka alandela iRevolution.
UPani ngokwakhe wayengenelele ngo-1925 ekubambeni kwesinye isikhungo sikazwelonke esazalwa yi-Revolution: the Ibhange laseMexico, Nalo lungaphansi isakhiwo Porfirian kabani wezangaphakathi yohlelo eguquliwe endaweni yayo lokugcina ngokucubungula UCarlos Obregon Santacilia kusetshenziswa ulimi lokuhlobisa manje olwaziwa njenge-art deco. Njengasendabeni yePalace of Fine Arts, ukuzalwa kwebhange kwenze kwadingeka ukuthi linikezwe, ngangokunokwenzeka, ubuso ngokwesikhathi esisha.
Kuwo wonke amashumi eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-20, ubuciko bokwakha nobuciko bokuhlobisa basesha umhlaba ukuthola izindlela ezintsha, banxuswa ukuba kulungiswe ikhulu le-19 elingakwazanga ukulithola. I-Art nouveau ibe ngumzamo ohlulekile maqondana nalokhu, futhi kuwo, umakhi wezakhiwo waseViennese, U-Adolf loos, yayizomemezela ngo-1908 ukuthi wonke umhlobiso kufanele uthathwe njengobugebengu.
Ngomsebenzi wakhe uqobo, wabeka izisekelo zokwakhiwa okusha kwama-rationalist, amavolumu amafushane wejometri, kepha futhi wasungula, nomunye uViennese, UJosef Hoffmann, imigqa eyisisekelo ye-Art Deco, eyayizothuthukiswa ngawo-1920 njengendlela yokuphendula iziphakamiso ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe.
Ayithokozi i-deco yobuciko yenhlanhla ebalulekile. Iningi lezindaba zokwakhiwa kwesimanje azinaki noma ziyayenyanya ngenxa ye-anachronism yayo. Izazi-mlando ezibucayi zokwakha ezisebenza nazo zenza lokho ngokudlula kuphela, futhi lesi simo sengqondo kungenzeka singashintshi ngokuzayo. AmaNtaliyane UManfredo Tafuri Y UFrancesco Dal Co., ababhali bomunye wemilando eqinile yokwakhiwa kwekhulu lama-20, banikela ngezigaba ezimbalwa ku-Art Deco okungukuthi, ngamafuphi, okungenzeka kube yisici esihle kakhulu esingenziwa ngalesi sitayela. Bahlaziya, okokuqala, izizathu zokuphumelela kwabo e-United States:
“… Izimpawu zokuhlobisa nezingokomfanekiso ziphakamisa amanani nezithombe ezitholakala kalula, njalo ezincike kwizisombululo ezinqunywe kusengaphambili ezingeni lezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe. [..] Ukwakhiwa kwe-Art Deco kuvumelana nezimo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu: ukwehluka kwemihlobiso yayo kwanelisa izinhloso zokukhangisa zezinkampani ezinkulu futhi uphawu olunesizotha lufanelekela indlunkulu yezinkampani nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Izinto zangaphakathi zikanokusho, umdlalo okhandlayo wemigqa ekhuphukayo, ukubuyiswa kwezixazululo zokuhlobisa ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezicwengisiswe kakhulu, konke lokhu kwanele ukufaka "ukunambitheka" okusha kanye "nekhwalithi" entsha yabantu abaningi ekugelezeni. kunesiphithiphithi ekusetshenzisweni kwedolobha elikhulu. "
UTafuri noDal Co baphinde bahlaziye umongo weParis Exposition ka-1925 obeka i-Art Deco ekusakazweni.
