IMichoacán, "indawo lapho izinhlanzi zigcwele khona," kwakungomunye wemibuso emikhulu futhi ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni wangaphambi kweSpanishi waseMesoamerican; ukuma kwayo kanye nokunwetshwa kwendawo yayo kwanikeza izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene, onyawo lwazo olutholwe ochwepheshe bemivubukulo entshonalanga neMexico.
Ukuphenywa okuqhubekayo kwemikhakha eyahlukahlukene kuvumela isivakashi ukuthi sinikeze umbono ophelele ngokwengeziwe wokulandelana kwezikhathi okuhambisana nokuhlala kwabantu bokuqala kanye nalabo bakamuva abakha umbuso odumile wePurépecha.
Ngeshwa, ukuphanga kanye nokuntuleka kocwaningo oluhlukahlukene oludingeka kakhulu kulesi sifunda esibalulekile, akuvumanga ukuba kuze kube manje ukunikeza umbono ophelele oveza ngqo ukulandelana kwezikhathi okuhambisana nokuhlala kwabantu bokuqala kanye nalezo zakamuva, ezazakha uMbuso wePurépecha odumile. Izinsuku ezaziwa ngokunemba okuthile zihambisana nesikhathi esedlule, ngaphambi kwenqubo yokunqoba, kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemibhalo eyabhalwa ngabavangeli bokuqala nokuthi sazi ngegama elithi "Ubudlelwano bemikhosi nemikhosi kanye nenani labantu kanye nohulumeni wamaNdiya esiFundazweni saseMichoacán ”, kungenzeka ukwakha iphazili enkulu, umlando osivumela ukuthi sibone ngokucacile, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-15, isiko lenhlangano yalo yezepolitiki nezenhlalo eyaba namandla kangako , okwakwazi ukugcina umbuso onamandla onke waseMexico.
Obunye bobunzima bokuqonda ngokuphelele amasiko amaMichoacan bahlala olimini lwesiTarascan, ngoba aluhambisani nemindeni yezilimi zaseMesoamerica; Umsuka wawo, ngokusho kwabaphenyi abahlonishwayo, uhlobene kakhulu nesiQuechua, olunye lwezilimi ezimbili eziyinhloko endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika yaseAndes. Ubuzalwane buzoba nesiqalo sayo cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine eyedlule, okusivumela ukuthi senqabe ngokushesha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amaTarascans afikile, aqhamuka kwisigaxa sase-Andean ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nane lesikhathi sethu.
Cishe ngonyaka we-1300 AD, amaTarascans ahlala eningizimu yesigamu seZacapu nasendaweni yasePátzcuaro, enza uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezibalulekile emaphethini abo okuhlala akhombisa ubukhona bemisinga efudukayo efakwe kumasayithi asevele ahlalwe isikhathi eside. ngemuva. AbakwaNahuas bababiza ngokuthi yiCuaochpanme kanye neMichhuaque, okusho ngokulandelana ukuthi "labo abanendlela ebanzi ekhanda" (abagundiwe), kanye "nabanikazi bezinhlanzi". IMichuacan yigama abalinika abantu baseTzintzuntzan kuphela.
Abahlali basendulo baseTarascan babengabalimi nabadobi, unkulunkulukazi uXarátanga njengonkulunkulu wabo ophakeme, kuyilapho abokufika abavela ngekhulu le-13 babengabaqoqi nabazingeli ababekhonza iCuricaueri. Laba balimi bahlukile eMesoamerica, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwensimbi - ithusi - kuzinsimbi zabo zokulima. Iqembu labazingeli beChichimeca-Uacúsechas lisebenzise ngokunenzuzo ukuhlangana kwenkolo eyayikhona phakathi konkulunkulu ababalwe ngenhla ukuhlanganisa phakathi nesikhathi esasiguqula izindlela zabo zokuziphilisa nezinga labo lethonya lezepolitiki, kuze kube kufinyelela isisekelo seTzacapu-Hamúcutin-Pátzcuaro , indawo engcwele lapho iCuricaueri yayiyisikhungo somhlaba.
