Ngasogwini olusentshonalanga yeMexico, kusukela eningizimu yeSonora kuya emngceleni weChiapas neGuatemala, kungenzeka ukuthi uthokozele indawo efanayo ukuthi, ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka lapho ibonwa khona, izovela ijabule kakhulu noma incithakalo ngokweqile.
Yihlathi eliphansi elinamakhemikhali, elingesinye sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisezweni lakithi. Ibizwa ngale ndlela ngoba ubude bayo obuphakathi "buphansi" (cishe u-15 m.) Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amahlathi, futhi ngoba ezinyangeni ezicishe zibe yisikhombisa isikhathi sonyaka owomile sihlala ngaso, iningi lezihlahla zalo nezihlahlana, njenge ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu (amazinga okushisa aphakeme kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele komswakama osemkhathini), alahlekelwa amaqabunga awo ngokuphelele (amaqabunga aqhekekile = aphelelwa yisikhathi), kusale "izinduku ezomile" kuphela njenge-landscape. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi nezinyanga zemvula ihlathi liguquka ngokuphelele, ngoba izitshalo zisabela ngokushesha emaconsi okuqala, zimboze ngamaqabunga amasha aletha okuluhlaza okweqile endaweni lapho kunomswakama.
Ukubukeka komhlaba ekuguqukeni okuqhubekayo
Ngo-1988 i-UNAM kanye ne-Ecological Foundation yaseCuixmala, A.C., baqala izifundo ogwini oluseningizimu yezwe laseJalisco ezabavumela ukuthi baphakamise ngempumelelo ukusungulwa kwesiza ukuze kuvikelwe ihlathi eliphansi elinamakhasi. Ngakho-ke, ngoDisemba 30, 1993, kwakhiwa ukumiswa kweChamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, ukuvikela indawo engamahektare ayi-13 142, iningi lawo, embozwe yilolu hlobo lwehlathi. Kutholakala cishe maphakathi nengxenye phakathi kweManzanillo, iColima, nePuerto Vallarta, iJalisco, lesi siqiwi siyindawo ebanzi embozwe uhlaza olusuka ogwini luya esiqongweni samagquma aphakeme kakhulu kulesi sifunda; umfula iChamela nomfula iCuitzmala umaka imingcele yawo esenyakatho naseningizimu, ngokulandelana.
Isimo sezulu saso ngokujwayelekile sishisa kakhulu, sinamazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo angama-25 ° C nemvula ephakathi kuka-750 no-1,000 mm wemvula. Umjikelezo waminyaka yonke kulesi siqiwi nakwezinye izifunda zezwe lapho kusatshalaliswa khona ihlathi eliphansi, udlula phakathi kobuningi benkathi yemvula kanye nokuntuleka okukhulu ngesikhathi sesomiso; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivumele ukujwayela okuningi ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, okuthi, ukuze zisinde lapha, ziguqule ukubukeka kwazo, indlela yokuziphatha kanye ne-physiology.
Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, kuqala inkathi eyomile. Ngalesi sikhathi izitshalo zisagcwele amaqabunga; Amanzi agijima cishe kuyo yonke imifudlana, futhi amachibi namachibi akha ngesikhathi semvula nawo agcwele.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, kuphela emfuleni iCuitzmala - okuwukuphela komfula onomphela esiqiwini - lapho kuzokwazi khona ukuthola amanzi amakhilomitha amaningi nxazonke; noma kunjalo, ukugeleza kwayo kuncishiswe kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi kuba ukulandelana kwamachibi amancane. Kancane kancane, amaqabunga ezitshalo eziningi aqala ukoma futhi awe, amboze umhlabathi ngokhaphethi, okuyindida, ozovumela izimpande zawo zigcine umswakama isikhashana.
Okwamanje ukubukeka kwehlathi kuyadabukisa futhi kufiphele, kusikisela ukungabi bikho ngokuphelele kwempilo esifundeni; Kodwa-ke, njengoba kungamangaza, impilo iyachichima kule ndawo, ngoba ngezikhathi zasekuseni nantambama izilwane zandisa umsebenzi wazo. Ngendlela efanayo, izitshalo, lapho kuqala ukubonakala zifile, zithuthukisa imetabolism yazo ngendlela “engabonakali” kangako, ngokusebenzisa amasu abawasebenzise eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane zeminyaka yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima zale ndawo.
