ILacandona Jungle ingesinye sezindawo ezivikelekile zaseChiapas ezihlala izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezinhlobo zemvelo eMexico. Yazi ukuthi kungani kufanele siyinakekele!
Ukubaluleka kokuhlukahluka kwezinto Ihlathi leLacandon kuyiqiniso elaziwa futhi lafundwa izazi eziningi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nabacwaningi. Hhayi ngeze Isiteshi Sezesayensi saseChajul ukuleli hlathi eligcwele Izinhlobo ezihlala njalo eMexico nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Kodwa-ke, lapho kwaziwa kakhulu ngeLacandon Jungle kanye ne- izindawo ezivikelekile zaseChiapas, okusobala kakhulu ukuntuleka kolwazi mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo okunwebekayo ngamakhilomitha ayi-17,779, futhi isimo esinjalo simele inselelo kubaphenyi abeza kumuntu oqokiwe njengowokuqala ihlathi lemvula elishisayo waseMesoamerica.
I-Lacandon Jungle, esemaphethelweni empumalanga ye- I-ChiapasIgama lalo lisesiqhingini esiseLake Miramar esibizwa ngeLacam-tún, okusho ukuthi itshe elikhulu, futhi nabantu balo abaseSpain ababiza iLacandones.
Phakathi kweminyaka engu-300 no-900 wazalelwa kulokhu Ihlathi leChiapas enye yezimpucuko ezinkulu eMesoamerica: iMayan, nangemva kokunyamalala kwayo iLacandon Jungle yahlala ingahlali muntu kwaze kwaba yingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19, lapho izinkampani ezigawula imithi, ikakhulu ezakwamanye amazwe, zizimisa emifuleni ekwazi ukuhamba inqubo ejulile yokuxhashazwa kwemisedari ne-mahogany. Ngemuva kweRevolution, ukukhishwa kwezingodo kwanda kakhulu kwaze kwaba ngo-1949, lapho umthetho kahulumeni uqeda ukuxhashazwa kwamahlathi emvula, efuna ukuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo nokukhuthaza izindawo ezivikelekile eChiapas. Kodwa-ke, inqubo ebucayi yekoloni yaqala ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ukufika kwabalimi abangenalo ulwazi emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo kwabangela ukuba kwehle kakhulu futhi kwaqala ukuba Ihlathi leLacandon lisengozini.
Eminyakeni engama-40 edlule, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eLacandon Jungle kusheshiswe kakhulu ukuthi uma kuqhubeka ngejubane elifanayo, ihlathi lemvula laseLacandon lizonyamalala. Ku-1.5 million ha obene- ILacandon Jungle eChiapasNamuhla sekusele ama-500,000 okuphuthuma ukulondolozwa ngenxa yenani lawo elikhulu, ngoba kuzo kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziningi eMexico, nezilwane nezimbali ezikhethekile zendawo, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi la mahektha ayisilawuli sezulu esibaluleke kakhulu futhi anenani lamanzi we-oda lokuqala ngenxa yemifula enamandla ebanisela. Uma silahlekelwa yiLacandon Jungle, silahlekelwa yingxenye ebalulekile yamagugu emvelo aseMexico nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje zonke izinqumo nezinhlelo eziphakanyiselwe indawo ebalulekile yeLacandon Jungle azikakhiphi imiphumela emihle noma esimeme futhi azange zisize ehlathini noma eLacandon. Ngakho-ke, i- Isiteshi seChajul eqondiswa yi-UNAM, kungaba yindlela yokuvikela nokwenza leli hlathi laseMexico laziwe umhlaba wonke. Uthando nenhlonipho kuzalwa ngolwazi.
Isiteshi sokucwaninga seMontes Azules Biosphere Reserve
Isiteshi i-Chajul sitholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele ye-Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, eyagunyazwa njengenye yezindawo ezivikelwe zaseChiapas ngo-1978 ukugcina indawo yemvelo yesifunda nokuqinisekisa ukulinganisela kanye ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobonhlobo zayo zezinhlobonhlobo nezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezemvelo. Indawo yokugcina indawo inendawo engama-331,200 ha, emele u-0.6% wensimu kazwelonke. Izimila zayo ezinkulu ihlathi elinomswakama wasezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi ngokwezinga elincane, ama-savanna agcwala amanzi, amahlathi amafu namahlathi e-pine-oak. Ngokuphathelene nezilwane, iMontes Azules iqukethe ama-31% ezinyoni zezwe lonke, i-19% yezilwane ezincelisayo kanye no-42% wezimvemvane zepapilionoidea enhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivikela ikakhulukazi inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa eChiapas, ukusindisa ukwehluka kwazo kofuzo.
Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeMontes Azules Biosphere Reserve kungamazwe angaphansi kwemiphakathi yaseLacandon, ehlala kule ndawo, ehlonipha ngokuphelele imvelo. ILacandon ayikuvumeli okweqile ekukhishweni kwezinsizakusebenza ezinikezwa yihlathi lemvula elishisayo, futhi yize iyisidlakela esinamakhono, ayilokothi iqoqe okuningi kuso kunalokho okudingeka ngokuqinile. Ukuziphatha kwabo kusimeme ngokuphelele endaweni yabo yokuhlala futhi kuyisibonelo sokuthi wonke umuntu asilandele.
Umsuka wesiteshi i-Chajul
Umlando wesiteshi saseChajul usukela emuva ngonyaka we-1983 lapho iSEDUE iqala ukwakhiwa kweziteshi eziyisikhombisa zokuphathwa nokubhekwa kwesiqiwi. Ngo-1984 imisebenzi yaqedwa kwathi ngo-1985, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, yashiywa ngenxa yokushoda kwesabelomali nokuhlela.
Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo abanjengoRodrigo Medellín, abanentshisekelo yokulondolozwa kanye nokufundwa kweLacandon Jungle, babona isiteshi saseChajul njengendawo ebaluleke kakhulu yocwaningo lwabo ngokuhlukahluka kwendawo. UDokotela Medellín waqala izifundo zakhe kule ndawo ngonyaka we-1981 enombono wokuhlola umthelela wamasimu ommbila waseLacandon emiphakathini yezilwane ezincelisayo futhi wathola iziqu zakhe zobudokotela e-University of Florida. Mayelana nalokhu, usitshela ukuthi ngo-1986 waya kuleli dolobha ngesinqumo esiqinile sokwenza ithisisi yakhe yobudokotela eLacandona nokubuyisa isiteshi se-UNAM. Futhi waphumelela, ngoba ekupheleni kuka-1988 isiteshi saseChajul savulwa ngezinsizakusebenza ezanikelwa yiYunivesithi yaseFlorida, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iConservation International yasinikeza umfutho oqinile ngezimali eziningi. Maphakathi nawo-1990, lesi siteshi sase sisebenza vele njengesikhungo sokucwaninga futhi sasiphethwe nguDkt Rodrigo Medellín njengomqondisi.
Inhloso enkulu yeSiteshi i-Chajul Scientific Station ukukhiqiza imininingwane ngeLacandon Jungle nokuhlukahluka kwayo, futhi kulokhu kudinga ukuba khona njalo kwabaphenyi abavela ezweni noma abokufika abaphakamisa iziphakamiso eziwusizo zokuthola ulwazi olungcono lwezilwane nezitshalo zale ndawo. Ngokufanayo, lapho amaphrojekthi amaningi ekhombisa ukubaluleka kwaleli hlathi eMexico, kuzoba lula ukuligcina.
Amaphrojekthi esiteshi se-Chajul
Yonke imisebenzi eyenziwayo esiteshini i-Chajul iyigalelo elibalulekile kwisayensi, kanti eminye yayo ize yaba nezinguquko maqondana nokucwaninga kokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuqondile, kunecala lesazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Esteban Martínez, owathola isitshalo sohlobo oluthile, uhlobo lomndeni olungaziwa kuze kube manje, okuyi-saprophytic futhi ehlala ngaphansi kukadoti endaweni enezikhukhula engxenyeni esempumalanga yomcengezi waseLacantún. Imbali yalesi sitshalo inoveli futhi inesici esihlukile, okuvamise ukuthi zonke izimbali zinama-stamens (owesilisa wesilisa) azungeze i-pistil (ubulili besifazane), futhi kunalokho inama-pistil amaningana azungeze isikhuthazi esimaphakathi. Igama lakhe nguLacandona schismatia.
Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi siteshi asisetshenziswa ngokuphelele ngenxa yokushoda kwamaphrojekthi, futhi lesi simo singenxa enkulu yenkinga yezepolitiki eChiapas. Kepha ngaphandle kwezingozi azimele, abacwaningi basesesiteshini balwela ihlathi laseChiapas. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uKaren O’brien, ongusosayensi wezinto eziphilayo e-University of Pennsylvania okumanje othuthukisa umqondo wakhe wobudlelwano phakathi kokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu eLacandon Forest; isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uRoberto José Ruiz Vidal wase-University of Murcia (eSpain) kanye noGabriel Ramos ophothule iziqu ze-Institute of Biomedical Research (Mexico) abafunda imvelo yokuziphatha yeSpider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) eLacandon Jungle, kanye nesazi sezinto eziphilayo uRicardo A. UFrías wase-UNAM, owenza ezinye izinhlelo zocwaningo, kepha njengamanje uhlanganisa isiteshi saseChajul, isikhundla esizodluliselwa kuDkt Rodrigo Medellín ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinhlobo zamalulwane eLacandon Jungle
Le phrojekthi yakhethwa njengesihloko somqondo ngabafundi ababili abavela e-UNAM Institute of Ecology futhi inhloso yayo enkulu ukwazisa yonke imininingwane edingekayo ukuze isithombe esibi selulwane sinyamalale futhi neqhaza laso elibalulekile emvelweni.
Emhlabeni kukhona cishe ama-950 izinhlobo zamalulwane kwehlukile Kulezi zinhlobo, zingu-134 kulo lonke elaseMexico futhi cishe ezingama-65 zazo zingaphakathi kweLacandon Jungle. E-Chajul, zingu-54 izinhlobo ezirekhodwe kuze kube manje, iqiniso elenza le ndawo ihluke kakhulu emhlabeni ngokwamalulwane.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane zinenzuzo, ikakhulukazi ama-nectoivores nama-sectivores; isenzo sangaphambili njengabavuni bezinambuzane kanti esokugcina sidla ama-gramu ama-3 ezinambuzane ze-malefic ngehora, futhi imininingwane enjalo ikhombisa ukusebenza kwabo okuhle ekubambeni lezi zilwane eziyingozi. Izinhlobo ezingadli kakhulu zisebenza njengezihlakaza imbewu, ngoba zithutha izithelo zihambe ibanga elide ukuzidla, kuthi lapho zizikhulula zisakaze imbewu. Enye inzuzo enikezwa yilezi zilwane ezincelisayo yi-guano, indle yelulwane, engenye yemithombo ecebile kakhulu ye-nitrogen yomquba, futhi yaziswa kakhulu ezimakethe ezisenyakatho neMexico nezaseningizimu ye-United States.
Esikhathini esedlule, amalulwane ayesolwa ngokuba ngabathwali ngqo balesi sifo okuthiwa yi-istoplasmosis, kodwa lokhu kukhonjiswe ukuthi akulona iqiniso. Lesi sifo sidalwa ukuphefumula ezinhlamvwini zesikhunta esibizwa ngokuthi i-Istoplasma capsulatum esikhula ngaphezu komswani wenkukhu kanye namajuba, sidale ukutheleleka okukhulu emaphashini okungaholela ekufeni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezincazelo zika-Osiris noMiguel kwaqala ngo-Ephreli 1993 kwaqhubeka izinyanga eziyi-10, zazo izinsuku eziyi-15 zenyanga ngayinye zasetshenziswa eLacandon Jungle. Ithisisi ka-Osiris Gaona Pineda ikhuluma ngokubaluleka kokusatshalaliswa kwembewu ngamalulwane kanye noMiguel Amín Ordoñez emvelweni wemiphakathi yelulwane ezindaweni eziguquliwe. Umsebenzi wabo wasensimini wenziwa njengeqembu, kepha kumathisisi ngamunye wakha ingqikithi ehlukile.
Iziphetho zokuqala, uma kubhekwa umehluko ezinhlotsheni ezithwetshulwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokutadisha, zikhombisa ukuthi kunomthelela oqondile phakathi kokuphazamiseka kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nenombolo nezinhlobo zamalulwane abanjiwe. Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zibanjwa ehlathini kunezinye izindawo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yenala yokudla kanye niche yasemini etholakalayo.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukukhombisa ukuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eLacandon Jungle kulimaza ngqo isimilo, ukwehluka kanye nenani lezilwane kule ndawo eyihlathi. Indawo yokuhlala yamakhulu ezinhlobo iyashintsha futhi nakho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyakhungatheka. Lezi zindawo zidinga ukuvuselelwa okuphuthumayo ukuze zikwazi ukonga ngesikhathi esifanele izitshalo nezimbali zehlathi lemvula elisendaweni eshisayo esezilahliwe ekuqothulweni, yingakho ukuvikelwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamalulwane ahlala kuleli hlathi kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kuleminyaka eyizinkulungwane edlule thina baseNtshonalanga besizicabanga njengabahlukene nabangcono kunayo yonke eminye imvelo. Kepha sekuyisikhathi sokulungisa nokubona ukuthi siyinhlangano yeminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 encike kwiplanethi yethu ephilayo.
Umthombo: I-Mexico engaziwa engu-211 / Septhemba 1994
