Ngaseminyakeni ye-IV-XI yesikhathi sethu, izindawo eziningana zachuma eSierra Gorda queretana.
Kulawa, iRanas neToluquilla yizindawo ezaziwa kakhulu zemivubukulo; Kuzo ungancoma amasethi ezisekelo ezingokwesiko, izakhiwo zezindlu nezinkantolo zebhola, ezihlanganiswe ngokuvumelanayo nemikhawulo yamagquma. Izimayini zaseCinnabar zihlaba emithambekeni eseduze; le minerali (i-mercury sulfide) yake yahlonishwa kakhulu ngombala wayo obabazekayo, ofana negazi eliphilayo. Ukushiywa kwezintaba ngabahlali abangahlali ndawonye kuqondana nokuwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zezolimo engxenyeni enkulu yeNyakatho yeMesoamerica. Kamuva, lesi sifunda sasihlala izihambeli zaseJonaces, ezazizinikele ekuzingeleni nasekuqoqeni, kanye nasePames semi-sedentary, amasiko abo ayefana nempucuko yaseMesoamerican: ukutshalwa kommbila, umphakathi ohlukanisiwe namathempeli azinikele ekuhlonelweni konkulunkulu babo. .
Ngemuva kokunqoba, abanye baseSpain bafika eSierra Gorda behehwa yizimo ezinhle zezinkampani zezolimo, zemfuyo nezimayini. Ukuhlanganisa lokhu kungena kwesiko laseSpanishi elisha kwakudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwama-serranos omdabu ohlelweni lwezenhlalo nezomnotho, umsebenzi owawunikezwe ama-friars ka-Augustinian, Dominican and Franciscan. Imishini yokuqala, phakathi nekhulu le-16 nele-17, yayingasebenzanga kakhulu. Cishe ngonyaka we-1700, i-sierra yayisathathwa "njengebala lobumnene nobuqaba," elizungezwe abantu abasha baseSpain.
Lesi simo sashintsha ngokufika kweSierra Gorda kaLieutenant noCaptain General José de Escandón, owayephethe ibutho ledolobha laseQuerétaro. Kusukela ngo-1735, le ndoda yezempi yenza uchungechunge lwemikhankaso yokuthula kwezintaba. Ngo-1743, u-Escandón watusa kuhulumeni wobumbano ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemishini. Iphrojekthi yakhe yamukelwa yiziphathimandla futhi ezikhungweni zezithunywa zevangeli ezingama-1744 zasungulwa eJalpan, eLanda, Tilaco, Tancoyol naseConcá, ngaphansi kolawulo lwamaFranciscans ekolishi iSan Fernando Propaganda Fide, enhlokodolobha yaseNew Spain. AbakwaPames abenqaba ukuhlala kule mishini banqotshwa amasosha ka-Escandón. Kumishini ngayinye, kwakhiwa isonto elakhiwe ngokhuni elinophahla lotshani, ibhokisi elenzelwa izinto ezifanayo nezindlwana zabantu bomdabu. Ngo-1744 kwakukhona abomdabu abangu-1 445 eJalpan; eminye imisebenzi yayinabantu abaphakathi kuka-450 no-650 umuntu ngamunye.
Inkampani yamasosha yasungulwa eJalpan, ngaphansi kokuyalelwa ngukaputeni. Kumishini ngayinye kwakukhona amasosha okuphelezela ama-friar, ukugcina ukuhleleka nokubamba abomdabu ababezama ukubaleka.Ku-1748, amasosha e-Escandón aqeda ukumelana namaJonace empini yasegqumeni leMedia Luna. Ngaleli qiniso, leli dolobha elisentabeni labhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uFemando VI, iNkosi yaseSpain wanikeza u-Escandón isihloko se-Count of the Sierra Gorda.