Ngekhulu le-15, labo ababengabahlaseli abangajwayelekile baba abapristi abakhulu futhi bakhulisa isiko lokuhlala phansi; amandla asatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezintathu: iTzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio nePátzcuaro. Isizukulwane kamuva, amandla agxila ezandleni zeTzitzipandácure, ngesimilo senkosi eyodwa futhi ephezulu eyenza iTzintzuntzan inhlokodolobha yombuso, okwandiswa kwayo kubalwa ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-70; ihlanganisa ingxenye yezindawo zamazwe aseColima, eGuanajuato, eGuerrero, eJalisco, eMichoacán, eMexico naseQuerétaro.
Ingcebo yendawo yayisuselwa ekutholeni usawoti, inhlanzi, i-obsidian, ukotini; izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, igolide ne-cinnabar; amagobolondo asolwandle, izimpaphe ezinhle, amatshe aluhlaza, ukhokho, ukhuni, i-wax kanye noju, okukhiqizwayo kwabo kwafiseleka yiMexico kanye nobudlelwano babo obunamandla obunxantathu, okwaqhamuka kuTlatoani Axayácatl (1476-1477) nakwabalandela bakhe u-Ahuizotl (1480 ) noMoctezuma II (1517-1518), benza imikhankaso yempi enamandla ngalezo zinsuku ezikhonjisiwe, bathambekele ekunqobeni umbuso waseMichoacán.
Ukwehlulwa okulandelanayo okwatholwa ngabaseMexico kulezo zenzo, kuphakamise ukuthi iCazonci yayinamandla asebenza kangcono kunamakhosi amakhulu onke eMexico-Tenochtitlan, kepha ngenkathi inhlokodolobha yombuso wama-Aztec iwela ezandleni zeSpain, futhi kusukela lezo Amadoda amasha ayehlule isitha esizondwayo kodwa esihlonishwayo, futhi axwayiswa ngesiphetho sesizwe saseMexico, umbuso wePurépecha wasungula isivumelwano sokuthula noHernán Cortés ukuvimbela ukuqothulwa kwakhe; Ngaphandle kwalokhu, owokugcina wamakhosi abo, ngeshwa uTzimtzincha-Tangaxuan II, owathi lapho ebhapathizwa wathola igama likaFrancisco, wahlukunyezwa kabuhlungu futhi wabulawa ngumongameli wezethameli zokuqala zaseMexico, uNuño Beltrán de Guzmán owayedume kabi futhi edabukisa. .
Ngokufika kwezethameli zesibili ezaziqokelwe eNew Spain, u-Oidor wakhe odumile, ummeli uVasco de Quiroga, wathunyelwa ngo-1533 ukulungisa umonakalo wokuziphatha nowezinto ezibonakalayo eMichoacán kuze kube yileso sikhathi. UDon Vasco, okhonjwe ngokujulile esifundeni kanye nezakhamizi zakhona, wavuma ukushintsha imantshi yemantshi ukuze abe ngumfundisi futhi ngo-1536 watshalwa imali njengombhishobhi, wafaka okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni ngendlela yangempela nephumelelayo, okuyiphupho elalicatshangwa uSanto Tomás Moro , eyaziwa ngegama le-Utopia. Ukwakheka kukaTata Vasco okunikezwe ngabomdabu- ngokusekelwa nguFray Juan de San Miguel noFray Jacobo Daciano, bahlele abantu abakhona, basungula izibhedlela, izikole kanye namadolobha, bebafunela indawo engcono kakhulu futhi beqinisa izimakethe zizonke. ubuciko.
Ngesikhathi samakholoni, uMichoacán wafinyelela ekuchumeni okuyisibonelo endaweni enkulu ngaleso sikhathi eyayihlala ngaphakathi kweNew Spain, ngakho-ke ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kwezobuciko, ezomnotho nezenhlalo kwaba nomthelela oqondile ezifundazweni eziningi zamanje zomfelandawonye. Ubuciko bamakholoni obuchume eMexico buyehluka kakhulu futhi bunothile kangangokuba kuye kwanikelwa imiqulu engapheli okuyihlaziya ngokujwayelekile futhi ikakhulukazi; leyo eyachuma eMichoacán ivezwe emisebenzini eminingi engenakubalwa. Njengoba kunikezwe uhlobo lokudalulwa onalo leli nothi "elingaziwa laseMexico", lokhu "kungumbono wamehlo wezinyoni" osivumela ukuba sazi ingcebo yamasiko emnandi emelelwe okumbalwa kobuciko bayo obuningi obuvele ngesikhathi sobukhosi.
