Izwe lethu, kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, selisebenzise ubunjiniyela ukuxazulula izinkinga zenhlalo nokwenza ngcono izimo zokuphila kwabantu. Ukubamba iqhaza kwayo akwenzelwanga kuphela emkhakheni wokusungula kanye nezakhiwo, kepha futhi nasekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho.
Imibono esekelwa yisizathu, eyayingena ezindaweni zamasiko nezesayensi zomphakathi waseYurophu ngekhulu le-18, yasheshe yaduma eNew Spain. Ubunjiniyela, ikakhulukazi, baba nezinguquko ezinzima, baphela ukuba ngumsebenzi wobuciko ukuze babe yisiyalo sesayensi. Ngale ndlela, ukuqeqeshwa kwesayensi konjiniyela kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isifunda somhlaba esasifisa ukufeza inqubekela phambili esatshalaliswa yimibono yokuKhanyiselwa.
Ngo-1792, ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wezemfundo eMexico, isikhungo esasifundisa ukufundisa ngokuphelele, iReal Seminario de Minería. Kude nesiko lezemfundo, izifundo zezibalo, i-physics, i-chemistry kanye ne-mineralogy zafundiswa ngokusemthethweni konjiniyela bokuqala ababephethe isihloko sochwepheshe be-Facultative Mining, kwazise igama elithi Injiniyela alizange liqale ukusetshenziswa kulesi sikhungo kwaze kwaba ngu-1843.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kwakungababili abakhanyisiwe beCreoles - ababemele inyunyana enamandla amakhulu ekoloni, uMiner-, owaphakamisa ngo-1774 eNkosini uCarlos III ukwakhiwa kweMetallic College, ngenhloso yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu. Ngalokhu, babheka kubalulekile ukuthi babe nochwepheshe abazoxazulula izinkinga zezimayini, hhayi ngombono onamandla, kepha ngezisekelo zesayensi.
IKolishi Lezimayini, ngaphezu kokuzihlukanisa ngokuba yindlu yokuqala yesayensi eMexico, njengoba udokotela uJosé Joaquín Izquierdo alibiza kanjalo, lavelela ngokuba yisizinda sezikhungo ezibalulekile zesayensi njenge-Institute of Geophysics, i-Institute of Mathematics, i-Faculty weSayensi, i-Institute of Geology, i-Institute of Chemistry, i-Institute of Engineering, ne-Faculty of Engineering, ukusho abambalwa ngaphakathi kwe-National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Eminyakeni ethile ngemuva kokuthi iSizwe sethu sithole inkululeko, iMining College yajoyina uMbuso, futhi ngasohlangothini lwayo yabelana ngomgwaqo oshisayo wezinguquko, ukungabi namandla, ukulinganiselwa kanye nokushiyeka, phakathi kokunye ukungaboni ngaso linye. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, onjiniyela bakwamukele ngomthwalo omkhulu ukuzibophezela kwabo ezweni: ukusiza enhlanganweni, ekuphathweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesizwe esihlwempu esihlukaniswe izimpi ezichitha igazi. Ukubamba iqhaza kwakhe kweqa ukwedlula ukusetshenziswa kobunjiniyela, ngoba bekubandakanya nemikhakha yezepolitiki, amasiko, ezomnotho kanye nezesayensi. Isibonelo, ngekhulu le-19, onjiniyela babephethe izikhundla njengoNgqongqoshe Wezentuthuko, Amakoloni, Ezimboni Nezohwebo; Impi neNavy; Relations and Governance ukubalula okugqame kakhulu. Basungula izikhungo ezinjengeNational Astronomical Observatory, i-Institute of Geography and Statistics, okuthi ngo-1851 izoba yiMexico Society of Geography and Statistics; iGeographical Exploration Commission, iNational Geological