Uyazi ukuthi wasungulwa kanjani futhi nini umshini wokuqala wokunyathelisa eMexico? Uyazi ukuthi wayengubani uJuan Pablos? Thola okuningi mayelana nalomlingiswa obalulekile nomsebenzi wakhe njengephrinta.
Ukusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa eMexico kwakusho umsebenzi odingekayo futhi obalulekile ekusakazeni umcabango wamaKhristu aseNtshonalanga. Ifune ukuhlangana kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezibhekiswe emgomweni ofanayo: ukubheka okushiwo ubungozi botshalo-mali besikhathi eside nokunqoba ngokuzimisela nangokuzimisela obunye ubunzima obuningi. Njengabantu abaphakathi, abaxhasi nabagqugquzeli bemishini yokunyathelisa ezweni lethu, sinoFray Juan de Zumárraga, umbhishobhi wokuqala waseMexico noDon Antonio de Mendoza, umphathi wokuqala waseNew Spain.
Abadlali abakhulu kule nkampani kubalwa uJuan Cromberger, umshicileli waseJalimane osungulwe eSeville, ongumnikazi wendlu ehlonishwayo yokushicilela enenhlokodolobha yokusungula inkampani engaphansi kweNew Spain, noJuan Pablos, isikhulu sikamasifundisane sikaCromberger, owayengumqophi noma umqambi wezincwadi Kusukela ekubunjweni, wayenokuzethemba kokuthola umshini wokunyathelisa, futhi ngubani owajabula futhi wahehwa ngumqondo wokuthuthela kuleli zwekazi elisha ukuze asungule indawo yokusebenzela yomqashi wakhe. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, wathola inkontileka yeminyaka eyishumi, ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yemali ayitholayo emsebenzini wakhe kanye nezinsizakalo zomkakhe, ngemuva kokukhipha izindleko zokuhambisa nokumisa umshini wokunyathelisa eMexico City.
UJuan Pablos uthole ama-maravedis ayi-120,000 avela kuJuan Cromberger ngokuthenga umshini wokushicilela, uyinki, iphepha nezinye izinto, kanye nezindleko zohambo abezolwenza nomkakhe nabanye abangane bakhe ababili. Izindleko eziphelele zenkampani kwakungu-195,000 maravedís, noma ama-ducats angama-520. UJuan Pablos, odabuka e-Italy ogama lakhe, uGiovanni Paoli, esesivele silazi ngeSpanishi, wafika eMexico City kanye nomkakhe uGerónima Gutiérrez, phakathi kukaSepthemba no-Okthoba 1539. UGil Barbero, umshicileli wezokuhweba, kanye isigqila esimnyama.
Ngokuxhaswa ngabaxhasi bakhe, uJuan Pablos wasungula umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi i- “Casa de Juan Cromberger” eCasa de las Campanas, ephethwe ngu-Bishop Zumárraga, etholakala ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yemigwaqo yaseMoneda futhi ivaliwe eSanta Teresa la Antigua, namuhla onikwe ilayisensi Kuyiqiniso, phambi kohlangothi lwalowo mbhishobhi omkhulu. Indawo yokusebenzela yavula iminyango yayo ngo-Ephreli 1540, uGerónima Gutiérrez engumbusi wendlu ngaphandle kokuletha umholo, kuphela ukunakekelwa kwayo.
Inkampani kaCromberger
KwakunguViceroy Mendoza owanikeza uJuan Cromberger ilungelo elikhethekile lokuba nomshini wokunyathelisa eMexico futhi alethe izincwadi ezivela kuwo wonke amandla nezesayensi; ukukhokhwa kokuvelile kungaba ngesilinganiso selitha lesiliva eshidini ngalinye, okusho ukuthi, ama-maravedís angama-8.5 eshidini ngalinye eliphrintiwe namaphesenti ayikhulu enzuzo ezincwadini engizilethe zivela eSpain. La malungelo ngokungangabazeki aphendula ezimweni ezibekwe nguCromberger okwathi, ngaphezu kokuba ngumthengisi wezincwadi onekhono, waba nentshisekelo emisebenzini yezimayini eSultepec, ngokubambisana namanye amaJalimane, kusukela ngo-1535. UJuan Cromberger washona ngoSepthemba 8, 1540, cishe unyaka ngemuva kokuqala ibhizinisi lokunyathelisa.
