Mayelana nomsuka nencazelo yegama layo, konke kukhombisa ukuthi iQuerétaro yigama elivela olimini lwePurépecha futhi lisho ukuthi "ibhola lomdlalo" (njengoTlachco eNahuatl naseNda-maxeien Otomí).
Ngokwesiko, isifunda saseQuerétaro besilokhu siyizwe lama-Otomi, kepha kuthe lapho bezwa ngokunqotshwa kweMexico-Tenochtitlan, amaqembu ahlukahlukene ahlala esifundeni anquma ukuyishiya ayongena emazweni asenyakatho, ukuze abalekele amakhosi amasha. Impilo yabo yashintsha kakhulu, njengoba bengashiyanga impahla nempahla yabo kuphela, kepha babuye badela impilo yabo yokuhlala baba ngabazingeli, njengamaChichimecas. Mayelana nomsuka nencazelo yegama layo, konke kubonisa ukuthi iQuerétaro yigama elivela olimini lwePurépecha futhi lisho ukuthi “ibhola lomdlalo” (njengoTlachco eNahuatl naseNda-maxeien Otomí). Ngokwesiko, isifunda saseQuerétaro besilokhu siyizwe lama-Otomi, kepha kuthe lapho bezwa ngokunqotshwa kweMexico-Tenochtitlan, amaqembu ahlukahlukene ahlala esifundeni anquma ukuyishiya ayongena emazweni asenyakatho, ukuze abalekele amakhosi amasha. Impilo yabo yashintsha kakhulu, njengoba bengashiyanga impahla nempahla yabo kuphela, kepha babuye badela impilo yabo yokuhlala baba ngabazingeli, njengamaChichimecas.
Idolobha lamanje iQuerétaro lisendaweni esegqumeni elisemnyango wesigodi esincane, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1 830 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Isimo sezulu sipholile futhi ngokujwayelekile imvula iba nesilinganiso esiphansi ngaso sonke isikhathi sonyaka. Izindawo eziseduze nedolobha ziveza i-panorama eyi-semi-desert, lapho izimila zimelelwa khona yi-cacti yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Isibalo sabantu njengamanje siphakathi kwabantu abangama-250 nabangu-300,000, basatshalaliswa cishe ngama-30 km2. Imisebenzi emikhulu yezomnotho imboni, ezolimo, nezohwebo.
UMLANDO
Umnqobi wokuqala waseSpain owafika kulesi sigodi ngo-1531 kwakunguHernán Pérez de Bocanegra futhi wakwenza neqembu labantu bomdabu basePurépecha no-Otomí abadabuka e-Acámbaro, abathatha isinqumo sokuthola idolobha.
Ngenxa yokuxabana phakathi kukaPames nabaseSpain (nababambisene nabo), uConín, u-Otomí Pochteca wasendulo, waphendukela ebuKristwini futhi wabhapathizwa ngegama lesiSpanish elithi Hernando de Tapia.
Yebo, uDon Hernando de Tapia wayengumsunguli wedolobha lokuqala iQuerétaro elaziwa ngokusemthethweni yiCrown (1538), kepha ngenxa yezimo zomhlaba, kamuva, ngo-1550, abantu bathuthela lapho kunesikhungo sayo esihle namuhla. zomlando. Uhlaka jikelele lwabantu lubangelwe nguJuan Sánchez de Alanís.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iQuerétaro yaba yisihlalo senani elikhulu lezigodlo nezibhedlela, ezasungulwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene nangezinkolo ezahlukahlukene. Kukhona amaFranciscans, amaJesuit, ama-Augustinians, amaDominican, amaCarmelites akhethiwe, nabanye.
Esinye sezakhiwo zenkolo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuleli dolobha, esasungulwa ngekhulu le-16, yisigodlo sezindela saseSanta Cruz, inhloso yaso kwakungukuqhakambisa inkolo ye-Holy Cross of the Conquest. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside lesi sakhiwo besakhiwa futhi kuze kube yingxenye yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa lapho saphothulwa khona (kokubili ithempeli kanye nesigodlo sezindela). Ekugcineni, kusuka kule ndawo kwahamba izithunywa zevangeli ezihloniphekile ezazithatha ikhathekizimu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu zombuso waseNew Spain: iTexas, New Mexico, Arizona, Alta California, Guatemala naseNicaragua. Esinye isakhiwo sobuhle nokubaluleka okukhulu yiRoyal Convent yaseSanta Clara, eyasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa (1607) nguDon Diego Tapia (indodana kaConín), ukuze indodakazi yakhe ikwazi ukufeza ubizo lwayo lwezenkolo.
