Ngezikhathi zangaphambi kweSpanishi, endaweni eyayihlala iRiphabhuliki yaseMexico yamanje, nangesikhathi esidala esabuyela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ngezikhathi zayo zangaphambi komlando, amaqembu abantu ahlukahlukene anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlanganiswa kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe nentuthuko yamasiko ahlala khona kwaze kwaba yisikhathi se ukuxhumana namasiko aseSpain.
Maphakathi kwazo kuzoba phakathi, yize kungenakuphikiswa, lokho okubizwa nge-Oasisamérica. Abahlali bokuqala babene "siko eliphakeme" ogama lakhe eliphakeme, esiteji ngokushesha ngaphambi kokunqotshwa, kwakuyi-Triple Alliance, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Empire of Moctezuma. Ngokunjalo, amaqembu e-Arido-American - yize ayengumsuka wengxenye enhle yokufuduka okwathi, ekuhambeni kwesikhathi, kwenze impumelelo yeMesoamerican yenzeka - yahlala ngezinga eliphansi lokuthuthuka kwamasiko namazinga aphansi ngokwezinhlobo zenhlangano. ezenhlalo ziphathelene. Abase-Oasisamericans baguquguquka phakathi kwalaba abanye ababili, ngenkathi futhi bengabalamuli babo. Ngamanye amagama, ngesikhathi sokuthintana, umhlaba wabomdabu wawungumbala wezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene nowamasiko amaningi onomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezakhi zawo. Kodwa-ke, endaweni enkulu yaseMesoamerican kwakukhona isisekelo esivamile samasiko. Esinye sezici ezahlukanisa ingxenye enhle yemiphakathi yabo kwaba - ngaphezu kokutholakala nokusetshenziswa kwamakhalenda, uhlobo lwezinhlangano zombuso nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlelwa kwamadolobha - ukwenziwa kwamarekhodi ezithombe aqopha, phakathi kokunye, izici zenkolo-caIendric. , ezombusazwe-ezempi, ezokubhula, ezomthetho, zozalo, i-cadastral kanye ne-cartographic, okuthe ngendlela ebalulekile (ezimweni ezithile) kwafakazela ukuqwashiswa okuqinile komlando.
Ngokusho kuka-Alfonso Caso, leli siko lingalandelelwa emuva ngekhulu lesi-7 noma lesi-8 lesikhathi sethu, futhi ngokusho kukaLuis Reyes lixhunyaniswe nemidwebo yomhume, izakhiwo zobumba nemidwebo yodonga okungenani eneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ubudala. Ngokombono kaKirchhoff, ingxenye yesibili yolwazi isinikeza ithuba lokuhlanganisa imininingwane yemivubukulo [nemithombo] engokomfanekiso noma ebhaliwe.
Amarekhodi e-Pictographic, isici esiyingqayizivele sesiko eliphakeme laseMesoamerican ezwenikazi laseMelika manje, kwaqhubeka ngokwanda ngesikhathi sekoloniyali, ngokuyinhloko njengendlela yokugunyazwa kwamalungelo asendulo, izimangalo kumhlaba noma imingcele, ukuqinisekiswa kozalo, kanye nohlobo oluthile lwezikhumbuzo. yezinsizakalo ezinikezwe iNkosana yimiphakathi yomdabu namakhosi ayo.
Kunoma ikuphi, njengoba kusho uLuis Reyes, ukuba khona kobufakazi bezithombe ngesikhathi seKoloni kukhombisa izimpande eziqinile nobungqabavu bohlelo lokubhala lwamaNdiya, olwaluguquka futhi lwaguqulwa kodwa lwaqhubeka phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yekoloni. Iphinde ikhombise ukwamukelwa nokwamukelwa kwamakholoni kokucaciswa kwamasiko amaNdiya.
Njengamagugu omlando wedokhumentari, lobu bufakazi busebenza njengebhuloho, ngoba emuva kusixhumanisa nabakhiqizi bezinsalela zemivubukulo manje (kungaba yilezi zitsha noma izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu) nokudlulela phambili, namaqembu omdabu amanje. Ngokuya kukaPaul Kirchhoff, kusivumela ukuthi sifunde inqubo yomlando waseMesoamerican (ngomqondo obanzi), ukuzama ukwakhiwa kabusha kwayo kusukela emvelaphi yayo kuze kube manje. Kuze kube manje, abavubukuli, izazi-mlando kanye nezazi ngemvelaphi yabantu kuzodingeka bahlanganise imizamo yabo; yize kubalulekile ukwengeza ukuthi, kusuka ku-1521, ukuze iqonde ngokugcwele, kuzodingeka ukuthi kubhekwe abaseSpain, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokwesikhathi sabo sokufakwa emphakathini wobukoloni, ama-Afrika kanye nabase-Asiya.
