Ukuhlukaniswa okwenzekile kweminye imiphakathi eMexico, kanye nokungazi ngempahla yabo yamasiko, kube nomthelela ekuwohlokeni kwabo kancane kancane futhi, kokunye, ukulahlwa kwabo ngokuphelele nokubhujiswa.
UHuatlatlauca wehlelwe yileso siphetho; Kodwa-ke, kusalokhu kugcinwa ubufakazi obubalulekile bomlando, bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, bezithombe nezamasiko, kanye nezinganekwane, imikhosi, amasiko omlomo nezobuciko aqala ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, futhi asekhona nanamuhla, kepha ahlala enganakwa ngenxa yokwehliswa kwawo. E-Huatlatlauca, idolobha elincane elisendaweni eshisayo neyomile lapho umcako ugcwele, isikhathi asibonakali sidlula. Izingane kuphela, abesifazane kanye nabantu asebekhulile ababonakala lapho, njengamadoda athutha ngezikhathi ezithile eyofuna umsebenzi.
IHuatlatlauca itholakala empumalanga ye-Atlixco Valley, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiPoblana Plateau, ngaphansi kwentaba yaseTentzo, intaba encane yamagquma amangelengele, e-limestone nama-arid akha ukucindezeleka okuphansi kwawo kusebenza njengesiteshi soMfula i-Atoyac. Inani labantu litholakala osebeni lomfula.
Ukubukeka kukaHuatlatlauca njengamanje akuhlukile kakhulu kunalokho okungenzeka ukuthi wakuletha ekuphakameni kwesikhathi samakoloni. Ngokukhishwa komphakathi wedwa, imikhuba yezenhlalo namasiko esiko langaphambi kweSpanishi liyaqhubeka nokugxila ngokujulile. Ingxenye yabantu ikhuluma iSpanishi kanti enye ingxenye ithi "Mexican" (isiNahuatl). Ngokunjalo, kweminye imikhosi ebalulekile imisa lisagujwa eNahuatl.
Omunye wemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu eHuatlatlauca yilowo ogujwa ngoJanuwari 6, usuku lweZazi eziNgcwele. Ama-mayordomos ayisithupha, eyodwa endaweni ngayinye, aphethe usuku ngalunye ukuletha izimbali ethempelini nokondla isixuku sonke, okunikelwa ngaso inkunzi nsuku zonke. Kulezi zinsuku idolobha ligcwele injabulo nomculo; kukhona i-jaripeo, umdanso wamaMoor namaKrestu, futhi kwenziwa “Ukwehla kwengelosi”, umdlalo othandwayo osudlalwe amakhulu eminyaka e-atrium yethempeli laseSanta María de los Reyes. Umsebenzi ophambili weHuatlatlauca kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zesundu.
NgamaSonto, nangokuhambisana nesiko lasendulo laseMesoamerican, ama-tianguis abekwa esigcawini esikhulu sedolobha, lapho kudayiswa khona imikhiqizo evela ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane.
"I-Huatlatlauca ngolimi lwaseNdiya lisho ukhozi olubomvu", kanti kwi-Mendocino Codex i-glyph yayo imelwe ngekhanda lomuntu onokhakhayi olushefiwe futhi opendwe ngokubomvu.
Ukuba sesifundeni esinamasu, ezindaweni manje eseziZigodi zasePuebla naseTlaxcala, iHuatlatlauca yadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, phakathi nomlando wayo wangaphambi kweSpanishi kanye nekoloniyali, kusukela yaqala ukuhlonipha amakhosi aseMexico futhi kamuva neNkosana. kusuka eSpain. Abahlali bayo abadala kwakunguqembu lozalo lwama-Olmec-Xicalan, kamuva axoshwa kulawa mazwe ngamaqembu eChichimecas awangena kuwo cishe ngekhulu le-12 AD. Kamuva, ngenxa yokungabikho kwamandla amakhulu esifundeni, i-Huatlatlauca ibonakala isivele ingumlingani weCuauhtinchan, isivele ingumlingani weTotomihuacan, noma ingaphansi kweSeñorío de Tepeaca. Kuze kwaba yingxenye yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-15 lapho ukuhlasela kanye neMexica kubusa esigodini sasePuebla nasethafeni ngokuqinisekile kubeka iHuatlatlauca ngaphansi kokubusa kweNkosi yaseMexico-Tenochtitlán. KuNew Spain Papers kukhulunywa ukuthi “kwakungekaMoctezuma Señor de México, futhi umlando wakhe wamnika intela yomcako omhlophe omhlophe, umhlanga omkhulu oqinile nemimese yokuwufaka ezintanjeni, nezinduku zomhlanga eziqinile zokulwa, nokotini wasendle amajakethi nezambatho ezigqokwa amadoda empi ...