Ngokungafani namanye amadolobha nezifunda zaseNew Spain, iQuerétaro ibe nentuthuko enkulu kwezomnotho kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, isikhathi lapho kwenziwa izimali ezinkulu ukwakha kabusha izakhiwo zekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ezaqala ukudlula inani labantu abachumayo . Kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, amaQueretans acela isihloko sedolobha ngenani labantu babo, kepha iNkosi yaseSpain (uFelipe V) ayizange ikhiphe ukugunyazwa kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili (1712), lapho eyinikeza isihloko se-Noble and Very Idolobha Eliqotho laseSantiago de Querétaro.
Umcebo omkhulu wezinto ezibonakalayo namasiko leli dolobha elaba nawo ubonakala ezakhiweni zalo ezinhle kakhulu zezenkolo nezomphakathi. Imisebenzi emikhulu yezomnotho yaseQuerétaro, ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo nokukhuliswa kwemfuyo emikhulu nemincane, nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni ukukhiqizwa kwezindwangu ezisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhweba. IQuerétaro neSan Miguel el Grande ngaleso sikhathi babeyizikhungo eziyinhloko zokukhiqizwa kwendwangu; Lapho, akwenziwanga kuphela izingubo zabavukuzi nabalimi baseGuanajuato benkathi yama-viceregal, kodwa izindwangu zekhwalithi enhle ezazinemakethe kwezinye izingxenye zeNew Spain.
Futhi sengathi lokhu bekunganele, iQuerétaro bekulokhu kuyisigameko semicimbi eyahlukahlukene eyeqe umlando wezwe. Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yekhulu le-XIX, kuleli dolobha imihlangano noma imibuthano eyayiyisiqalo seMpi Yenkululeko yaseNew Spain yenzeka. Omunye wabahlanganyeli abakhulu kule mihlangano kwakungukaputeni wamaDragons weNdlovukazi u-Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, owayengumngani omkhulu we-corregidora Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. Ekugcineni, babezoba ngabalingisi bezinhlangano ezihlomile zango-1810.
Njengoba kwaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu, ngobusuku bangoSepthemba 15, 1810, abakwaCorregidora bazisa uCaptain Allende ukuthi uzungu lwaseQuerétaro lutholwe uhulumeni wase-viceregal, okwadala ukuthi inhlangano yenkululeko iqale ngaphambi kwesikhathi ebesilindelekile. . Umbusi waseQuerétaro, uMnu Ignacio Pérez, nguyena owahamba waya eSan Miguel el Grande ukuyoxwayisa u-Allende, kodwa lapho engamtholi, wathuthela enkampanini kaCaptain Juan Aldama waya eBandleni LaseDolores (namuhla iDolores Hidalgo), lapho kwakukhona khona u-Allende noHidalgo. onqume ukuqala inhlangano ehlomile ekuseni kakhulu ngo-Septhemba 16.
Lapho nje impi isiqale futhi ngenxa yemibiko eyatholwa yinduna yengozi yamaQueretans, idolobha lahlala lisezandleni zamakhosi asebukhosini, futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1821 lapho ibutho elizimele eliholwa nguGeneral Agustín de Iturbide lingalithatha. . Ngo-1824 insimu yeQuerétaro endala yamenyezelwa njengesinye sezifundazwe ezazizokwakha iRiphabhulikhi esanda kwakhiwa ye-United Mexico States.
Kodwa-ke, iminyaka yokuqala yeRiphabhulikhi yayingelula. Ohulumeni bokuqala baseMexico bebengazinzile kakhulu ngakho-ke kwavela inqwaba yezinkinga zezepolitiki ezasimamisa izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi iQuerétaro, okwathi ngenxa yokuba seduze kwayo neMexico City, eyayivame ukuhlangabezana nemicimbi enobudlova.