Institute, iKhomishini yeSayensi yaseMexico kanye neKhomishini yaseMexico yeGeodetic, phakathi kwabanye. Izidingo zoMbuso zaphoqa iKolishi ukuthi landise amakhono alo njengonjiniyela wezimayini, umhloli wezinsimbi, ozohlomula ngensimbi, nokwahlukanisa igolide nesiliva kulabo abahlola umhlaba, isazi sokuma kwezwe futhi, yize isikhashana nje, saya kwesosayensi yemvelo. Abathweswe iziqu babambe iqhaza emisebenzini yomphakathi ebalulekile njengokuhlola ukwakheka komhlaba kwezifunda ezahlukahlukene, ukulungiswa kwamapulani ezindawo kanye nokuqashelwa kwezibalo zezindawo ezahlukahlukene zezwe, ukusungulwa kweKolishi Lempi, ukuqashelwa kwezimayini, izifundo zokwakheka komhlaba kanye nokugeleza kwe-Valley of EMexico, ukuhlaziywa kwamaphrojekthi wesitimela, njll. Kancane kancane, kwabonakala isidingo seziqu zobunjiniyela bomphakathi, u-Emperor Maximilian waseHabsburg ayefuna ukusethula eKolishi lapho ezama ukusiguqula sibe yiPolytechnic School.
Iphrojekthi yesimanje
Ngokunqoba kwamaLiberal ngo-1867, izwe laqala isigaba esisha njengezwe elizimele. Izinguquko eziphakanyiswe umbuso omusha, ukuzinza kwezepolitiki kanye nesikhathi sokuthula esenziwe emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kwaholela ekuhlelweni kabusha kwezwe elalithanda ubunjiniyela baseMexico.
UBenito Juárez wethule umsebenzi wobunjiniyela bezokwakha ngo-1867, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho eguqula khona iKolishi Lezimayini laba yiSpecial School of Engineers. Lo msebenzi, njengowonjiniyela womshini, kanye nezinguquko ezenziwe ezinhlelweni zokufunda zabanye othisha, bekuyingxenye yecebo lezemfundo likamongameli ukuze enze iphrojekthi yakhe yesimanje, ikakhulukazi kwezitimela nezimboni.
Ingxenye yokuqhubeka kwephrojekthi yesimanje iholele ekuqiniseni iSikole Sonjiniyela. Ngo-1883, uMongameli uManuel González wasiguqula saba yiNational School of Engineers, igama elalizogcina kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Wakha umsebenzi we-telegrapher, futhi waqinisa ikharikhulamu yomsebenzi wobunjiniyela bezokwakha, evuselela izifundo zezifundo ezikhona futhi ethula ezintsha. Igama lohlelo lashintshelwa ku-Engineer of Roads, Ports and Canal, elaligcina kwaze kwaba ngu-1897. Ngalo nyaka, uMongameli uPorfirio Díaz wamemezela uMthetho Wezemfundo Ephakeme weSikole Sonjiniyela, ngawo wabuyela egameni likanjiniyela civil, efanayo esetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku.
Njengoba isikhathi sihambile, uhlelo lokufunda lomsebenzi wobunjiniyela bomphakathi bekufanele lubuyekezwe ngokuya ngentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zezwe.
Ikholeji Lonjiniyela Bomphakathi baseMexico
Igama elithi engineer lasetshenziswa ku-Renaissance Europe ukukhombisa umuntu obezinikele ekwenzeni izikhali, ekwakheni izinqaba nasekusunguleni izinto zobuciko ezisetshenziselwa ezempi. Labo ababezinikele ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi yomphakathi babizwa ngomakhi, umakhi wezakhiwo, umakhi, uchwepheshe, inkosi nomakhi omkhulu. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, abanye abantu ababenza imisebenzi ngaphandle kwezempi baqala ukuzibiza “ngonjiniyela bomphakathi”. Futhi, njengonjiniyela bezempi, bafunde - njenganoma ikuphi ukuhweba - besebenzisa izindlela zokuzivocavoca nezandla.