Umnqobi uHernán Cortés wafika esifundeni futhi wanikeza uHuatlatlauca umnqobi uBernardino de Santa Clara, ngesibopho sokufaka ebhokisini leNgangezwe lakhe umkhiqizo wentela eyayinezingubo, amanetha omiyane, izingubo zokulala, ummbila, ukolweni nobhontshisi . Ekushoneni kwe-encomendero ngo-1537, leli dolobha ladlulela eCrown okwakuzoba yinkokhiso kulo kanye noTeciutlán no-Atempa, ongaphansi kukaMasipala wase-Izúcar de Matamoros. Kusukela ngo-1536, iHuatlatlauca yayinemantshi yayo futhi phakathi kuka-1743 no-1770 yayixhunywe ehhovisi lemeya iTepexi de la Seda, namuhla iRodríguez, isifunda okuncike kuso njengamanje.
Mayelana nokushunyayelwa kwayo, siyazi ukuthi abakwa-friari bokuqala ukufika kule ndawo kwakungama-Franciscans nokuthi, phakathi kuka-1566 no-1569, bashiya indawo, bayinikeza abaphathi bama-Augustine, okusobala ukuthi baphothula ukwakhiwa kwesigodlo bahlala kuleyo ndawo kwaze kwaba Ngekhulu le-18, kusishiya nesinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zokugwedlwa kwezinkuni nopende wokudweba we-polychrome.
Kulokho okwakufanele kube yindawo yokuhlala yangaphambi kweSpanishi, etholakala eningizimu yesigodlo, kusele ingxenye encane yezitezi, isiqeshana sodonga esakhiwe ngomcako omhlophe, isihlabathi nezingcezu zezinto zobumba ezinezimpawu zeMixteca neCholula.
Sithola nezibonelo zokwakhiwa kwamakholoniyali, njengebhuloho eligcinwe kahle kanye nendlu yekhulu le-16, eyokuqala eyakhiwa abaseSpain futhi okungenzeka ukuthi yayihlala ama-friars okuqala, anezimpawu zangaphambi kweSpanishi eziqoshwe ekhoneni nasezintanjeni. Ingaphakathi layo elingaphakathi, kanye nehhavini lesinkwa elikhulu kakhulu. Izindlu zaseHuatlatlauca zilula, zinophahla lwama-gabled wotshani, olunezindonga zamatshe amhlophe ezivela esifundeni. Iningi lisawagcina ama-ovini, ama-themecals nama-coscomates (uhlobo lwama-silos lapho agcina khona ummbila), okusivumela ukuthi sicabange ngokulinganisa okulinganiselwe ukuthi kwakunjani ngaphambili kwabo kwe-Hispanic. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izakhiwo zesimanje nezitsha zesathelayithi ziyishintshe kakhulu indawo ebukeka, okwenza ukuthi ilahlekelwe isitayela sokuqala sokwakhiwa komdabu. Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kuhlakazekile futhi kugcina ukwabiwa kwendawo kwamakhelwane. In ngamunye wabo kukhona isonto. Lezi kungenzeka zakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, njengalezo zaseSan Pedro naseSan Pablo, eSan José - ezisalondoloze uqweqwe oluncane-, iSan Francisco, iLa Candelaria neSan Nicolás de Tolentino, esendaweni yesibili Isigaba seHuatlatlauca. Kuzo zonke kunenkosi encane ehlala iqonde ngasentshonalanga, njengesigodlo sezindela. Baphethe ama-butler abo ababanakekelayo ngothando, ngokunamathela nangenhlonipho.
Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha, isakhiwo esiyisikhungo saseSanta María de los Reyes, i-Huatlatlauca, satholwa ngabaphenyi abavela ku-lNAH, beqhuba imisebenzi yokuqala yokongiwa nokubuyiselwa, eyayiqukethe ukususwa kwengubo kalamende ezindongeni. ezazisetshenzisiwe kubo esikhathini esedlule futhi ezimboze ngokuphelele cishe u-400 m2 womdwebo osendongeni, kokubili kuma-cloisters aphansi nangaphezulu. Umsebenzi wokongiwa kwemvelo wenziwa nophahla lwesakhiwo, lapho kwaphuma khona umswakama omningi.
