IMexico City ibe nezinguquko eziningi, ngakho-ke isikhathi ngasinye somlando wayo sakhiwe ngezinsalela zangaphambilini. Ngenxa yezinguquko ezinengqondo zedolobha elikhulu, lokhu kubhujiswa okuqhubekayo nokwakhiwa kabusha kuqala ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, njengephrojekthi yokutakula yamanje yeSikhungo Sezomlando.
IMexico City ibe nezinguquko eziningi, ngakho-ke isikhathi ngasinye somlando wayo sakhiwe ngezinsalela zangaphambilini. Ngenxa yezinguquko ezinengqondo zedolobha elikhulu, lokhu kubhujiswa okuqhubekayo nokwakhiwa kabusha kuqala ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, njengephrojekthi yokutakula yamanje yeSikhungo Sezomlando.
Isungulwe ngo-1325, iMexico City yayiyisihlalo sobukhosi bama-Aztec, ngaleso sikhathi yayiphethe indawo enkulu. Ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, uhlelo oluqondile nolwejiyometri lwakhiwa ukuthi imisele edidiyelwe nemigwaqo yokungena, ilungiselelo elibonakalise ukuvela kwayo kuze kube namuhla. Lapho-ke ukubhujiswa nokwakhiwa kabusha kwenziwa ngokuguqula imisebenzi ekhona, injalo indaba yamathempeli namaphiramidi "unyaka ngamunye omusha" - okulingana neminyaka yethu engama-52. Ngokuzalwa okungokomfanekiso kweLanga, izengezo zabekwa esakhiweni sesigaba esandulele; Ngokunjalo, umjikelezo ngamunye wawugujwa ngokucekelwa phansi kwefenisha nemikhumbi ukukhipha konke enkathini entsha, okuchaza ukutholwa kwezingcezu ekumbeni kwemivubukulo.
Kamuva, abanqobi bahlala ngaphakathi kwesiza, lapho banikezwa khona izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene. Eqinisweni, uhlelo olwenziwe yiSpanish u-Alonso García Bravo lokwakha kabusha idolobha lwagcina okuningi kohlelo lokuqala. Izikhathi eziningi kuye kwazanywa ukucabanga ukuthi bekuzokwenzekani ukube ubuhle beGreater Tenochtitlan bebehlonishwa futhi abaseSpain bakhe elinye idolobha elincomekayo, kepha izintshisekelo zeConquest ziyisusile le mbono.
Ukuguqulwa kwedolobha okulandelayo kwaholela ekutheni kube yisihlalo sikahulumeni wobukhosi baseNew Spain futhi ukwakheka kwawo kwakwakhiwe emanxiweni wedolobha lomdabu ngemuva kokucekelwa phansi. Kulokhu kulungiswa, imigwaqo emikhulu yagcinwa, njengeTenayuca, manje eyaziwa njengeVallejo; I-Tlacopan, namuhla eyiMexico Tacuba, neTepeyac, manje eyiCalzada de los Misterios. Izindawo ezine zomdabu ezathi ngesikhathi sobuholi bokwethembeka zashintsha amagama azo eNahuatl ngenxa yethonya lobuKrestu nazo zahlonishwa: iSan Juan Moyotla, iSanta María Tlaquechiuacan, iSan Sebastián Atzacualco neSan Pedro Teopan.
Ngakho-ke, "idolobha lamakoloni lalakhiwe emanxiweni edolobha lomdabu, lisusa imfucumfucu yamakhosi namathempeli adilikayo, lakha elisha ezisekelweni zalo, lisebenzisa izinto ezifanayo," ngokusho kukaLuis González Obregón encwadini yakhe ethi Las Calles kusuka eMexico. Ushintsho olukhulu lwenzeka ngenkathi idolobha lilahlekelwa izici zalo zechibi ngemuva kwemisebenzi yokomisa iLake Texcoco, elenziwa ngekhulu le-16 futhi laphetha ngo-1900.
