Lapho sibona izifanekiselo zabonkulunkulu emasikweni ahlukene, thina bantu sikholwa ukuthi babehlala bekhona lapho isandla somuntu sibabeke khona nokuthi akukho lutho ngesikhathi esikwazile ukuthinta abaningi babo, ngenxa yobukhazikhazi abubonisayo.
Lapho sithi "onkulunkulu" sikhuluma ngezinhlamvu ezidalwe ngabantu, noma izidalwa zangempela ezahlakazwa kamuva ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo kulo mhlaba ngezimangaliso ezazizenza empilweni.
Isithixo ngasinye sezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene zangaphambi kweSpanishi siveza izici ezihlukile, zombili ngokwenganekwane yenkolo futhi maqondana nezethulo zobuciko, ezibonisa izimfanelo ezinqumayo futhi zigcwele uphawu ngokwencazelo yazo ngayinye. Abanye abalobi beSpanishi bekhulu le-16 njengoFray Bernardino de Sahagún noFray Diego Durán bakukhombisile lokhu; Phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi, balandisa ngokuncenga konkulunkulu bala mazwe, imvunulo yabo nemihlobiso, imibala nemidwebo abadwetshwe ngayo, izinto abenziwe futhi bahlobisa ngazo; Izindawo ezithwetshulwe onkulunkulu ezazihlala ezindaweni ezivalekile kanye nendlela ababehlonishwa ngayo ngemikhosi, imikhosi, imikhosi kanye nemihlatshelo.
Isibonelo salokhu incazelo kaDurán kankulunkulu uHuitzilopochtIi "ukuthi yena yedwa wayebizwa ngenkosi yenceku futhi onamandla onke": lesi sithombe sasinebunzi lonke eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nangaphezulu kwekhala laso elinye ibhandeshi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elamsusa endlebeni kuye endlebeni. , yayinekhanda elinothile ekhanda elenziwe ngomlomo wenyoni, leyo nyoni eyayibiza ngokuthi i-vitzitzilin. […] Lesi sithombe esigqoke kahle futhi sigqoke kahle sasibekwa e-altare eliphakeme egumbini elincane elimbozwe kakhulu ngezingubo zokugqoka nangamagugu nezimpaphe nemihlobiso yegolide kanye nezimpaphe eziqhakazile nezinelukuluku ababezazi nabangazigqoka, babehlala ikhethini phambi kwenhlonipho eyengeziwe nokuzuza.
Abanye bathi ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa bathi isifanekiso sibhidlizwe sisuka phezulu kweMeya yaseTemplo yisosha uGil González de Benavides, owathola njengomvuzo ngalesi sakhiwo izindawo ezasala ezweni lethempeli elibhidlikile. Ngalokhu siyabona ukuthi isiphetho esihlukile sagijima kanjani, ngokudidayo, ukubunjwa kukankulunkulu uHuitzilopochtli kusuka kulokho okuhlupheka udadewabo, unkulunkulukazi uCoyolxauhqui, isithombe sakhe esatholwa siphelele futhi sisesimweni esihle kakhulu. Futhi kungukuthi, kholwa noma ungakukholwa, ukunakekelwa kukankulunkulukazi kweqile.
Eqinisweni, lapho abantu becabanga ngokuqoshwa konkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, iningi labo licabanga ukuthi liphume lihlanzekile, liphelele (noma cishe) ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Akacabangi ukuthi kusukela ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwabo kuze kube yileso sokutholwa kwabo ngumvubukuli, izithombe ezibunjiwe zangaphambi kweSpanishi ziqoqe uchungechunge lwemininingwane esezivele ziyingxenye yazo futhi zibenza zithakazelise futhi zibaluleke kakhulu. Sikhuluma ngemininingwane efana nale: isizathu sezombusazwe nezenkolo ukuthi kungani isithombe ngasinye senziwe, umsebenzi wesiko owenzelwe wona wabekwa endaweni ethile, ukunakwa okwakutholwa, izizathu zokuthi kungani wayeka ukuhlonishwa futhi ivikelwe ngokuyimboza ngomhlaba, umonakalo eyabhekana nawo ngesikhathi ingcwatshwa, noma izinguquko eyenzeka lapho itholwa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.