Isikole sokuqala sobunjiniyela sasungulwa eFrance ngo-1747 sabizwa ngokuthi iSikole Samabhuloho Nemigwaqo. Kodwa kuze kwaba phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lapho lezo zikhungo ezazizinikele ekunikezeni ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwe-physics kanye ne-mathematics kwavela, okwanikeza iziqu zobunjiniyela bezokwakha.
Ngokwakhiwa kwezinhlangano nezikhungo onjiniyela bomphakathi bakwazile ukuthola indawo ehloniphekile emphakathini: ngo-1818 kwasungulwa i-Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, ngo-1848 iSociété des Ingénieurs Civils de France, kwathi ngo-1852 i-American Society Wonjiniyela Bombuso.
EMexico kwakukhona nentshisekelo ekusunguleni i-Association of Engineers. NgoDisemba 12, 1867, unjiniyela kanye nomakhi uManuel F. Álvarez wabiza bonke onjiniyela bezokwakha kanye nabadwebi bezakhiwo ababefisa ukubamba iqhaza kule nhlangano emhlanganweni. Ngalolo suku kwaxoxwa ngezimiso futhi zamukelwa, kwathi ngoJanuwari 24, 1868, kwavulwa i-Association of Civil Engineers and Architects of Mexico e-Assembly Hall yeNational School of Fine Arts. Abalingani abangama-35 babamba iqhaza kwathi uFrancisco de Garay wasala njengomongameli. Inhlangano yaqala ukukhula; Ngo-1870 yayivele inabalingani abangu-52, futhi abangu-255 ngo-1910.
Leli qembu aligcinanga ngokuba isixhumanisi phakathi konjiniyela baseMexico nabadwebi bezakhiwo ukufeza ukusebenza okungcono komsebenzi wabo, kepha futhi lasebenza njengesiteshi sokuxhumana nonjiniyela abavela kwamanye amazwe. Isisekelo saso saholela ekufikeni kwezincwadi ezivela ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwazo kokushicilelwa okusemthethweni kweNhlangano, okwaqala ngo-1886 kwathiwa yi-Annals of the Association of Engineers and Architects of Mexico. Ukuba khona kwalolu hlobo kuvumele onjiniyela baseMexico ukuthi babambe iqhaza emicimbini yezemfundo yakwamanye amazwe, ukuze bazi ukuthi ezinye izinkinga ezixazululwe kanjani kwamanye amazwe, ukusabalalisa ucwaningo kwamanye amaphrojekthi enziwa eMexico, ukuxoxa nokwenza iziphakamiso. ukuze uxazulule izinkinga ezahlukahlukene.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwakungekho msebenzi owanele owonjiniyela abaphothule eNational School of Engineers; babevame ukulethwa amakhaya ngabokufika ababefika nezinkampani zangaphandle ezazitshala imali ezweni. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wobunjiniyela bomphakathi uhlale uheha ngenxa yemisebenzi eminingi engenziwa yiziqu. Kwakungenxa yokuthi inani labafundi ababhalise kulo mjaho lashesha ukwedlula elabanye. Isibonelo, cishe ngo-1904, kwabafundi ababhalisiwe abangama-203, abayi-136 babengabomsebenzi wobunjiniyela bomphakathi. Ngo-1945 onjiniyela ababhalisiwe badlula abafundi abayinkulungwane, ngokuba ngunjiniyela kagesi ngomsebenzi olandelayo oceliwe kakhulu, yize lokhu kungafinyelelanga kubafundi abangama-200.