Ngo-1643 uFray Alonso de la Rea wabhala: "Futhi (abaseTarascans) yilabo abanikeze uMzimba kaKristu iNkosi yethu, umfanekiso ogqame kakhulu owabonwa abantu abafayo." I-friar efanelekile ichaze ngale ndlela imifanekiso ebunjiwe eyenziwe ngokunamathisela komoba, ehlanganiswe nomkhiqizo we-maceration of the bulbs we-orchid, onamathisela ayenziwe njengoKristu abethelwe esiphambanweni, ngobuhle obuhle nokuyiqiniso, okuthungwa kwayo ukukhanya kubanikeza ukubonakala kocwecwe oluhle. Abanye oKristu basindile kuze kube yilolu suku futhi kufanelekile ukwazi. Elinye lisendlini yesonto lesonto iTancítaro; enye ihlonishwa kusukela ngekhulu le-16 eSanta Fe de la Laguna; okunye kuseParish yesiqhingi saseJanitzio, noma esisePherish yaseQuiroga, esinqabile ngosayizi waso.
Isitayela sePlateresque eMichoacán sithathwa njengesikole sangempela sezifunda futhi sigcina imisinga emibili: isifundiswa futhi sikhulisiwe, esakhiwe ezigodlweni ezinkulu nasemadolobheni afana neMorelia, iZacapu, iCharo, iCuitzeo, iCopándaro neTzintzuntzan kanti enye, eningi kakhulu, ikhona okungapheli kwamasonto amancane, amasonto ezintaba namadolobha amancane. Phakathi kwezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu eqenjini lokuqala singabala iSonto LaseSan Agustín kanye neSigodlo SaseSan Francisco (namuhla iCasa de las Artesanías de Morelia); ingaphambili lomuzi wesigodlo sase-Augustinian iSanta Maria Magdalena elakhiwa ngo-1550 edolobheni laseCuitzeo; ibhokisi elingaphezulu lesigodlo se-Augustinian 1560-1567 eCopándaro; isigodlo saseFrancisco saseSanta Ana kusukela ngo-1540 eZacapu; esase-Augustinian esiseCharo, kusukela ngo-1578 kanye nesakhiwo samaFranciscan kusukela ngo-1597 eTzintzuntzan, lapho kugqame khona isonto elivulekile, indawo esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nophahla oluhlanganisiwe. Uma isitayela sePlateresque sishiya uphawu lwaso olungenakuphikwa, iBaroque ayizange iligodle, yize mhlawumbe ngenxa yomthetho wokuqhathanisa, ukuzola okuhlanganiswe ekwakhiweni kwakungukuphikisana kokuchichima kwenkulumo kuma-altare ayo nasezintweni ezibengezelayo ze-altare.
Phakathi kwezibonelo ezigqame kakhulu zeBaroque sithola isembozo sango-1534 se- “La Huatapera” e-Uruapan; ingosi yethempeli lase-Angahuan; iColegio de San Nicolás eyakhiwe ngo-1540 (namuhla eyiRegional Museum); isonto nesigodlo seNkampani okwakuyiKolishi lamaJesuit lesibili laseNew Spain, ePátzcuaro, kanye neParish enhle yaseSan Pedro naseSan Pablo, kusukela ngo-1765 eTlalpujahua.
Izibonelo ezigqame kakhulu zedolobha laseMorelia yilezi: isigodlo seSan Agusíin (1566); isonto laseLa Merced (1604); indawo engcwele yaseGuadalupe (1708); isonto lamaCapuchinas (1737); kaSanta Catarina (1738); ILa de las Rosas (1777) enikezelwe eSanta Rosa de Lima naseCathedral enhle, ekwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngo-1660. Ingcebo yamakholoni yaseMichoacán ifaka phakathi ama-alfarjes, lolu phahla lubhekwa njengolungcono kunabo bonke abantu baseMelika baseSpain ngoba benza ubufakazi kubonakala ngekhwalithi yezobuciko eyenziwe eKoloni; Kuyo kunemisebenzi emithathu ngokuyisisekelo: ubuhle, okusebenzayo nokufundiswayo; owokuqala wokugxilisa umhlobiso oyinhloko wamathempeli ophahleni; okwesibili, ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo, okuthi uma kwenzeka kuba nokuzamazama komhlaba kube nemithelela emincane bese kuthi okwesithathu, ngoba kuyizifundo zeqiniso zokuvangela.