Iphrojekthi yokushicilela amakhodi aseMesoamerican ihlanganisa ndawonye imizamo yabantu abaningi nezikhungo. Lezi zamuva yiNational Institute of Anthropology and History, iBenemérita University yasePuebla, iSikhungo Sokucwaninga Nezifundo Eziphakeme ku-Social Anthropology kanye neGeneral Archive of the Nation.
Ngokuphothulwa kwalomsebenzi, ngocwaningo kanye nokushicilelwa kwe-facsimile, ukutakulwa kwalobu bufakazi bomdabu bezithombe zomdabu obalandelayo kwenziwa kwaba nokwenzeka:
I-Tlatelolco Codex, enesifundo sokuqala sothisha uPerla Valle, ichaza isimo senhlalo, sezepolitiki kanye nezenkolo kanye nendlela lolu hlangothi lwendabuko olwafakwa ngayo emphakathini wobukoloniyali osanda kusetshenziswa lapho, ngezinga elikhulu, amafomu enhlangano endala. pre-Columbian, ikakhulukazi kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho.
Imephu yeCoatlichan, ehlaziywe nguthisha uLuz María Mohar, ngenxa yezimpawu zayo zepulasitiki, yize inamathonya athile aseYurophu, ingathathwa njengesibonelo sokuphikelela kwesitayela sabomdabu kanye nokukhathazeka kwayo ukuthatha ngokusobala izindawo zokuhlala kwamayunithi ayo ahlukene ezenhlalo kanye nemvelo eyayibazungezile.
I-Yanhuitlán Codex, efundwa uthisha uMaría Teresa Sepúlveda noHerrera, (eyashicilelwa ndawonye okokuqala, izingcezu zayo ezimbili ezaziwayo), isebenza kakhulu ngezehlakalo zomlando nezomnotho ezenzeka eYanhuitlán nakwamanye amadolobha angomakhelwane, izikhathi zokuqala zamakholoni phakathi kuka-1532 no-1556.
ICozcatzín Codex, enesifundo sokuqala sothisha u-Ana Rita Valero, isibonelo sobunye sokwehluka ngokwama-codices amakoloni, inokuqukethwe okungokomlando, kozalo, komnotho kanye nokufundwa kwezinkanyezi. Kungumthombo ojwayelekile weTenochca njengoba kukhonjisiwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngencazelo eningiliziwe "yempi yombango" phakathi kweMexico: iTenochcas neTlatelolcas, enesiphetho esibi salaba bokugcina.
Imephu ye-Cuauhtinchan engunombolo 4, ehlaziywe nguthisha uKeiko Yoneda, mhlawumbe iyisithombe esiveza kakhulu imidwebo yezithombe yase-Europe esifundeni, indawo enenhlonipho ngokwengcebo yobufakazi bama-colonial pictographic kanye nemibhalo. Inhloso yalo enkulu ukukhomba imingcele phakathi kweCuauhtinchan kanye nezindala zasendulo nezihlanganayo zangaphambi kweSpanishi, nedolobha lasePuebla de los Ángeles, ngaleso sikhathi elalivela. Ukwenziwa kwempahla kwephrojekthi ye-Mesoamerican codices edition, kufanelekile ukugcizelela kuyo, kukhombisa ubuhle nokusebenza ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwezikhungo kanye nesidingo somsebenzi wezinhlaka ezehlukene, ukutakula ngempumelelo leyo memori ebhaliwe, ye-pictographic kanye nedokhumentari, eyisisekelo ukwakhiwa kabusha kwekusasa kwengxenye enhle yamaqembu omdabu abamba iqhaza ekwakheni umphakathi wamakoloni, ozalo lwawo njengamanje olwakha izingxenye ezibalulekile zale Mexico yethu, ngenhlanhla, njengasekuqaleni kwayo, ubuhlanga obuningi namasiko amaningi.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-8 Agasti-Septhemba 1995