Ngezinga elikhulu, ngesikhathi seKoloni leli dolobha lakhiwa ngezidingo zenkolo. Mayelana nalokhu, uGonzález Obregón ubuye abhekise futhi: “ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa idolobha lamakoloni lakhula labantu kanye nezakhiwo, futhi imigwaqo kanye nezikwele zahlaselwa yizigodlo ezintsha, amasonto, izibhedlela, izindawo ezibhedlela kanye nezikole, futhi zazingcolile kakhulu kunedolobha lamakoloni Ikhulu le-16, ikhulu le-17 lalikholwa kakhulu, licishe labusiswa ”.
Kakade ngekhulu le-19 bekuyisihlalo samandla ombuso ngemuva kwe-Independence futhi kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu eminyakeni edlule, phakathi kwazo ukunyamalala kwama-convents ngemuva kwemithetho Yezinguquko kanye nesigaba sokwakhiwa komphakathi kwekhulu lama-20. Lokhu kungaba enye inkathi yokubhujiswa, ngoba singaba namadolobha amathathu: i-pre-Hispanic, i-viceregal kanye ne-reformist.
Ushintsho olubalulekile lwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-1910 Revolution, lapho ngesimemezelo i-zócalo, i-Calle de Moneda nezakhiwo zenani lomlando zavikelwa. Ukuqala ngonyaka we-1930, ukwakhiwa okusha komlando wenani lokwakhiwa kwedolobha kwasungulwa, okwakuthathwa njengesikhungo sabantu esibaluleke kunazo zonke ezwenikazi laseMelika; lapho-ke yayihlala ngokuphelele ekuphathweni komphakathi, imisebenzi yezezimali, izinhlangano zezohwebo nendlu eyinhloko yezifundo, iNational University. Izimemezelo zethulwa ukuzwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokulondolozwa kwazo nokuvimbela ukukhula okungalawuleki nokonakala kwesithombe saso sasemadolobheni.
UKUPHUMA
Ngenxa yokonakala, kusukela ngo-1911 inani labantu laqala ukuphuma kulesi sikhungo futhi izakhamizi zalo zazigxile ikakhulu emakoloni aseGuerrero, Nueva Santa María, San Rafael, Roma, Juárez naseSan Miguel Tacubaya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlela ezintsha zenzelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhulayo zomgwaqo kwathi ngo-1968 kwavulwa imizila yokuqala ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba ngenhloso yokweseka izithuthi zomphakathi; kodwa-ke, inkinga iqhubekile ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu kanye nenani lezimoto.
Ngo-Ephreli 11, 1980, ngemuva kokutholakala kweMeya yaseTemplo kanye naseCoyolxauhqui, kwakhishwa isimemezelo esimemezela isikhungo esingumlando saseMexico City njengendawo yamatshe esikhumbuzo angokomlando, abeka imingcele emabhulokini angama-668 nge ukunwetshwa kwamakhilomitha ayi-9.1.
Isimemezelo sihlukanisa le ndawo ngamasentimitha amabili: i-A ivala leyo ebimboze idolobha langaphambi kweSpanishi nokwandiswa kwalo ekuqiniseni kuze kube yi-Independence, kanti i-B ifaka nezandiso ezenziwa kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19. Ngokunjalo, isimemezelo sango-1980, esasivikela izakhiwo namatshe ezikhumbuzo kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-19, sithathe ukongiwa nokubuyiselwa kwamagugu ezakhiwo namasiko njengokubalulekile njengengxenye yezinhlelo zentuthuko yasemadolobheni.
UKUHANJISWA KWESIKHUNGO SOMLANDO SOMDolobha WASE-MEXICO
Inengaphezulu nje kwe-9 km2 futhi ihlala ngamabhulokhi angama-668. Kunezakhiwo ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-9 nezakhiwo ezizungeze i-1 500 zenani elikhulu, nokwakhiwa okwenziwe phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-20.
ISIBONELELO ...