Phakathi kukaJuni noNovemba, ngenkathi yemvula, ukubonakala kwehlathi kuguqulwa kube ukuthokoza okuphelele, ngoba ukutholakala kwamanzi njalo kuvumela zonke izitshalo ukumbozwa ngamaqabunga amasha. Ngalesi sikhathi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zandisa umsebenzi wazo emini.
Kepha kulesi siqiwi, hhayi kuphela ihlathi eliphansi elinamakhambi akhona, kepha kunezinye izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zohlaza ezihlonziwe: ihlathi eliphakathi nesihlahla esiluhlaza, umhlume, isihlahlana se-xerophilous, i-palm grove, umbhede womhlanga, i-manzanillera kanye nohlaza lwemifino; Lezi zindawo zibaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwezilwane eziningi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka.
Indawo yokuhlala yezitshalo nezilwane
Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukahlukana kwemvelo, futhi njengoba kumangalisa njengoba kungabonakala esifundeni esinezimo ezimbi kangako, ukwehlukahluka kwezimila nezilwane ezitholakala eChamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve kuyamangalisa. Lapha kubhaliswe izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingama-72, ezingama-27 kuzo kuphela ezaseMexico (ezikhona); Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-270 (ezingama-36 kuphela); Ezihuquzelayo ezingama-66 (ama-32 endemic) kanye ne-19 amphibians (10 endemic), ngaphezu kwenani elikhulu lama-invertebrate, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane. Kubuye kube nokulinganiselwa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezilinganiselwa ku-1 200, okukhona kuzo amaphesenti aphezulu.
Eziningi zalezi zitshalo nezilwane zijwayelekile esifundeni, njengoba kwenzeka ezihlahleni ezaziwa ngokuthi “ama-primroses” (iTabebuia donell-smithi), okuthi ngesikhathi sesomiso - lapho ziqhakaza zibala indawo eyomile ngezingxenyana zebhulashi eziphuzi lezimbali zalo. Ezinye izihlahla yi-iguanero (Caesalpinia eriostachys), i-cuastecomate (i-Crescentia alata) ne-papelillo (i-Jatropha sp.). Esokuqala saziwa kalula ngoba isiqu saso siyakhula, sakhe imifantu emikhulu emagxolweni aso, asetshenziswa njengesiphephelo sama-iguana nezinye izilwane. I-cuastecomate ikhiqiza izithelo ezinkulu eziyindilinga eziluhlaza esiqwini sayo ezinegobolondo eliqinile ngokweqile.
Ngokuphathelene nezilwane, iChamela-Cuixmala yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba isiphenduke “isiphephelo” sezinhlobo eziningi eziye zanyamalala kwezinye izifunda noma eziya zingandile kakhulu. Isibonelo, ingwenya yomfula (Crocodilus acutus), okuyisilwane esihuquzelayo esikhulu kunazo zonke eMexico (singalingana sifike ku-5 m ubude) futhi okuthi, ngenxa yoshushiso olunamandla esesibhekene nalo (ukusebenzisa isikhumba salo ngokungemthetho fur) nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yayo yokuhlala, sekunyamalale emifuleni eminingi nasemachibini asogwini olusentshonalanga yezwe, lapho kwakukade kuchichima khona kakhulu.
Ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivelele zalesi siqiwu "ufezela" noma isigcilikisha sobuhlalu (Heloderma horridum), esinye sezinhlobo ezimbili zezinambuzane ezinobuthi emhlabeni; umvini (i-Oxybelis aeneus), inyoka ezacile kakhulu edideka kalula ngamagatsha omile; ama-iguana aluhlaza (i-Iguana iguana) nomnyama (i-Ctenosaura pectinata), i-boa (i-Boa constrictor), i-tapayaxin eshisayo noma i-chameleon yamanga (i-Phrynosoma asio) nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezibankwa, izinyoka nezimfudu; Kokugcina, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zomhlaba kanye nezimfudu zasolwandle ezinhlanu ezizalela emabhishi esiqiwi.
Kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinhlobo eziningana zamaxoxo namasele zakha i-herpetofauna yaseChamamela-Cuixmala, yize ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile izinhlobo eziningi zihlala zifihlekile phakathi kohlaza noma zingcwatshwe, zizama ukubalekela amazinga okushisa aphakeme osuku futhi ukungabi khona komswakama. Ezinye zalezi zinto eziphila emanzini nasemanzini zivamile ehlathini lapho lina imvula, lapho ziphuma ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala ukuze zisizakale ngobukhona bamanzi okuzala nokuzala amaqanda azo emachibini nasemifudlaneni, lapho kuzwakala khona amakhorasi awo othando “amaningi” ebusuku. Injalo-ke ixoxo "ledada elikhokhiswa ngamadada" (i-Triprion spatulatus), uhlobo lwendalo oluphephela phakathi kwamaqabunga e-rosette ama-bromeliads ("epiphytic" plant akhula ezihlahleni nasemagatsheni ezinye izihlahla); Lelixoxo linekhanda eliyisicaba kanye nodebe olude, okuyinikeza - njengoba negama lalo lisho - ukubukeka "kwedada". Singathola futhi i-toad yasolwandle (i-Bufo marinus), enkulu kunazo zonke eMexico; ixoxo eliyisicaba (i-Pternohyla fodiens), izinhlobo eziningana zamaxoxo ezihlahla kanye nexoxo eliluhlaza (i-Pachymedusa dacnicolor), uhlobo lwendawo olukhona ezweni lethu futhi elishushumbiswa ngalo ngokungemthetho ngezinga elikhulu, ngenxa yokuheha kwalo "njengesilwane esifuywayo".
Izinyoni yiqembu lezilwane ezinomgogodla eziningi kakhulu esiqiwini, ngoba izinhlobo eziningi zihlala kulo okwesikhashana noma unomphela. Phakathi kwezinto ezigqame kakhulu kubalwa ama-ibis amhlophe (i-Eudocimus albus), i-roseate spoonbill (i-Ajaia ajaja), unogolantethe waseMelika (i-Mycteria americana), ama-chachalacas (i-Ortalis poliocephala), i-red-crested woodpecker (i-Driocopus lineatus), i-coa o i-trogon ephuzi (iTrogon citreolus) kanye ne-cowboy guaco (Herpetotheres cachinnans), ukubala abambalwa. Futhi kuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu ezinyonini ezifudukayo, ezifika njalo ebusika zivela ezingxenyeni ezikude zaseMexico nasentshonalanga ye-United States naseCanada. Ngalesi sikhathi, kungenzeka ukubona izinyoni eziningi ehlathini nezinhlobo eziningana zasemanzini emachibini nasemfuleni iCuitzmala, phakathi kwazo kukhona amadada amaningi kanye nevuba elimhlophe (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos).
Ngokufana nezingwenya, ezinye izinhlobo zopholi nezipholi zithole isiphephelo esiqiwini, okuthi kwezinye izingxenye zezwe zibanjwe ngokungemthetho ngobuningi ukuze zinikeze izidingo zikazwelonke nezamazwe omhlaba "ezifuywayo" ezingaphandle. Phakathi kwalezo ezingatholakala eChamela-Cuixmala kukhona upholi we-guayabero (Amazona finschi), odume kakhulu eMexico, nopholi onekhanda eliphuzi (Amazona oratrix), osengozini yokuqothulwa ezweni lethu. I-atolero parakeet (i-Aratinga canicularis) eya ku-parakeet eluhlaza (i-Aratinga holochlora) kanye nesincane kunazo zonke eMexico: i- "catarinita" parakeet (Forpus cyanopygius), nayo isendaweni futhi isengozini yokuqothulwa.
Okokugcina, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezincelisayo ezifana nama-coati noma ama-badger (i-Nasua nasua), angabonakala emaqenjini amakhulu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kanye ne-peccary ehlanganisiwe (i-Tayassu tajacu), uhlobo lwengulube yasendle ezulazula ehlathini emihlambini, ikakhulukazi amahora angashisi kakhulu. Izinyamazane ezinomsila omhlophe (i-Odocoileus virginianus), ezishushiswa kabanzi kwezinye izifunda zezwe, ziningi eChamela-Cuixmala futhi zingabonakala noma ngasiphi isikhathi sosuku.
Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ngenxa yemikhuba yazo noma ukutholakala kwazo, kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona; njengoba kwenzeka ngehora lasebusuku elithi “tlacuachín” (Marmosa canescens), elincane kunawo wonke ama-marsupials aseMexico kanye nobunzima ezweni lethu; i-pygmy skunk (i-Spilogale pygmaea), nayo igcwele eMexico, i-ghost bat (i-Diclidurus albus), engavamile kakhulu ezweni lakithi kanye ne-jaguar (i-Panthera onca), isibaya esikhulu kunazo zonke eMelika, esengozini yokuqothulwa ngenxa yokubhujiswa imvelo ehlala kuyo nokuthi kungani iye yafunwa ngokweqile.
Inani labantu bakulesi siqiwi lingenye yabambalwa asebenzayo ogwini lwasePacific (njengamanje kuphela abantu kanye namaqembu amancane aqhelelene asele kulo lonke uhla lwayo lwangempela) futhi mhlawumbe ukuphela kwalo okujabulela ukuvikelwa okugcwele.
Umlando wentando nokubekezela
Ukwamukelwa masinyane kweningi labantu elizungeze ihlathi elihlwanyelwe phansi kube kubi kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu zithathwa njenge "ntaba" okungenzeka ukuthi iqedwe, ukwenza izilimo zendabuko noma amadlelo emfuyo kulawa mazwe, ezethula ukusebenza okumile futhi okwedlula isikhathi, ngoba ngokungafani nohlaza lwendabuko, zakhiwa izitshalo ezingaguquguquki nezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezikhona lapha. Ngalesi sizathu nezinye, lesi simiso semvelo sichithwa ngokushesha.
Ukwazi lesi simo nokuthi ukongiwa kwemvelo yaseMexico kuyisidingo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukusinda kwethu, iFundación Ecológica de Cuixmala, A.C., selokhu yasungulwa yanikezelwa ekuthuthukiseni ukongiwa kwendawo yaseChamela-Cuixmala.
Vele, umsebenzi ubungelula ngoba, njengakwezinye izifunda eziningi zaseMexico lapho kwenziwe khona imizamo yokusungula iziqiwi, zihlangabezane nokungaqondi kwezinye zezakhamizi zendawo kanye nezintshisekelo ezinamandla zezomnotho ezibe khona kule ndawo " ezindaweni zokubuka ”isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi" ukuthuthuka "ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi emikhulu yezokuvakasha.
Isiqiwi seChamela-Cuixmala sesibe yisibonelo sokuhleleka nokubekezela okufanele kulandelwe. Ngokubamba iqhaza kwabanikazi bezindawo lapho itholakala khona kanye neminikelo eqoqwe yi-Ecological Foundation yaseCuixmala, kwenzeke ukugcina ukubhekwa okuqinile endaweni. Ukungena emigwaqweni engena esiqiwini kunamadokodo okuqapha asebenza amahora angama-24 ngosuku; Ngaphezu kwalokho, onogada bavakasha kaningana begibela amahhashi noma ngamaloli kuso sonke isiqiwi nsuku zonke, ngaleyo ndlela bevimbela ukungena kwabazingeli abazingeli ababezingela noma bethumba izilwane phambilini kule ndawo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe esiqiwini seChamamela-Cuixmala luqinisekisile ukubaluleka kwendawo ngendawo kanye nesidingo sokwandisa ukongiwa kwayo, ngakho-ke kunezinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zokunweba imikhawulo yayo nokuzama ukuyihlanganisa, ngokusebenzisa imigudu yemvelo, iye kwesinye isiqiwi. eduze: Manantlán. Ngeshwa, kuleli zwe lomcebo omkhulu webhayoloji, kunokuntuleka okukhulu kokuqonda ngokubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo, okuholela ekunyamalaleni okusheshayo kwale ngcebo. Kungakho amacala afana neChamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve engashayelwa ihlombe futhi asekwe, enethemba lokuthi azosebenza njengesibonelo sokukhuthaza umzabalazo wabantu nezikhungo ezifisa ukufeza ukongiwa kwezindawo ezimele ifa elikhulu yemvelo yaseMexico.
Umthombo: IMexico engaziwa engu-241