Abantu abacabangi ngezehlakalo zobuchwepheshe ekutholakaleni nasekudluliseni, noma ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali okukhiqiza izingqinamba ngezindlela ezifanelekile zokwelapha ezizofakwa, noma ukuphenywa okujulile ezincwadini abasishiyile umlando ukuthi bakwazi ukuphikisana nokuhumusha okuvelayo. Kepha lapho umphakathi ungena ujule emlandweni wawo ngokufunda lolu hlobo lolwazi futhi ubuke izithombe futhi, kwesinye isikhathi, ngisho namavidiyo akhombisa indlela okutholwe ngayo futhi kwavunjululwa ngayo izithombe zonkulunkulu, lapho-ke baqala ukubona ukuthi kunemikhakha ekhethekile Inhloso ethize ukunakekela hhayi kuphela onkulunkulu — noma ngabe lokhu kuyisihloko esisikhathazayo njengamanje—, kepha futhi nokunikeza izindlela zokongiwa nokubuyiselwa kwazo zonke izinto ezitholakala ekumbeni.
UCoyoIxauhqui, unkulunkulukazi wenyanga nodadewabo kaHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu welanga, wayefanelwe ukunakekelwa ngokweqile selokhu athola iMeya yaseTemplo ngezizathu eziningana: 1. Watholwa ngephutha ngabasebenzi beNkampani Yokukhanya Namandla; 2.) Abavubukuli abavela eMnyangweni Wezokuvubukulwa Kwezemvelo we-INAH benza umsebenzi wokuhlenga lo nkulunkulukazi, owawuhlanganisa ukumkhulula kwi-iodine namatshe, ukwenza ukuhlanza okungenasisekelo, kanye nokumba indawo ezungezile nengaphansi kukankulunkulukazi ukuze kufundwe; 3 °) lesi sakamuva saveza isidingo sokuguqula isakhiwo esizosisekela ku-situ (endaweni yaso yasekuqaleni), okwathi ngokukaJulio Chan kwakhiwa onxantathu ababili bamapuleti ensimbi (ababeka i-neoprene, into yamakhemikhali, njengesivikelo ) futhi yasekelwa yona ngokusebenzisa imishayo yensimbi ene-footings futhi phakathi nendawo kwabekwa amajack amathathu ahleliwe ezitsheni ezinesihlabathi; Ababuyisi be-4 °) boMnyango Wezokubuyiselwa Kwamagugu Esiko ngaleso sikhathi we-INAH basebenzise umuthi wokuvikela ukuhlanza ngomshini (ngezinsimbi zezokwelapha), ukuhlanza amakhemikhali, ukulungisa upende, ukumbozwa emaphethelweni okwephuka kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezingcezu ezincane.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kwathathwa amasampula ukuze ahlolisiswe (ngabasebenzi abavela eMnyangweni Wangaphambi Komlando) wawo womabili amatshe kanye ne-polychromy yawo eyindlala, okwaholela kokulandelayo:
-Itshe liyi-tuff ye-volcanic yohlobo lwe-extrusive "trachiandesite", obomvana ngombala okhanyayo.
-Umbala ophuzi uyi-ocher eyenziwe nge-hydrated iron oxide.