Kamuva, ngo-1848, iQuerétaro kwaba yindawo yesivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ne-United States of America, ngemuva kokuthi izwe lethu lihlaselwe yileso sizwe. Futhi bekuyinkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokungenelela kweFrance nombuso kaMaximilian. Leli dolobha laliyisithiyo sokugcina lapho ibutho lamaRiphabhulikhi kwakudingeka linqobe imperialism.
Cishe kwadlula iminyaka engama-20 ukuthi idolobha liqale phansi futhi ukwakhiwa kabusha kochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezazishiyiwe ngesikhathi semincintiswano enzima phakathi kwabalondolozi benkululeko kanye nabakhululekile. Njengakwamanye amadolobha amaningi ezweni, iPorfiriato imele isikhathi sokubuyela emuva kweQuerétaro maqondana nemisebenzi yokwakha neyasemadolobheni; kwabe sekwakhiwa izikwele, izimakethe, izindlu ezinhle, njll.
Nakulokhu futhi, ngenxa yenhlangano ehlomile yango-1910, uQuerétaro wabona izigameko ezibalulekile emlandweni waseMexico. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, ngoFebhuwari 2, 1916, uDon Venusiano Carranza wamemezela ukuthi leli dolobha liyisihlalo samandla esifundazwe eRiphabhulikhi. Ngemuva konyaka nezinsuku ezintathu, iTheatre yaseRiphabhlikhi yaba yindawo yokwaziswa koMthethosisekelo Wezepolitiki waseMelika yaseMelika, umqulu othi kuze kube manje usaqhubeka nokulawula izimpilo zazo zonke izakhamizi zaseMexico.
AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA WESITHAKAZELO ENDLELENI
Ukuhamba ngeQuerétaro kungenziwa kusuka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kepha into efanelekile ukuqala esikhungweni. EPlaza de la Constitución kunendawo yokupaka lapho ungashiya khona imoto yakho ngokuzethemba.
Amamitha ambalwa ukusuka ekuphumeni kwendawo yokupaka, yisigodlo esidala saseSan Francisco namuhla esiyindlunkulu yeRegional Museum, lapho ungancoma khona elinye lamaqoqo amahle kakhulu wobuciko bezithombe ze-viceregal. Lesi sakhiwo siphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni wedolobha ngoba uhlaka lwakudala lwedolobha olusungulwe nguHernando de Tapia luqale kulo. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kwahlala cishe iminyaka eyishumi (1540-1550).
Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo samanje akusona esidala; yisakhiwo esakhiwe kabusha cishe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa ngumakhi owaziwayo uJosé de Bayas Delgado. Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwesibhakabhaka esicacile sekhulu le-16 yitshe elibomvana okuqoshwe kulo umfanekiso weSantiago Apóstol. Izindwangu zaleli thempeli zingesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakhiwa kwenkosi uBayas, owathi ngo-1658 waqala ukusebenza namafrancis aseFranciscan ekwakhiweni kabusha kwesigodlo, kwathi eminyakeni emibili kamuva kulokho kwethempeli.
Uma ushiya lesi sakhiwo, jikela kwesokudla bese uya eCalle de 5 de Mayo. Lapho uzothola umsebenzi womphakathi oyalelwe ukuthi wakhelwe cishe ngo-1770 obaluleke ngokweqile ngokomlando kwazise bekuyindlunkulu yamaRoyal Houses aleli dolobha. Kodwa mhlawumbe umcimbi omlando ophawuleka kakhulu ukuthi kusukela lapha, ngoSepthemba 14, 1810, unkosikazi weMeya yedolobha, uNkk Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, wathumela umyalezo eSan Miguel el Grande ebhekiswe kuKaputeni Ignacio de Allende, emazisa ngo ukutholakala kohlelo lokwenza iNew Spain izimele embusweni waseSpain. Namuhla yisigodlo sikaHulumeni, isihlalo samandla ombuso.
Emigwaqweni yaseLibertad naseLuis Pasteur yiNdlu kaDon Bartolo (uMnyango Wezemfundo Yomphakathi njengamanje), isibonelo esiyigugu sezakhiwo zomphakathi kusukela esikhathini se-viceregal, esasihlala umuntu obaluleke kakhulu emnothweni waseNew Spain : iMarquis de Rayas Don Bartolomé de Sardaneta y Legaspi, yena kanye nomndeni wakhe ababeyiphayona lezobuchwepheshe embonini yezimayini eGuanajuato. Banomsebenzi wokwakha imiphongolo yokuqala eqondile eqondile, eyaphumelela kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezimayini ze-viceregal.
