AmaMixtecos ahlala entshonalanga yesifunda sase-Oaxacan, ngasikhathi sinye lapho amaZapotec enza eSigodini. Thola kabanzi mayelana nalesi siko.
Kusukela ekuphenyweni kwemivubukulo siyazi ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala zaseMixtec zazikhona ezindaweni ezifana neMonte Negro ne-Etlatongo, naseYucuita eMixteca Alta, cishe ngonyaka we-1500 BC. kuze kube ngu-500 BC
Ngalesi sikhathi, amaMixtec axhumane namanye amaqembu hhayi kuphela ngokushintshana ngemikhiqizo, kepha futhi nangamamodeli ezobuchwepheshe nezobuciko, ezingabonwa ngezitayela namafomu abelana ngawo namasiko athuthukiswe ezindaweni ezikude njengasemgodini waseMexico. indawo yasePuebla kanye neSigodi sase-Oaxaca.
Amadolobhana aseMixtec nawo abenephethini yokuhlala ngokuya ngezindlu ezahlanganisa imindeni eminingi yenuzi, umnotho wayo owawusekelwe kwezolimo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu wokugcina ukudla kwaholela ekwandeni kwamakilasi nezinhlobo zezinto zobumba, kanye nokwakhiwa emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba.
IYucuita ingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zaseMixtec ezibalulekile zalesi sikhathi, mhlawumbe ezingaphansi kweYucuñadahui 5 km kude. kwe. Itholakala eNochixtlán Valley egqumeni eliyisicaba futhi elihlangene futhi ngonyaka we-200 BC. lase lifinyelele usayizi wabantu abaningi abayizinkulungwane eziningana.
Izikhungo zokuqala zasemadolobheni zaseMixtec zazincane, zinabantu abaphakathi kuka-500 kuya ku-3,000 wezakhamizi. Ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ezigodini ezimaphakathi zase-Oaxaca, eMixteca kwakungekho ukugqama kwedolobha isikhathi eside njengasendabeni yeMonte Albán, futhi ubukhulu bayo nobuningi babantu abuzange bufinyelelwe.
AMASIKO EMiphakathi exubile
Imiphakathi yamaMixtec igcine ukuncintisana okuhlala njalo, izibopho nezivumelwano zazo bekungokwesikhashana futhi kungazinzile, kunokuphikisana ngamandla nodumo. Izikhungo zasemadolobheni zibuye zasebenzela ukuhlanganisa abantu ngezinsuku zemakethe futhi njengendawo yokuhlangana namanye amaqembu angomakhelwane.
Amapulatifomu amakhulu nemidlalo yebhola kugqamile kulezi zingosi zeMixtec. Ngalesi sikhathi sekukhona ukubonakala okucacile kokubhalwa ngama-glyphs kanye nezethulo ezisetshenzwe ngamatshe nangobumba, zombili izibalo nezindawo, kanye nezinsuku zekhalenda.
Ngokuphathelene nenhlangano yezenhlalo yamaMixtec, umehluko ezingeni lomphakathi uyaphawulwa, ngokusho kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindlu nezinto ezitholakala kuzo, isici samathuna kanye neminikelo yawo ehluke ngokwehluka ngokwezinga lomuntu lowo muntu.
Esigabeni esilandelayo, esingasibiza leso sobukhosi, ubukhosi kanye nemibuso, umphakathi usuvele uhlukaniswe waba ngamaqembu ayisisekelo ambalwa: ababusi namakhosi amakhulu; ama-macehuales noma ama-comuneros anezindawo zawo, abalimi abangenamhlaba nezigqila; Le nto ayenzeki kuphela kwi-Mixteca, kwenzeka okufanayo esifundeni sase-Oaxacan.
EMixteca Alta, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yesikhathi sePostclassic (750 kuya ku-1521 AD) kwakuyiTilantongo, eyayibizwa ngeNuu Tnoo Huahui Andehui, iThempeli laseZulwini, umbuso womholi odumile u-Eight Venado Jaguar Claw. Amanye amamodi abalulekile kwakunguYanhuitlán no-Apoala.
Esinye sezici ezivelele zalesi sigaba yizinga eliphezulu lokuthuthuka kwezobuciko nezobuchwepheshe okutholwe amaMixtec; izinto ezinhle ze-polychrome ceramic, izibalo ze-obsidian namathuluzi enziwe ngekhwalithi ephezulu, imidwebo eyenziwe ngethambo ngemifanekiso yohlobo lwe-codex, imihlobiso yegolide, isiliva, i-turquoise, i-jade, igobolondo nokuthile okugqame ngendlela ephawulekayo: imibhalo yesandla yezithombe noma ama-codex ukubaluleka okuhle kobuhle futhi okuyigugu, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kokuqukethwe komlando nenkolo okuvela kubo.
Lesi sikhathi sasingenye yokuhamba kwabantu abaningi kumaMixtec, ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kokufika kwama-Aztec cishe ngonyaka we-1250 AD, kanye nokuhlasela kwaseMexico okwenzeka emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile. Amanye amaqembu amaMixtec nawo ahlasela isiGodi sase-Oaxaca, anqoba iZaachila, futhi asungula umbuso eCuilapan.
IMixteca yahlukaniswa yaba inethiwekhi yama-manor akhiwe ngamadolobha nezifunda zawo ezizungezile. Ezinye zihlelwe zaba uchungechunge lwezifundazwe kanti ezinye zihlala zizimele.
Phakathi kwezinkulu kakhulu kukhona iCooxtlahuaca, iTilantongo, iTlaxiaco neTututepec. Lobu bukhosi beMixtec babubizwa nangokuthi imibuso futhi babe nendlunkulu yabo emadolobheni abaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukene yobuhlanga, I-Tututepec kwakuwumbuso onamandla kunayo yonke eMixteca de la Costa. Yelula ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-200. ngasogwini lwasePacific, kusukela esifundeni samanje saseGuerrero kuya echwebeni laseHuatulco.
Yayisebenzisa ukubusa phezu kwabantu abaningana okwakungobuzwe obuhlukile, njengama-Amuzgos, iMexico kanye namaZapotec. Ekhanda ledolobha ngalinye kwakukhona i-cacique eyayizuze amandla njengegunya eliphakeme.