-Umbala obomvu yi-iron-oxide engenawo amanzi
Ukuhlaziywa kwetshe akusetshenziswanga nje kuphela ukwazi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okwenzayo, kodwa futhi nokwazi ukuthi ngakuphi isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo kwatholakala ngemuva kweminyaka engama-500 ingcwatshwe. Ngenxa yokubona okuncane kakhulu, ochwepheshe bakwazi ukuthola imininingwane emayelana nokulahleka, ingxenye enkulu, yesici esiyinhloko salolu hlobo lwetshe, njenge-silica. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuthi kunikezwe uCoyolxauhqui umuthi wokuhlanganisa ngokucophelela ukuze abuyisele lokhu kulahlekelwa, ngakho-ke, namandla akhe amakhemikhali. Kuze kube manje, kusetshenziswe into esuselwa kuma-ethyl silicates okuthi lapho kungena itshe, kuphendulwe ngamakristalu angaphakathi, kwakheke i-silicon dioxide noma i-silica. Le nqubo yokonga yathatha izinyanga ezinhlanu futhi sayenza ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Ebusweni betshe elihlanzekile ngokuphelele nelomile, i-consolidant-ehlanjululwe ku-naphtha- yayisetshenziswa ngebhulashi, kuze kube yilapho ingxenye ekhethiwe igcwele (isithombe sasebenza ezigabeni ukuze sikwazi ukulawula ngokuphelele ukuhlanganiswa kwaso); kwabe sekufakwa izigqoko zikakotini ezisongwe nge-gauze zacwiliswa kokuhlanganisayo ngaphezulu, ekugcineni lezi zambozwa ngopulasitiki ojiyile ovaliwe ukuvimbela ukuhwamuka okunodlame kwe-solvent.
Nsuku zonke, kufakwa okuhlanganisayo okuningi kwizingcindezi esezikhona ukuthola ukungena okukhulu nokuhlanganiswa, kuze kube yilapho isigaba ngasinye sigcwaliswa futhi sivunyelwa ukuba some emiphefumulweni yaso.
Lapho ukwelashwa kokuhlanganiswa kukankulunkulukazi sekuphelile, ukunakekelwa kwesondlo kwanikezwa kanye noma kabili ngesonto, kwenziwa nje ukuhlanza okungenamsebenzi ngomshini wokuhlanza kanye namabhulashi ezinwele amahle. Kodwa-ke, lokhu bekunganele ukuvikelwa kwetshe ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kwalo, ngoba, yize lambozwe ngophahla namakhethini, izinhlayiya eziqinile zokungcola komkhathi zazifakwa kulo ngengozi yokulimaza, ngoba zombili lezi kanye namagesi, kanye nomswakama wemvelo, kubangela ukuguqulwa kwetshe. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuhlelwa ukwakhiwa kwesigcinimagugu sesayithi, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kufakwe ngaphakathi egumbini ngakho-ke, ngasikhathi sinye njengoba sasivikelwe kuma-agent wokuwohloka kwemvelo, sasingathokozelwa eduze futhi ngaphezulu ubukhulu bayo.
Ukuphakanyiswa kwetshe endaweni yalo yasekuqaleni kwakucabangela zonke izinyathelo zokuqapha: kwakuhilela wonke umsebenzi wokuvikela, ukupakisha, ukunyakaza kwetshe nokwakheka kwalo ngezintambo, kusetshenziswa i- "boom" (umthwalo wokulayisha) oshukumise itshe elolini elikhethekile ukuze kamuva lenze uhambo oluya emnyuziyamu, futhi lapho liphinde liliphakamise manje phakathi "kwezimpaphe" ezimbili ukulifaka ngembobo eyayishiywe ngokusobala kolunye lwezindonga zomnyuziyamu.
Kuyafaneleka ukuphetha lo mbhalo ngokuthi, ngenkathi unkulunkulukazi uCoyolxauhqui esahlala e-situ, wathola ukunconywa nokuhlonishwa kwabo bonke labo ababenenhlanhla yokuba seduze kwakhe, kwakukhona nalabo ngelinye ilanga ababenemininingwane enhle yokubeka i-rose enhle, inkokhiso entekenteke kunazo zonke eyaziwa unkulunkulukazi Ngisho namanje, ngaphakathi komnyuziyamu, iyaqhubeka nokuthola ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa nothando lwalabo abakucabangayo ngamehlo amuncu, ibuyela emuva kwenye yezinganekwane ezishaqisa kakhulu onkulunkulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi abavame ukusazisa zona.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-2 Agasti-Septhemba 1994