Ngokungafani nezakhiwo zekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili amathempeli anomhlobiso omkhulu akhiwe. I-façade yethempeli laseSan Agustín ibonakala ngokuletha izidumbu ezintathu ezigcina ngesiphambano esifakwe kwi-niche yesiphambano esenziwe etsheni elibomvana futhi lihlotshiswe ngokucebile. Leli thempeli laqedwa ngo-1736.
Akungabazeki ukuthi esinye sezakhiwo ezimele kakhulu izakhiwo zenkolo zaseQueretaro zekhulu le-18 yiThempeli kanye neConvent yeSanta Rosa de Viterbo, ngoba amabhande alo noma izindiza zalo ezindizayo ziyinkomba yezinye zezinto zokwakha zaleso sikhathi, ezazenzelwe ukwakha izindlu ezinkulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwakhiwa imihlobiso eqinile ngokweqile, kepha yinhle ngezinhlobo zayo.
Kepha uma izinhlobo zangaphandle zisithokozisa, lezo ezingaphakathi ziyasijabulisa; izingcezu zalo ze-altare zekhulu le-18, ezihlotshiswe ngokunambitheka okuhle, kuyisipho sokutshala amafomu. Osonhlamvukazi, ama-niches, iminyango, amakholomu, izingelosi nosanta, konke kuhlaselwa ngamaqabunga egolide, izimbali nezithelo. Futhi uma lokho bekunganele, ipulpiti lihlotshiswe ngesitayela samaMoor ngama-inlays kamama-we-pearl, izinyo lendlovu nezinkuni ezahlukahlukene ezikwenza ubuciko bangempela bokwenza ikhabethe.
Indawo enhle neqabulayo ye-Alameda isukela enkathini eyiphini lobukhosi, yize ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ithole ukungenelela okuhlukahlukene okuguqule ukubukeka kwayo kwasekuqaleni. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ihlotshiswe ngezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla, ngoba ama-laurels aseNdiya namuhla enza indawo yangaphakathi ye-Alameda ibe luhlaza, isukela emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule.
Sishiya umsele kuze kube sekugcineni, isibonelo esihle kakhulu sobunjiniyela bamanzi benkathi ye-viceregal ngoba, ngaphandle kokungabaza, yisikhumbuzo esimele abantu abaningi edolobheni laseQuerétaro. Eyakhelwe phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-18 yiMarquis de la Villa del Villar del Águila ukuze yanelise isidingo sokuqala sangezolo futhi njalo, nanamuhla isemi ngobukhulu, ivelele emphakathini wezindawo zasemadolobheni.
Yize ingasasebenzi umsebenzi wayo wokuqala, ayikho i-panorama yasemadolobheni yaseQuerétaro lapho isibalo esincanyana kodwa esiqinile somsele singabonakali khona. Imengamo yalo ebabazekayo engama-74 ibonakala iyizikhali ezamukela noma ngubani ofuna ukujabulela amahora angalibaleki.
Lolu hambo oluncane emigwaqweni yaseQuerétaro luzofana nesikhalo sesidlo esimnandi. Kukuwe, mfundi othandekayo, ukujabulela idili elicebile lobunjwa be-baroque, imibala kanye nokwakheka esikunikezwa yizwe elisemadolobheni iQuerétaro. Thokozela ukudla.
Ezinye izindawo okufanele uzivakashele, ngokwesibonelo, umthombo waseNeptune, umsebenzi owenziwe ngumdwebi odumile waseGuanajuato uFrancisco Eduardo Tresguerras ngo-1797; iNdlu Yezinja, ehlala isikhathi eside nguMariano de las Casas, ongomunye wabakhi abaziwa kakhulu eQuerétaro; iNdlu yaseMarquise obekuhlala kuyo unkosikazi weMarquis del Villar, osizakalayo wedolobha futhi owakha umsele wamanzi; iGreat Theatre yeRiphabhulikhi; iNdlu Endala Yeshumi; iNdlu yamaPatios amahlanu, kanye neNdlu yase-Ecala.
Umthombo: UMexico ongaziwa uNombolo 224 / Okthoba 1995