IPalacio de Iturbide yakhiwa ngekhulu le-17 leminyaka iMarquis yaseSan Mateo de Valparaíso futhi iyisibonelo sezakhiwo zeBaroque ezinethonya lase-Italy. Yadizayinwa ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uFrancisco Guerrero y Torres, owayengumbhali weSigodlo Samanani SaseSan Mateo Valparaíso kanye neCapilla del Pocito eBasilica yaseGuadalupe; Ingaphambili layo linemizimba eminingana nepatio lizungezwe amakholomu amahle. Inokufinyelela emigwaqweni yaseGante, eBolívar naseMadero. Lesi sigodlo saziwa ngegama lokuthi i-Iturbide yayihlala lapho ingena eMexico iyinhloko yebutho likaTrigarante. Isikhathi eside bekuyihhotela, belibuyiselwe ngokuphelele futhi manje lihlala emnyuziyamu nakumahhovisi eBanamex. Kodwa-ke, ingavakashelwa ngumphakathi. Iphakathi kwezakhiwo ezikhanyisiwe eziseHistoric Center Trust Program.
Ekhoneni lika-16 de Septiembre –phambi kukaColiseise Viejo– no-Isabel la Católica –ngaphambi kuka-Espiritu Santo– iBoxer Building itholakala, eyakhiwa ngo-1865 ukufaka isitolo sezinto zokwakha esinegama elifanayo. Yenzelwe abakhi bezakhiwo uDe Lemus noCordes, abavela eNew York, ababhali besitolo esidumile saseMacys kulelo dolobha, futhi babulawa nguGonzalo Garita waseMexico, owenza umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kweSikhumbuzo Sokuzimela kanye nezisekelo zeSigodlo. Ubuciko obuhle. Le ndawo inesakhiwo sodadewabo, yiso esihlala iBhange LaseMexico, elibulawa ngulomakhi kanye nomakhi ofanayo; Ngo-1900 lavulwa nguDon Porfirio Díaz futhi ngaleso sikhathi lalithathwa njengelesimanje kunawo wonke eMexico, ngoba lalingelokuqala ukwakhiwa ngezinsika nezinsika. Kubhekwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando nokwakhiwa kwedolobha.
Phakathi kwezinye zezindatshana zale ndawo, kuthiwa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa, uCihuateteo, unkulunkulukazi ongumama okumanje useMunal, nokhozi olushumpulwe ikhanda latholakala eNational Museum of Anthropology. Umnikazi wayo, uPedro Boker, ubambe iqhaza ngqo emisebenzini yokutakula eyenziwa kuleyo migwaqo futhi usitshela ukuthi kube nomakhelwane abathathu ngomgwaqo ngamunye, ababamba iqhaza ekuphathweni kwemisebenzi.
UKUTHOLA IZENZO
Ukuwohloka okukhulayo kwalesi sikhungo kufaka phakathi izici zezomnotho, ezenhlalo, ezepolitiki kanye nezasemadolobheni, ngakho-ke uhlelo lokutakula kumele luzicabangele ngenhloso yokonga amagugu ethu omlando namasiko.
Iphrojekthi yamanje yokwenziwa kabusha kwe-Historic Center iholwa yiTrust of the Historic Center yaseMexico City, eholwa ngu-Ana Lilia Cepeda, futhi iqukethe iqoqo lezenzo eziqondiswayo nezihambisanayo, ezizokhiqiza esikhathini seminyaka emine (2002-2006). umthelela omuhle esikhaleni sasemadolobheni.
UKUHLOLA KOMNOTHO
Ngalo mqondo, baphakamisa ukuqinisekisa inzuzo ekutshalweni kwezimali, ukuqinisekisa ukutshalwa kwezindlu, ukucabanga kabusha ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo, ukuvuselela le ndawo ngokomnotho nokwenza imisebenzi.
IZINDLELA ZOKUPHILA
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifuna ukuvuselela nokubuyisa izimo zokuphila zale ndawo, iqinise izimpande zemindeni ehlala kuyo, iphinde ixazulule nezinkinga zezohwebo emigwaqweni yomphakathi, ukungavikeleki, ubumpofu kanye nokuwohloka kwabantu.