“Ngamafuphi nje, lo msebenzi wancishiselwa ukuqala imfashini nokunambitheka okusha kwezixuku, okwazi ukuhumusha izifiso zobunxiwankulu zokuvuselela, ngaphandle kokuwela esifundazweni kepha kunikeze isiqinisekiso sokulinganiswa nokwenziwa lula. Kuyinambitheka ezofinyelela enkulu ithonya emkhakheni obanzi wezakhiwo zaseNyakatho Melika, kuqinisekiswe, eFrance, ukulamula buthule phakathi kwe-avant-garde namasiko. "
Yiso kanye lesi simo sokuyekethisa phakathi kwe-avant-garde nesedlule esenze u-Art Deco wasifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukuqeda isakhiwo esifana ne-Palace of Fine Arts, saqala eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule ngolimi lwenkambiso engasekho manje. Igebe eliphakeme kakhulu ngaphansi kwezindlu ezihlanganisa ihholo elikhulu lesakhiwo, lapho kuzungeza khona izikhala zombukiso, livunyelwe ukubonisa kulo, ngendlela emangalisayo, “umdlalo onzima wemigqa ekhuphukayo”. Imisinga yobuzwe eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi kwezobuciko baseMexico izophinde ithole ku-Art Deco ukwesekwa okwanele ukufaka eSigodlweni "imidwebo yokuhlobisa neyokufanisa [ephakamisa amanani kanye nezithombe ezifinyeleleka kalula", isebenzisa lonke ithuba lokusimangaza "ngobunyoninco imihlobiso yalo ”kanye" nesimbuli esinesizotha ", ngaphandle kokukhohlwa" ukubuyiswa kwezixazululo zemihlobiso ehlukahlukene kakhulu [kanye] nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezicwengisiswe kakhulu ". Awekho amagama angcono angatholwa kunalokhu okungenhla okungachazwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto zokuhlobisa, ama-motifs aseMexico -imaski kaMayan, i-cacti-, insimbi epholishiwe nethusi okuheha izivakashi eSigodlweni.
Umshana ka-Alberto J. Pani, umakhi osemncane UMario Pani, osanda kuthweswa iziqu e-École des Beaux-Arts eParis, ubesebenza njengesixhumanisi senkampani yaseFrance u-Edgar Brandt, odume kakhulu futhi o-boom wakhe uqondane ngqo no-Art Deco, ukuhlinzeka ngezinto zokuhlobisa esesizibalile ngenhla (okumele sifake kuzo ukukhansela, iminyango, izinsimbi, izibambo, amalambu nezinye izingcezu zefenisha) okuyingxenye ebalulekile yomhlobiso wehholo lokusebenza, indawo yokwamukela izivakashi nezindawo zombukiso. Umphumela osele walezi zikhala utholwe ngokubukiswa okumangazayo kwemabula kazwelonke enemibala ne-onyx. Ekugcineni, ukugqokiswa kwedome okuqeda ingaphandle lesiGodlo kwaklanywa ngesitayela esifanayo ngu URoberto Alvarez Espinoza kusetshenziswa izimbambo zethusi kokuqiniswa kwensimbi nokufakwa kwe-ceramic kwamathoni ensimbi kanye ne-geometry emincane ezingxenyeni ezihlukanisa izimbambo. Lawa makhaya, ane-chromatic gradation asuka kowolintshi aye kophuzi aye kokumhlophe, akha enye yezinto ezivelele kakhulu eSigodlweni futhi amele isisho esibaluleke kunazo zonke se-Art Deco ngaphandle.
Kepha akuwona kuphela umphumela oyimpumelelo owatholakala esakhiweni, ngomhlobiso omuhle owawuvumela ukuthi uqedwe, okufanele manje usibhekise kithi. Njengoba sekushiwo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngemuva kwamamabula ama-Art Deco amahle, ama-steels, ama-bronzes namakristalu esiwabonayo manje, enye yezinhlelo zokuqala zokusabalalisa ubuciko ezenziwayo nayo ivukile selokhu yamiswa ngoSepthemba 29, 1934. noma yikuphi emhlabeni, okhulelwe - hhayi ngengozi- ngesikhathi somfutho othile emlandweni wezamasiko wezwe lethu: Isigodlo Sezobuciko Obuhle.