Izindlalifa zakhe zathola enkosini isiqiniseko salokho okwakuvunyelwene ngakho noMendoza isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyishumi, futhi isitifiketi sasayinwa eTalavera ngoFebhuwari 2, 1542. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngomhlaka 17 kuyo leyo nyanga nangonyaka, umkhandlu we IMexico City yanikeza uJuan Pablos isihloko sikamakhelwane, kwathi ngoMeyi 8, 1543 wathola indawo yokwakha indlu yakhe endaweni yaseSan Pablo, emgwaqweni owawuqonde ngqo eSan Pablo, ngemuva kwesibhedlela uZiqu-zintathu. Le mininingwane iqinisekisa isifiso sikaJuan Pablos sokugxila futhi sihlale eMexico yize ibhizinisi lokunyathelisa belingenayo intuthuko ebelilifuna, ngoba bekukhona inkontileka namalungelo akhethekile adala isimo esinzima futhi aphazamisa ubugagu. kuyadingeka ekukhuleni kwenkampani. UJuan Pablos ngokwakhe wakhononda esikhumbuzweni esasiqondiswe kulo mphathi-mphathi ukuthi wayempofu futhi engenayo ihhovisi, nokuthi waziphilisa ngenxa yeminikelo ayitholayo.
Ngokusobala ibhizinisi lokuphrinta alihlangabezananga nokulindelwe ngabakwaCromberger yize bekunezimo ezinhle abazitholile. UMendoza, ngenhloso yokuncoma ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa uhlale unomphela, unikeze izibonelelo ezithe xaxa ukuze kugqugquzelwe intshisekelo yezindlalifa zale ndlu yokuphrinta kulondolozwa indawo yokusebenzela kababa wakhe eMexico. NgoJuni 7, 1542, bathola umhlaba wamahhashi wezitshalo kanye nepulazi lezinkomo eSultepec. Ngemuva konyaka (ngoJuni 8, 1543) baphinde bathandelwa izindawo ezimbili zokugaya ukugaya nokuncibilikisa insimbi emfuleni iTascaltitlán, amaminerali avela eSultepec.
Kodwa-ke, yize kunala malungelo nezibonelelo, abakwaCromberger abaya emshinini wokunyathelisa njengoba iziphathimandla bezilindele; bobabili uZumárraga noMendoza, futhi kamuva ne-Audiencia yaseMexico, bakhononda enkosini ngokungalandelwa komthetho ekuhlinzekweni kwezinto ezibalulekile zokuphrinta, iphepha neyinki, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezincwadi. Ngo-1545 bacela inkosi ukuba ifune ukuthi umndeni wakwaCromberger ufeze lesi sibopho ngenxa yamalungelo ababewanikwe wona phambilini. Umshini wokuqala wokunyathelisa onegama elithi "House of Juan Cromberger" wagcina kwaze kwaba ngu-1548, yize kusukela ngo-1546 wayeka ukuvela kanjalo. UJuan Pablos waphrinta izincwadi nezincwajana, ikakhulukazi ezenkolo, zazo iziqu eziyisishiyagalombili ezaziwayo ezenziwe ngonyaka we-1539-44, nezinye eziyisithupha phakathi kuka-1546 no-1548.
Mhlawumbe izikhalazo nengcindezi ebhekiswe kumaCromberger zithanda ukudluliselwa kwabezindaba kuJuan Pablos. Umnikazi walokhu kusuka ngo-1548, yize wayenezikweletu ezinkulu ngenxa yezimo ezinzima lapho ukuthengisa kwenzeka khona, wathola kuViceroy Mendoza ukuqinisekiswa kwamalungelo anikezwa abanikazi bokuqala futhi kamuva noDon Luis de Velasco, owangena esikhundleni sakhe.
Ngale ndlela wayijabulela nelayisense ekhethekile kwaze kwaba ngu-Agasti 1559. Igama likaJuan Pablos njengomshicileli livela okokuqala kwi-Christian Doctrine ngezilimi zaseSpain nezaseMexico, laqedwa ngoJanuwari 17, 1548. Kwezinye izikhathi wanezela ngemvelaphi yakhe noma ngemvelaphi yakhe: "lumbardo" noma "bricense" njengoba wayengowokuzalwa eBrescia, eLombardy.
Isimo se-workshop saqala ukushintsha cishe ngo-1550 lapho iphrinta yethu ithola isikweletu semali engamakhulu amahlanu egolide. Ucele uBaltasar Gabiano, umbolekisi wakhe wemali eSeville, noJuan López, umakhelwane onobudlova waseMexico owayehambela eSpain, ukuba bamthole abantu abangafika kwabathathu, abasebenza ngokunyathelisa, ukuba benze umsebenzi wakhe eMexico.