Ngo-1750, izimo zazivumela ukushunyayelwa kwesifunda. Kwafika iqembu elisha lezithunywa zevangeli livela eSan Fernando College, ngaphansi kokuyala kukaMajorcan uMfoweth 'uJunípero Serra, owayezohlala iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye phakathi kukaPames Serrano njengomongameli wemishini emihlanu yaseFernandine. USerra waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngokufunda ulimi lwePame, lapho ahumusha khona imibhalo eyisisekelo yenkolo yobuKristu. Ngaleyo ndlela weqa umgoqo wolimi, inkolo yesiphambano yafundiswa kubantu bendawo.
Izindlela zobufundisi ezazisetshenziswa enkabeni yeningi zazifana nalezo ezazisetshenziswa amaFranciscans kwezinye izifunda ngekhulu le-18. Lezi zinsika zibuyise ezinye zezinto zephrojekthi yokushunyayelwa kweNew Spain yekhulu le-16, ikakhulukazi ezintweni zokufundisa nezamasiko; Babenenhlanhla eyodwa, noma kunjalo: inani elincane labantu bomdabu lavumela ukulawula okukhulu phezu kwabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezempi zadlala indima enkulu kakhulu kulesi sigaba esithuthukile "sokunqoba okungokomoya." Amafreyila kwakuyiziphathimandla emishini, kepha basebenzisa amandla abo ngokusekelwa amasosha. Baphinde bahlela uhulumeni wabomdabu emsebenzini ngamunye: kukhethwe umbusi, izimeya, izinkampani nabashushisi. Amaphutha nezono zabantu bomdabu bajeziswa ngokubhaxabulwa okuphethwe ngabashushisi bendabuko.
Kwakunezinsizakusebenza ezanele, ngenxa yokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile kwama-friar, umsebenzi wama-pames noxhaso oluncane olunikezwe yi-Crown, hhayi nje kuphela ukuziphilisa nokushumayela ivangeli, kepha ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziyisihlanu zokwakhiwa kwamatshe ezithunywa zevangeli, ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-1750 nango-1770, namuhla okumangaza izivakashi zaseSierra Gorda. Ezembozweni, ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngodaka lwe-polychrome, kwabonakala izisekelo zenkolo yobuKristu. Kwaqashwa izingcweti zamatshe angaphandle ukuba ziqondise imisebenzi yamasonto. Mayelana nalokhu, uFray Francisco Palou, umlingani nomlobi womlando kaFray Junípero, uthi: “Emva kokuba uFray Junípero ohloniphekile esebone izingane zakhe amaNdiya esesimweni sokusebenza ngomdlandla omkhulu kunakuqala, wazama ukuba bakhe isonto lokwakha (.. Uhlongoze umqondo wakhe wokuzinikela kuwo wonke lawo maNdiya, avume ngenjabulo, anikela ngokuthwala itshe, ebeliseduze, sonke isihlabathi, enze umcako ahlangane, futhi asebenze njengezisebenzi zamasoni (..) kwathi esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisikhombisa kwaqedwa isonto (..) Ngokusebenzisa le misebenzi (ama-pames) banikwa amandla okuhweba okuhlukahlukene, njengabakhi bezitini, ababazi, abakhandi bensimbi, abadwebi, abakhi bezakhiwo, njll. (...) okwakusala kwisinodi nakuma-alms of mass kwasetshenziselwa ukukhokha umholo wamasoni (...) ”. Ngale ndlela uPalou uyayiphikisa insumansumane yesimanje yokuthi la mathempeli adalwa yizithunywa zevangeli ngokusekelwa yiPames kuphela.
Izithelo zemisebenzi yezolimo, ezenziwa emazweni omphakathi, zazigcinwa ezinqolobaneni, ngaphansi kolawulo lwama-friars; isabelo sasabiwa nsuku zonke emndenini ngamunye, ngemuva kwemikhuleko nemfundiso. Unyaka nonyaka kwakutholwa isivuno esikhulu, kwaze kwaba nokuningi; Lezi zazisetshenziselwa ukuthenga amaqembu ezinkabi, okokusebenza kwasepulazini kanye nezindwangu zokwenza izingubo. Izinkomo ezinkulu nezincane nazo zaziphethwe ngumphakathi; inyama yabelwa bonke. Ngasikhathi sinye, abakwa-friar bagqugquzela ukutshalwa kweziza ezizimele nokufuywa kwemfuyo njengempahla yangasese. Ngakho-ke, balungiselela ama-pames osuku lokwehlukaniswa kwemishini, lapho umbuso womphakathi uphela. Abesifazane bafunda ukukhiqiza izindwangu nezingubo, ukuphotha, ukweluka nokuthunga. Baphinde benza omata, amanetha, imishanelo, amabhodwe nezinye izinto, abazidayisayo abayeni babo ezimakethe zamadolobha angomakhelwane.
