Ifa elingajwayelekile lezitho zobuciko zaseMexico, ngaphandle kokungabaza, lingelinye lamagugu amakhulu kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko nomzimba womhlaba wonke.
Ukufika eMexico eHernán Cortés ngekhulu le-16 kuphawula isigaba esisha ekuthuthukiseni umculo kanye nezobuciko jikelele, kwavela ubuciko obusha: umgqugquzeli. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweColony, uhlelo olusha lomculo olusetshenziswe abaseSpain futhi oluguqulwa ukuzwela kwabantu baseMexico luzoba yingxenye ebalulekile ekuguqukeni komculo eMexico. Umbhishobhi wokuqala waseMexico, uJuan de Zumárraga owayephoqelekile, wayephethe ukunikeza iziyalo eziqondile kwizithunywa zevangeli ngokufundiswa komculo nangokuzisebenzisa njengento ebalulekile enqubweni yokuguqula abomdabu. Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kokuwa kweTenochtitlan, isitho sangeniswa sisuka eSeville, ngo-1530, ukuze siphelezele ikhwaya uFray Pedro de Cante, owayengumzala othile kaCarlos V, ayephethwe yiTexcoco.
Isidingo sezitho zanda ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ngenxa yemizamo yabefundisi bezwe yokunciphisa inani labadlali bezinsimbi. Lesi simo sengqondo sabefundisi sihambisane nokuguqulwa okubalulekile komculo enkonzweni yesonto laseSpain, njengomphumela wezinqumo zoMkhandlu waseTrent (1543-1563) okwaholela ekutheni uPhilip II akhiphe zonke izinsimbi ezivela eRoyal Chapel ngaphandle kwe isitho.
Kuyamangaza iqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi kokuba iNew York, iBoston neFiladelphia kwenziwe amakoloni, iNkosi yaseSpain yayisivele isimemezele umthetho ngo-1561 owenqabela inani elidlulele labaculi bomdabu abaqashwe emasontweni aseMexico, “… uma kungenjalo isonto lingaqothuka… ”.
Ukwakhiwa kwezitho kwachuma eMexico kusuka ezikhathini zasendulo kakhulu futhi zinezinga eliphakeme lekhwalithi ekwakhiweni kwayo. Ngo-1568, umkhandlu wedolobha laseMexico City wamemezela umthetho kamasipala lapho kwakuthiwa: “… umenzi wezinsimbi kufanele akhombise ngokuhlola ukuthi uyakwazi ukwakha isitho somzimba, ispinet, i-manocordio, i-lute, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-violin nehabhu ... njalo ezinyangeni ezine isikhulu sasihlola amathuluzi akhiwe bese sithatha bonke labo ababengenalo izinga eliphakeme ekusebenzeni ... ”Ngomlando womculo waseMexico, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi U-Organ wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu selokhu kwaqala iColony, nokuthi ubukhazikhazi bomzimba waseMexico buqhubekile nangesikhathi sezinxushunxushu kakhulu emlandweni waseMexico, kufaka phakathi nesikhathi sokuzibusa ngekhulu le-19.
Insimu kazwelonke inegugu elibanzi lezitho zeBaroque ezakhiwe ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18, kepha kunezinsimbi ezinhle kakhulu ezivela ngekhulu le-19 futhi nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezenziwe ngokuya ngemigomo yobuciko bezitho zomzimba ezazikhona ngesikhathi sokubusa kweSpain. . Kufanele kushiwo manje ukuthi ubukhosi bakwaCastro, umndeni wabenzi bezitho zasePuebla owaba nethonya elikhulu esifundeni sasePuebla naseTlaxcala ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, ngokwakhiwa kwezitho ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, okuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa okukhethwe kakhulu kwaseYurophu. zesikhathi sakhe.
Kungashiwo, njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ukuthi izitho zaseMexico zilondoloze izici zohlaka lwakudala lwaseSpain lwekhulu le-17, zibadlula ngomlingiswa ophawulekile oveza futhi abonakalise umzimba ophawuleka waseMexico kumongo wendawo yonke.
Ezinye izici zezitho zobuciko zaseMexico zingachazwa ngokujwayelekile ngokulandelayo:
Izinsimbi zivame ukuba ngosayizi ophakathi nendawo ngekhibhodi eyodwa enama-octave amane wokunweba, anerejista eyi-8 kuye kwayi-12 ehlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: ama-bass no-treble. Amarejista asetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwawo komculo wezingoma ahlukahlukene kakhulu, ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela ethile ye-acoustic nokuqhathanisa.
Izincwadi zomhlanga ezibekwe zibheke phezulu ku-façade cishe azinakugwenywa futhi zinombala omuhle, lezi zitholakala ngisho nasezithombeni ezincane kakhulu. Amabhokisi ezitho anomdlandla omkhulu wobuciko nobuciko bokwakha, futhi imitshingo ye-façade ivame ukudwetshwa ngezimbali ezimibalabala namaski amabi.
Lezi zinsimbi zinemiphumela ethile ekhethekile noma amarejista esesekeli, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi izinyoni ezincane, izigubhu, izinsimbi, izinsimbi, inhlabamkhosi, njll. Eyokuqala iqukethe iqoqo lemitshingo encane ecwiliswe esitsheni esinamanzi, lapho ishukunyiswa ilingisa iziqubu zezinyoni. Irejista yensimbi yakhiwe ngochungechunge lwezinsimbi ezishaywa yizando ezincane ezibekwe esondweni elijikelezayo.