Okuphakeme kakhulu kunakho konke lokhu kufakwa kwesikhwama kugcinwe edolobheni laseSantiago Tupátaro, kupendwe ngethempeli engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18 ukukhonza iNkosi Engcwele yePine. ILa Asunción Naranja noma iNaranján, iSan Pedro Zacán neSan Miguel Tonaquillo, ngamanye amasayithi agcina izibonelo zalobu buciko obuhlukile. Phakathi kokuvezwa kobuciko bekoloniyali lapho ithonya lomdabu limelwe kahle khona, sineziphambano ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-atrial ezaqhakaza kusukela ngekhulu le-16, ezinye zazihlotshiswe ngemidwebo ye-obsidian, eyaphinda phambi kwalabo abasanda kuguqulwa, umlingiswa ongcwele wento. Ubungako nokuhlobisa kwazo kuhluke kakhulu kangangokuba ochwepheshe kwezobuciko bamakholoni bababheka njengezithombe zomuntu "uqobo", iqiniso elingabonakala kulabo abasayinwe ngokungavamile. Mhlawumbe izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zalezi ziphambano zigcinwe eHuandacareo, eTarecuato, e-Uruapan naseSan José Taximaroa, namuhla uCiudad Hidalgo.
Kule nkulumo enhle yobuciko bokuvumelanisa kufanele futhi sengeze amafonti wokubhabhadisa, izikhumbuzo zangempela zobuciko obungcwele ezivezwa kahle kulabo baseSanta Fe de la Laguna, Tatzicuaro, San Nicolás Obispo naseCiudad Hidalgo. Ngokuhlangana kwemihlaba emibili, ikhulu leshumi nesithupha leminyaka lashiya uphawu lwalo olungacimekiyo emasikweni abuswa, kepha leyo nqubo yokukhulelwa ebuhlungu kwaba ukuqala kokuzalwa kobuqotho obunothile futhi obukhazimulayo kakhulu eMelika, okuvumelanisa kwayo kwamasiko akugcini ngokugcwalisa imisebenzi yayo yobuciko. insimu enkulu, kepha kwakuyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwemicimbi eyavela ngekhulu lethu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngokuxoshwa kwamaJesuit, okwakhishwa nguCarlos III waseSpain ngo-1767, izimo zezombusazwe zamazwe aphesheya kwezilwandle zaqala ukuguquka okwakufakazela ukungakhululeki kwabo ezenzweni ezenziwa yiMetropolis, nokho kwakuwukuhlasela kukaNapoleonic iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia , ezaqala izimpawu zokuqala zokuzibusa ezavela edolobheni laseValladolid -now Morelia-, futhi eminyakeni engama-43 kamuva, ngo-Okthoba 19, 1810, kwakuyikomkhulu lesimemezelo sokuqedwa kobugqila.
Kulesi siqephu esimangazayo emlandweni wethu, amagama kaJosé Maria Morelos y Pavón, u-Ignacio López Rayón, uMariano Matamoros no-Agustín de Iturbide, amadodana aziwayo ombhishobhi waseMichoacán, ashiya uphawu, ngenxa yokuzidela kwabo. inkululeko eyayifiswa yafinyelelwa. Lapho lokhu sekuqediwe, izwe elisanda kuzalwa kwakuzodingeka libhekane nezehlakalo ezibhubhisayo ezazizokwenzeka eminyakeni engama-26 kamuva. Isikhathi seziNguquko nokuhlanganiswa kweRiphabhuliki saphinde sabhala phakathi kwamaqhawe ezwe amagama oMichoacanos odumile: UMelchor Ocampo, uSantos Degollado no-Epitacio Huerta, asakhunjulwa kuze kube namuhla ngezenzo zabo ezivelele.
Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule kanye neshumi leminyaka lokuqala lamanje, isimo saseMichoacán siyisizinda sezibalo ezibalulekile, sinquma izinto ekuhlanganisweni kweMexico yanamuhla: ososayensi, abezenhlalakahle, osomaqhinga, osopolitiki, amasosha, abaculi ngisho nomuntu osengaphambili inqubo kabani yokugcotshwa kweqiniso iyasebenza e-Holy See. Uhlu oluhlaba umxhwele lwalabo okuthi, njengoba bezelwe eMichoacán, banikele kakhulu ekukhuliseni nasekuhlanganiseni izwe.