NgoSepthemba walowonyaka ofanayo, eSeville, kwenziwa isivumelwano noTomé Rico, umdubuli (umshicileli), umqambi kaJuan Muñoz (umqambi) no-Antonio de Espinoza, umsunguli wezincwadi owayezothatha uGeorge de Montoya njengomsizi, uma bonke bethuthela EMexico futhi basebenza emshinini wokunyathelisa kaJuan Pablos iminyaka emithathu, okuzobalwa kusukela ekufikeni kwakhe eVeracruz. Bazonikezwa indlela nokudla kohambo olwandle kanye nehhashi lokudluliselwa eMexico City.
Kukholakala ukuthi bafika ngasekupheleni kuka-1551; kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngo-1553 lapho isitolo sathuthukisa umsebenzi njalo. Ubukhona buka-Antonio de Espinosa bukhonjiswe ngokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu zokubhala zamaRoma neziqalekisayo kanye nokusikwa okusha kwezinkuni, kuzuzwa ngalezi zindlela ukunqoba ukuthayipha kanye nesitayela ezincwadini nasezintweni eziphrintiwe ngaphambi kwalolo suku.
Kusukela esigabeni sokuqala somshini wokunyathelisa onegama elithi "endlini kaCromberger" singasho le misebenzi elandelayo: Imfundiso emfushane futhi ehlonishwayo yobuKristu ngolimi lwaseMexico naseSpain oluqukethe izinto ezidingeka kakhulu zokholo lwethu olungcwele lwamaKatolika ukuze kusetshenziswe lamaNdiya emvelo. nokusindiswa kwemiphefumulo yabo.
Kukholakala ukuthi lona bekungumsebenzi wokuqala owanyatheliswa eMexico, i-Adult Manual okwaziwa ngayo amakhasi amathathu okugcina, eyashicilelwa ngo-1540 futhi ya-odwa yibhodi lezenkolo lango-1539, kanye neThe Relationship of the ezisabisayo ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeke futhi IGuatemala City yashicilelwa ngo-1541.
Lokhu kwalandelwa ngo-1544 yi-Brief Doctrine ka-1543 eyenzelwe wonke umuntu ngokujwayelekile; i-Tripartite kaJuan Gerson okuchazwa kwemfundiso emiyalweni nasekuvumeni izono, futhi enesithasiselo esinobuciko bokufa kahle; i-Compendium emfushane ephathelene nokuthi izindwendwe zizobanjwa kanjani, okuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa ukwenqatshelwa komdanso ongcolile nokujabula emikhosini yezenkolo, kanye neMfundiso kaFray Pedro de Córdoba, ebhekiswe kumaNdiya kuphela.
Incwadi yokugcina eyenziwe ngaphansi kwegama likaCromberger, njengendlu yokushicilela, kwakuyi-Christian Doctrine emfushane ka-Alonso de Molina, yango-1546. Imisebenzi emibili eyashicilelwa ngaphandle kwegama lomshicileli, yayiyiMfundiso yobuKristu eyiqiniso futhi eyiqiniso kubantu abangenawo i-erudition nezincwadi (ngoDisemba 1546) kanye ne-Christian Rule emfushane yoku-oda impilo nesikhathi somKrestu (ngo-1547). Lesi sigaba soguquko phakathi komhlangano wokusebenzela nomunye: ICromberger-Juan Pablos, mhlawumbe kungenxa yezingxoxo zokuqala zokudlulisa noma ukungafezeki kwesivumelwano esasungulwa phakathi kwamaqembu.
UJuan Pablos, uGutenberg waseMelika
Ngo-1548 uJuan Pablos washicilela ama-Odinensi nokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho, esebenzisa izembatho zoMbusi uCharles V esembozweni nasezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zemfundiso yobuKristu, ingubo yamaDominican. Kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezenziwe ngo-1553, uJuan Pablos wanamathela ekusetshenzisweni kwencwadi yesiGothic nemibhalo emikhulu yezimbali esembozweni, isici sezincwadi zaseSpain zangaleso sikhathi.
Isigaba sesibili sikaJuan Pablos, no-Espinosa eceleni kwakhe (1553-1560) sasifushane futhi siphumelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho saletha impikiswano ngokukhethekile kokuba nomshini wokunyathelisa kuphela eMexico. Kakade ngo-Okthoba 1558, inkosi yanikeza u-Espinosa, kanye nezinye izikhulu ezintathu zokunyathelisa, imvume yokuba nebhizinisi lakhe.