IZIGABA ZOKUTHOLAKALA KWESIKHUNGO SOMLANDO NGOMSEBENZI WOKUBHALISWA KWAKHO
Okokuqala (bobathathu kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuNovemba 2002):
Kwakuhlanganisa imigwaqo engu-5 de Mayo, Isabel La Católica / República de Chile, uFrancisco I. Madero no-Allende / Bolívar.
Okwesibili:
Imboza imigwaqo engu-16 de Septiembre, eDonceles, isuka e-Eje Central iye eRepública de Argentina, kanye nezingxenye ezimbili zePalma, phakathi kuka-16 de Septiembre noVenustiano Carranza, phakathi kuka-5 de Mayo noMadero
Okwesithathu:
Isebenza emigwaqweni yaseVenustiano Carranza, isuka e-Eje Central iya ePino Suárez, izingxenye ezisele zePalma, enye kaFebhuwari 5, phakathi kukaSepthemba 16 noVenustiano Carranza. EMotolinía Street, phansi nemibhede yezimbali kwavuselelwa, kwathi ngokwesicelo somakhelwane, isigaba esiphakathi kweTacuba ne-5 de Mayo saguqulwa saba indawo yabahamba ngezinyawo.
Isigaba sesine: (kusuka ngoJulayi 27, 2002 kuya ku-Okthoba 2003). Kubandakanya umgwaqo weTacuba (imifudlana, amabutho kanye nemigwaqo eseceleni).
UHLELO LWE-URBAN IMAGE
Kungenelela ezicini zezindawo ezisemadolobheni ngomqondo wokuhlonipha amagugu omlando; Lokhu kungenelela okulondolozayo, okubandakanya ukuhlelwa kwezingilazi, ukukhanyisa izakhiwo, ifenisha yasemadolobheni, ezokuhamba nemigwaqo, ukupaka izimoto, uku-oda kwezebhizinisi emigwaqweni yomphakathi, nokuqoqwa kukadoti.
UMSEBENZI WOKUKHANYA
Ukukhanya kwezakhiwo kugqamisa ubuhle bazo ngokuvakasha ebusuku. Phakathi kwalabo abakhanyiselwe kulolu hlelo kukhona:
• E-Isabel La Católica La Esmeralda, eSpain Casino, eNdlini ye-Count of Miravalle naseBoker House.
• EMadero, ukukhanyisa kwaklanyelwe ethempelini laseSan Felipe, i-atrium yaseSan Francisco, isigodlo sase-Iturbide, iLa Profesa, iCasa Borda kanye nePimentel Building.
• NgoMeyi 5, kwafakwa izibani eMonte de Piedad, eCasa Ajaracas, eParis Building, eMotolinía nangoMeyi 5, ePalestina, kanye nasesithombeni esingaphambili seBuilding of Weights and Measures.
AMOUNS NOKUBONAKALAYO
Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Ezisedolobheni lweSikhungo Sezomlando luchaza ukutshalwa kwemali kuhulumeni waseFederal District wama-pesos (mp) angama-375 wezigidi ezenzweni zengqalasizinda, ezithombeni zasemadolobheni nasekuthengweni kwempahla. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese kufinyelela kuma-pesos ayizigidi ezingama-4,500 kumaphrojekthi wokuthengwa kwempahla nokufakwa kwezitolo, izindawo zokudlela namanye amabhizinisi.
Lolu shintsho lubaluleke kakhulu kusukela ngo-1902, okokugcina kwavulwa imigwaqo kwalungiswa nengqalasizinda. Kungumsebenzi olondolozayo wezindinganiso zendawo esemlandweni, lapho uhulumeni wesifunda saseFederal, iNational Institute of Anthropology and History, iNational Institute of Fine Arts, izazi-mlando zobuciko, ababuyiseli bezakhiwo, abakhi bezakhiwo nabahleli basemadolobheni babamba iqhaza. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, isikhungo sizobuyisa ubuhle baso obuningi.
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-331 / Septhemba 2004