Isigodlo sonke seSanta María de los Reyes sine-atrium engunxande eneminyango emibili nodonga oluxubile. Kwenye yemikhawulo yayo, eningizimu, kune-sundial eyenziwe ngamatshe.
Ukweqa phezulu kwe-atrium kumi isonto, ngesitayela sePlateresque. Yakhiwe ngendlamu eyodwa efulelwe ngendlwana yomgqomo, enezindlu ezintathu zendlu yasemaphandleni kanye ne-presbytery eyindilinga. Ama-friars amaFranciscan ashiye kulelo thempeli, asanda kulungiswa kabusha, esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zophahla lwamabhokisi okwenziwe ngamapulangwe ngekhulu le-16 ezisalondolozwe ezweni lethu, nokuthi, endle nasengutsheni yangaphansi, inomhlobiso onezingqikithi ezivamile ku-iconis yaseFranciscan, ephindwa njalo esigabeni esithile futhi yakhiwe ngamapaneli angunxande aqoshwe ngokhuni lwe-ahuehuete. Ezinye, njengalezo ze-sotocoro, zinezicelo zesiliva negolide.
Ngasohlangothini lwesobunxele kwakhiwa okwakubonakala kuyisonto elivulekile, okwathi kamuva lakhiwa ngezitini, futhi okwamanje eligcina ingxenye ye-Parish Archive. Ngakwesokudla yisango elinikeza ukufinyelela ebhokisini lamakhosistela futhi engxenyeni emaphakathi kunethangi eliyindilinga. Ngaphezu kwamaseli wangempela, amanye amagumbi afakiwe, akhiwe eminyakeni embalwa edlule futhi aqondiswa kulokho okwake kwaba yinsimu yezindela. Emazingeni amabili we-cloister, wobukhulu obuncane, imidwebo yodonga lwe-polychrome esezingeni eliphakeme lepulasitiki nokunotha kwezithonjana kugcinwa, lapho kungabonakala khona imidwebo yezandla nezitayela ezahlukahlukene.
Ebhokisini elingaphansi kunochungechunge lwabangcwele ikakhulu abangabokuhlelwa kwe-San Agustín: iSanta Mónica, iSan Nicolás de Tolentino, iSan Guillermo, kanye nabanye abafel 'ukholo ababonakala kuphela esithombeni sendawo yalesi sigodlo: iSan Rústico, ISan Rodato, iSan Columbano, iSan Bonifacio neSan Severo. Kukhona nezigcawu zeFlallllation, Ukubethelwa kanye noVuko lukaKrestu, ezifakwe emakhoneni ezindonga ze-cloister. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kunomfutho osanta nabaphostoli oboshwe ezihlangu, ngeshwa kwaphela kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye. Phakathi kwesihlangu nesihlangu sithola ukuhlobisa kwezitshalo, izinyoni, izilwane nezingelosi eziziphindayo ngesigqi futhi zilayishwe incazelo nophawu. Ebhokisini elingaphezulu, umdwebo omningi usesimweni esingesihle sokongiwa kwemvelo kanti eminye ilahlekile kakhulu; lapha futhi, emakhoneni odonga ngalunye, kumelwe izigcawu ezibalulekile zenkolo ezifana ne-The Last Judgment, i-Flagellation, i-Garden Prayer, i-Resurrection ne-Crucifixion, i-Thebaid, i-Road to Calvary ne-Ecce Homo.
Into engajwayelekile kakhulu ngalesi sigodlo ingukugcina okuhlukile kwezithombe zeBhayibheli ezimelwe kule midwebo esezindongeni. Kuyinto engajwayelekile ezigodlweni zase-Augustin zekhulu le-16.
IHuatlatlauca nayo ibiyindawo ekhohliwe, kepha ingcebo yayo yemvelo, yomlando, yamasiko kanye nezobuciko ingalahleka ngisho nangaphezulu, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokonakala okubangelwe yisikhathi nemvelo, kepha nangenxa yobudedengu bendawo nabavakashi abathi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene Zibangela ukunyamalala kancane kancane kwalezi zimpawu zesikhathi esedlule. Lokhu kungadala isikhala esingenakuhlengwa emlandweni wethu wekoloni esingasoze sazisola ngaso ngokwanele. Kuyaphuthuma ukubuyisela emuva le nqubo.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-19 Julayi / Agasti 1997