Kusukela kule nkathi, kungacashunwa ngisho nemisebenzi eminingana kaFray Alonso de la Veracruz: Dialectica resolutionutio cum textu Aristótelis and Recognitio Summularum, both from 1554; i-Physica speculatio, accessit compendium sphaerae compani yango-1557, kanye neSpeculum coniugiorum yango-1559. Kusuka kuFray Alonso de Molina iSilulumagama ngeSpanishi nesiMexico savela ngo-1555, kanti nakuFray Maturino Gilberti iDialogue of Christianfundiso ngolimi lwesiMichoacán, yashicilelwa ngo-1559.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha komshini wokunyathelisa kaGutenberg. Ithathwe encwajaneni yeGutenberg Museum eMainz, uColonel Juan Pablos Museum of Graphic Arts. I-Armando Birlain Schafler Foundation for Culture and Arts, A.C. Le misebenzi iseqoqweni eligadwe yiNational Library yaseMexico. Ukuphrinta kokugcina kukaJuan Pablos kwaba yiManual Sacramentorum, eyavela ngoJulayi 1560. Indlu yokuphrinta yavala iminyango yayo ngalowo nyaka, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi iLombard yafa phakathi kwenyanga kaJulayi no-Agasti. Futhi ngo-1563 umfelokazi wakhe waqashisela umshini wokunyathelisa uPedro Ocharte owayeshade noMaría de Figueroa, indodakazi kaJuan Pablos.
Zibangelwa isigaba sokuqala somshini wokunyathelisa noCromberger noJuan Pablos njengabahleli, iziqu ezingama-35 zokucatshangwa ukuthi ezingama-308 no-320 ezanyatheliswa ngekhulu le-16, okukhombisa ukuqhuma umshini wokunyathelisa owawunakho engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka.
Abaphrinta nabathengisi bezincwadi abavela kulesi sikhathi kwakungu-Antonio de Espinosa (1559-1576), uPedro Balli (1575-1600) no-Antonio Ricardo (1577-1579), kodwa uJuan Pablos waba nenkazimulo yokuba ngumshicileli wokuqala izwe.
Yize umshini wokunyathelisa ekuqaleni kwawo wawushicilela ikakhulu iziqalo kanye nezimfundiso ngezilimi zomdabu ukubhekelela ukwenziwa kwabomdabu ubuKrestu, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwase kuhlanganiswe izindaba zabantu abahluke kakhulu.
Igama eliphrintiwe laba negalelo ekusakazekeni kwezimfundiso zobuKristu phakathi kwabomdabu futhi lasekela labo, njengabavangeli, abafundisi kanye nabashumayeli, ababenomsebenzi wokuyifundisa; futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, bekubuye kube yindlela yokusabalalisa izilimi zomdabu kanye nokulungiswa kwazo ku- "Arts", kanye namagama alolu limi, ancishiswe ama-friar abalingiswa beCastilian.
Umshini wokunyathelisa uphinde wakhuthaza, ngemisebenzi yenkolo, ukuqiniswa kokholo nokuziphatha kwabantu baseSpain abafike eNew World. Abaphrinthi bangena ezindabeni zemithi, amalungelo ezenkolo kanye nezomphakathi, isayensi yemvelo, ukuzulazula, umlando kanye nesayensi, bakhuthaza izinga eliphezulu lamasiko emphakathini lapho izibalo ezinkulu zagqama khona ngeqhaza labo olwazini jikelele. Leli gugu eliyincwadi yezincwadi limelela ifa eliyigugu kumasiko ethu amanje.
UStella María González Cicero ungudokotela kuMlando. Njengamanje ungumqondisi weNational Library of Anthropology and History.
IBHAYIBHELI
I-Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico, uhlelo olukhethekile lwe-Encyclopedia Britannica de México, 1993, u-7.
García Icazbalceta, Joaquín, Mexican Bibliography yekhulu le-16, eyakhishwa ngu-Agustín Millares Carlo, eMexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1954.
UGriffin Clive, Los Cromberger, indaba yomshini wokunyathelisa wekhulu le-16 eSeville naseMexico, eMadrid, izinhlelo zeSpanishi Amasiko, ngo-1991.
I-Stols Alexandre, A.M. U-Antonio de Espinosa, umshicileli wesibili waseMexico, iNational Autonomous University of Mexico, 1989.
Yhmoff Cabrera, Jesús, Imibhalo yaseMexico yekhulu leshumi nesithupha eNational Library yaseMexico, eMexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1990.
UZulaica Gárate, Roman, Los Franciscanos kanye nomshini wokunyathelisa eMéxico, México, UNAM, 1991.