Nsuku zonke, ngemisebe yokuqala yelanga, izinsimbi zabizela abantu abadala bomdabu esontweni ukuzofunda imithandazo nezimfundiso zobuKristu, isikhathi esiningi ngeSpanishi, ezinye ePame. Bese izingane ezineminyaka emihlanu kuya phezulu, zingenile zizokwenza okufanayo. Abafana babuya njalo ntambama bayoqhubeka nemfundo yabo yenkolo. Futhi ntambama kwakungabantu abadala ababezothola isakramente, njengesidlo sokuqala, umshado, noma ukuvuma izono minyaka yonke, kanye nalabo ababekhohliwe ingxenye ethile yemfundiso.
Njalo ngeSonto, nangesikhathi semikhosi eyisibopho yeSonto, bonke abomdabu kwakudingeka baye emiseni. Umuntu ngamunye womdabu kufanele aqabule isandla se-friar ukuze abhalise ukuhambela kwabo. Labo ababengekho babejeziswa kanzima. Lapho othile engakwazanga ukuya ngenxa yohambo lokuhweba, kwakudingeka babuye nobufakazi bokuya kwabo kwimisa kwelinye idolobha. NgeSonto ntambama, kwakuthandazwa umqhele kaMariya. KwakuseConcá kuphela lapho lo mthandazo wenziwa phakathi nesonto, beshintshana njalo ebusuku beya komunye umakhelwane noma i-ranchería.
Kwakunemicikilisho ekhethekile yokubungaza amaholide amakhulu obuKhristu. Kunemininingwane ethile ngalabo abagcinwe eJalpan, ngesikhathi sokuhlala kukaJunípero Serra, ngenxa yombhali wezindaba uPalou.
Njalo ngoKhisimusi kwakukhona "i-colloquium" noma ukudlala ngokuzalwa kukaJesu. Kuwo wonke uLent kwakukhona imithandazo ekhethekile, izintshumayelo, kanye nodwendwe. ECorpus Christi kwakukhona udwendwe olwaluphakathi kwamakhothamo, olune "... amasonto amane namatafula awo aqondene neNkosi eSakramenteni". Ngendlela efanayo, kwakukhona imikhosi ekhethekile yeminye imikhosi kuwo wonke unyaka wenkolo.
Iminyaka yegolide yokuthunywa kwezintaba yaphela ngo-1770, lapho umbhishobhi omkhulu eyala ukuba zilethwe kubefundisi bezwe. Isigaba semishini sathathwa, phakathi nekhulu le-18, njengesigaba soguquko ekuhlanganisweni okugcwele kwabantu bomdabu ohlelweni olusha lweSpanishi. Ngokuqhutshwa kwemisebenzi, imihlaba yomphakathi kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezikhiqizwayo zenziwa zangasese. Ama-pames, okokuqala ngqa, anesibopho sokukhokha okweshumi kwi-archdiocese kanye nezintela ku-Crown. Ngemuva konyaka, ingxenye enhle yamaPames base beyishiyile imishini, bebuyela ezindaweni zabo zakudala ezintabeni. Imishini eshiywe kancane yawela esimweni sokwehla. Ukuba khona kwezithunywa zevangeli zeColegio de San Fernando kudonse iminyaka emihlanu kuphela.Njengofakazi balesi sigaba sokunqotshwa kweSierra Gorda, kunamaqembu ezizwe amakhulu manje enza ukubabazeka nokuvusa intshisekelo yokwazi umsebenzi wezibalo zesimo sikaFray UJunípero Serra.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-24 Meyi-Juni 1998