Ukubekwa kwezitho kuyahluka kuye ngohlobo lokwakhiwa kwamasonto, amarishi noma amasonto ababhishobhi. Ngendlela ejwayelekile, singakhuluma ngezikhathi ezintathu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zenkolo ngesikhathi sekoloniyali, phakathi kuka-1521 no-1810. Ngasinye salezi zigaba sithonye amasiko omculo futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubekwa kwezitho endizeni yezakhiwo.
Isikhathi sokuqala sihlanganisa kusuka ku-1530 kuya ku-1580 futhi sihambisana nokwakhiwa kwamakhonsathi noma izikhungo zezindela, lapho ikwaya likhona kugalari ngenhla komnyango omkhulu wethempeli, isitho sihlala sitholakala kugalari encane enwetshwe ohlangothini olulodwa. wekhwaya, isibonelo sakudala kungaba ukubekwa kwesitho eYanhuitlán, Oaxaca.
Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa leminyaka sathola ukuqhuma ekwakhiweni kwamabhishobhi amakhulu (1630-1680), neqembu eliphakathi nendawo imvamisa linezitho zombili, elinye lisohlangothini lwevangeli kanti elinye lisohlangothini lwencwadi, kunjalo ngendlu yamasonto amakhulu. kusuka eMexico City nasePuebla. Ngekhulu le-18 kwavela izifunda namabasilicas, lapho-ke sithola futhi ukuthi isitho ekhwayeni eliphezulu emnyango omkhulu wokungena, ngokuvamile sinamathele odongeni lwasenyakatho noma lwaseningizimu. Okunye okuhlukile yisonto laseSanta Prisca eTaxco, eGuerrero noma esontweni leBandla, edolobheni laseQuerétaro, lapho-ke isitho sikhona ekhwayeni eliphezulu, elibheke ealtare.
Ngesikhathi sekoloniyali nangekhulu le-19 kwakukhona ukwanda okukhulu komzimba wezobuchwepheshe, wokwakha kanye nemihlangano yokufundisa eMexico. ukugcinwa kwensimbi bekungumsebenzi ojwayelekile. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi ikakhulukazi ngekhulu lama-20, iMexico yaqala ukungenisa izitho ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi aseJalimane nase-Italy. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbuso wezitho zobuchwepheshe (ama-elektroni) waqala ukusabalala, ngakho-ke ubuciko bomzimba bancipha kakhulu, futhi nangokunakekelwa kwezitho ezikhona. Inkinga ngokwethulwa eMexico kwezitho zikagesi (izitho zezimboni) ukuthi kwakha isizukulwane sonke sezinhlangano zezimboni, okwadala ikhefu ngemikhuba namasu wokukhishwa okufana nezitho ze-baroque.
Intshisekelo yokutadisha nokongiwa kwezitho zomlando ivela njengomphumela ophusile wokutholwa kabusha komculo wakuqala eYurophu, le nhlangano ingabekwa cishe phakathi kweminyaka yamashumi amahlanu namashumi ayisithupha alelikhulu leminyaka, kuvusa intshisekelo enkulu kubaculi, izinhlangano, abaculi kanye nezazi zomculo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, eMexico kuze kube muva nje sesiqale ukugxila ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa, ukulondolozwa nokubuyekezwa kwaleli fa.
Namuhla, umkhuba womhlaba wokulondoloza isitho sasendulo ukusondela kuso ngobunzima bemivubukulo, bomlando nobuciko bese usibuyisela esimeni saso sokuqala ukuze kutakulwe insimbi yakudala futhi eyiqiniso yesikhathi sayo, njengoba isitho ngasinye sisinye, Ibhizinisi ngokwalo, ngakho-ke, ucezu oluhlukile, olungaphindeki.
Isitho ngasinye singufakazi obalulekile womlando lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthola kabusha ingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wethu wobuciko namasiko. Kuyadabukisa ukusho ukuthi sisabhekene nokunye ukubuyiselwa kwesinye isikhathi okuqanjwa ngegama ngale ndlela, ngoba kunqunyelwe "ukubenza bakhale", baba izinguquko zangempela, noma izinguquko ezingaphenduki. Kuyadingeka ukugwema leyo nyama ephilayo, enezinhloso ezinhle, kepha ngaphandle koqeqesho lobuchwepheshe, iyaqhubeka nokungenelela ngezinsimbi zomlando.
Kuliqiniso ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kwezitho zasendulo kumele futhi kuchaze ukubuyiselwa kwamakhono ezandla, ezobuciko nezobuciko zabantu baseMexico emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, lokhu kuyindlela kuphela yokuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa nokugcinwa kwezinsimbi zomculo. Ngokunjalo, ukuzivocavoca komculo nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwazo kumele kubuyiselwe. Indaba yokugcina leli fa eMexico yamuva futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, lezi zinsimbi zahlala zinganakiwe ngenxa yokushoda kwenzalo nezinsizakusebenza, okwakukuhle ngandlela thile, njengoba eziningi zazo zihlala zinjalo. Izitho zakha imibhalo ekhangayo yobuciko namasiko aseMexico.
IMexico Academy Yomculo Wasendulo Wezitho, eyasungulwa ngo-1990, iyinhlangano ekhethekile ocwaningweni, ekulondolozweni nasekubuyekezweni kwefa lezitho zezimbali zaseMexico. Minyaka yonke ihlela izifundiswa zomhlaba wonke zomculo wakudala wesitho kanye neBaroque Organ Festival. Ubhekene nomagazini wokuqala wokusabalalisa umzimba eMexico. Amalungu ayo abamba iqhaza ngokugcwele kumakhonsathi, izingqungquthela, ukuqoshwa, njll. umculo waseMexico wamakholoni.