Eqinisweni, ku-Association of Civil Engineers and Architects isibalo sabalingani egatsheni lobunjiniyela kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo sasikhuphukile, kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokuthi ngo-1911 babebaningi. Ngama-1940, inani laliningi kangangoba lalidinga ukusungulwa kwenhlangano yalo. Le njongo yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1945 ngenxa yokushaywa koMthetho Wezobuchwepheshe, owavumela ukwakhiwa kwamaProfessional Associations ukusiza ukulawula ukusebenza kobungcweti. Ngemuva kwemihlangano eminingana ebibanjelwe endlunkulu ye-Association of Engineers and Architects of Mexico, ngoMashi 7, 1946, kwasungulwa iKolishi Lonjiniyela BaseMexico. Inselelo bekungukuvikela izinyunyana zabanjiniyela bomphakathi, ngisebenze njengesigungu sokubonisana nezingxoxo noMbuso, futhi sihambisane nomsebenzi wezenhlalakahle oqeqeshiwe kanye neminye imithethonqubo ehlongozwe ngumthetho wobuchwepheshe.
Ukwakhiwa kweKolishi Lonjiniyela kube nempendulo enhle ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngonyaka wesisekelo sayo yayinabanjiniyela bezokwakha abangu-158, eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva yayisivele inabalingani abangama-659, ngo-1971 inani lafinyelela ku-178, kwathi ngo-1992 laya ku-12,256. Ngo-1949 iphephabhuku i-Civil Engineering laqala ukushicilelwa njengohlaka lokusabalalisa, futhi liyaqhubeka nokushicilelwa njalo kuze kube manje ngaphansi kwegama i-Civil Engineering / CICM.
Yize inani lonjiniyela lalibalulekile, kumele kugqanyiswe ukwesekwa abakuthola ezikhungweni ezinjengeKhomishini Yezemigwaqo kanye Nokunisela, iFederal Electricity Commission kanye nePetróleos Mexicanos. Lokhu kuvule iminyango yokuthi onjiniyela nezinkampani zokwakha zaseMexico basebenze emisebenzini emikhulu yengqalasizinda, okwenziwa emashumini eminyaka adlule yizinkampani nabonjiniyela bamanye amazwe.
Ngemizamo yamalungu ayo, isisekelo seKolishi saqala ukukhombisa ukuthi silusizo. Eziningana zazo zasebenzisana namahhovisi kahulumeni ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokwamandla azo; bavikele izintshisekelo zenyunyana ngokuphikisana nokuqashwa kwabasebenzi bamanye amazwe kumaphrojekthi athile; Bathuthukise iqhaza likanjiniyela womphakathi kanye nobukhulu bomsebenzi emphakathini; bahlela izingqungquthela zezwe futhi, ngo-1949 i-I International Congress of Civil Engineering; basebenzisana ekusungulweni kwePan American Union of Engineers Associations (1949) kanye neMexico Union of Engineers Associations (1952); wasungula umklomelo waminyaka yonke wabaFundi Abavelele (1959); babephethe isikhundla esiphezulu samaNobhala amaningana; Bakha iDovalí Jaime Cultural Athenaeum (1965) ukukhuthaza ukusabalalisa amasiko; wabamba iqhaza kumthethosisekelo weFederal of Associations of Civil Engineers of the Mexican Republic of Ocean Resources (1969). Banyuse imifundaze yabafundi ngaphambi koMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe kanye noMnyango Wezangaphandle, banikeze izifundo noqeqesho oluqabulayo, bakwazile ukusungula uSuku Lonjiniyela (Julayi 1) futhi basungula izivumelwano zokubambisana neminye imiphakathi, futhi basungula Umklomelo Kazwelonke Wezobunjiniyela Bombuso (1986).
Umoya wokusebenza osekunqobe iColegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México kanye nomzamo oqhubekayo wokuthuthuka ukuze ube nochwepheshe abangcono wenze onjiniyela babamba iqhaza emisebenzini yomphakathi emikhulu, nokuguqula ukwakheka komzimba ezindaweni eziningi ezweni lethu. Ukuzibandakanya kwakhe ngenkuthalo, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kumenza abolekise ngendawo ephezulu emlandweni waseMexico njengesizwe.
