Ngesikhathi sokuphela kwamakholoni eMexico, abahambi abaningi abavela ezwenikazi elidala beza ezweni lethu bezofunda ngezimbali, izilwane, ukubukeka kwamadolobha, kanye nezinhlobo namasiko abantu baseMexico.
Kukulesi sikhathi, lapho uBaron Alejandro de Humboldt ethatha uhambo, kusuka ku-1799 kuya ku-1804, edabula amazwe ahlukahlukene aseMelika, phakathi kwamanye iMexico, obekuhlose ukwenza izifundo zesayensi ezinikele ekubhekeni zombili izinsiza zemvelo, i-geography, kanye nezikhungo ezisemadolobheni ezinkulu. UHumboldt ugcizelela ngokukhethekile ukutadisha izikhumbuzo zemivubukulo nezindawo ezihlukile zezindawo ezivakashelwe, futhi lapho ebuyela eYurophu, imiphumela yakhe yakha umsebenzi owawunesihloko esithi "Uhambo oluya ezifundeni ezilinganayo zeNew Continent." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izincwadi zakhe ezimbili ezibalulekile: "I-Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain" kanye ne- "Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the native native America", kwavusa ilukuluku elikhulu emphakathini wase-Europe. Ngakho-ke, behehwa izindaba ezinhle kakhulu zikaHumboldt, kwaqala ukufika ezweni lethu inani elikhulu labahambi bezobuciko, phakathi kwalo okugqama uKarl Nebel osemncane waseJalimane.
Imininingwane ka-Nebel eveza ukuthi iyindlala kakhulu, sazi kuphela ukuthi wazalwa ngoMashi 18, 1805, edolobheni lase-Altona, elisentshonalanga neHamburg emfuleni i-Elbe. Wafa eminyakeni engama-50 kamuva eParis, ngoJuni 14, 1855. Wayengumklami wezakhiwo, umklami nomdwebi.Wathola imfundo ngokwesikhathi sakhe, ethonywe ngokuphelele yinhlangano ye-neoclassical; Umsebenzi wakhe ungowenkambiso yobuciko eyaziwa ngokuthi yiRomanticism, inhlangano eyayisezingeni eliphezulu ngekhulu le-19 eFrance futhi ibonakala kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-lithographs kaNebel.
Umsebenzi kaKarl Nebel osihloko sithi: "Uhambo oluhle kakhulu nolwenziwe ngemivubukulo engxenyeni ebaluleke kakhulu yaseRiphabhuliki yaseMexico, eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-1829 no-1834", yakhiwe ngamalungu angama-50 adwetshwe, amaningi anombala futhi ambalwa kuphela amhlophe abamnyama .. Le misebenzi yaklanywa nguNebel uqobo, kodwa yenziwa kumasifundisane amabili ahlukene aseParis: Lithography Lemercier, Bernard and Company, etholakala eRue de Seine SG gg., kanti eyesibili, Lithography kaFederico Mialhe nabafowabo , Street Saint 35 Honoré Street.Amapuleti athile aqoshwe ngu-Arnould kanti amanye abhalwa ngu-Emile Lasalle, obesebenza e-Bernard nase-Frey's workshop, kanti kwezinye, kuze kwangenelela abalingisi ababili be-lithographer: uCuvillier, we-Architecture noLehnert, wezibalo.
Uhlelo lwesiFulentshi lomsebenzi kaNebel lwanyatheliswa ngo-1836 kwathi eminyakeni emine kamuva, uhlelo lweSpain lwavela. Emibhalweni yakhe, ebhalwe ngenhloso yokuchaza imifanekiso eningiliziwe, ichazwe ngolimi olulula futhi olufinyeleleka, ulwazi lwakhe ngezincwadi ezibhalwe abalobi bokuqala baseSpain bekhulu le-16 njengeTorquemada, phakathi kwabanye, kanye nemibhalo esondele isikhathi sakhe, njengemibhalo ka-Alejandro de Humboldt no-Antonio de León y Gama.
Ngemuva kokwenza uhambo oluya ezifundeni ezisogwini, ingxenye esenyakatho yezwe, iBajío, amadolobha aseMexico nasePuebla, uNebel ubuyela eParis, lapho ahlangana khona neBaron de Humboldt, ukuyomcela ukuba ethule inkulumo yakhe incwadi, ayifeza ngenhlanhla enkulu. Embhalweni wakhe, uBaron uqokomisa umqondo omkhulu wemvelo, umlingiswa wobuhle kanye nentshisekelo enkulu yesayensi yemivubukulo yomsebenzi kaNebel. Ubuye ancome ukuzinikela ngokweqile komhloli wamazwe waseJalimane, okukhonjiswa encazelweni yezikhumbuzo zemivubukulo. Kodwa-ke, okwenza uHumboldt wanaka kakhulu ama-lithographs amahle akha lo msebenzi.
KuNebel, inhloso ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe, ebhekiswe kubantu abaningi, bekuwukwazisa umphakathi waseYurophu ngezinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo nezobuciko zaseMexico, azibiza nge- "American Attica." Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwenhloso yokuyala umfundi, uNebel wayehlose ukumphinda futhi amhlekise.
Kwakunezihloko ezintathu ezimbozwe yilo mhambi kuma-lithographs akhe ayigugu: isayensi yemivubukulo, idolobha namasiko aseMexico. Kunamapuleti angama-20 aqukethe ingqikithi yemivubukulo, angama-20 anikezelwa emadolobheni, lapho indawo yemvelo ifakwa kuyo yonke indawo yesehlakalo futhi ama-10 asele abhekisele ezingutsheni zokugqoka, izinhlobo namasiko.
Emifanekisweni yama-lithographs ekhuluma ngemivubukulo yaseMexico, uNebel ukwazile ukwenza kabusha indawo yasendulo nebabazekayo, lapho izimila ezijabule kakhulu zimisa yonke indawo; Lokhu kunjalo ngomfanekiso osihloko sithi Monte Virgen, lapho uNebel asikhombisa khona izihlahla ezinkulu nezitshalo ezenza kube nzima ukuthi izihambi zidlule. Kulolu chungechunge, wayengowokuqala ukumemezela iphiramidi yeNiches yase-El Tajín, ayithatha njengofakazi wokugcina wempucuko yasendulo eyayizolahleka. Usikhombisa nombono ojwayelekile wepiramidi yaseCholula, asitshela ukuthi iyisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke se-Anábuac yasendulo, esinikeza izilinganiso zesisekelo nokuphakama kwayo, ngokuya ngemibhalo ebhalwe nguTorquemada, Betancourt noClavijero . Ekupheleni kombhalo ochazayo wesithombe, uphetha ngokuthi le phiramidi nakanjani lalakhiwe njengendawo yokungcwaba amakhosi namakhosi amakhulu.
Simangazwe ubuciko bokubumba baseMexico, futhi sibuyele eDon Antonio de León y Gama, uNebel usinikeza imininingwane ephelele ngalokhu kuthengisa, kanye nokuqagelwa kwezithombe ezibalulekile ezintathu ezitholakale ngaphambi nje (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ngo-1790), itshe leTizoc, iCoatlicue (edwetshwe ngokungalungile) kanye nalokho okubizwa ngePiedra del Sol. Iphinde isibonise ezinye izinsimbi zomculo zangaphambi kweSpanishi, zihlanganisa amakhwela, imitshingo neteponaztlis.
Kusukela ekuvakasheni kwakhe maphakathi nezwe, ukuvakasha kukaNebel, ngasenyakatho neMexico, izwe laseZacatecas elikhombisa emapuletini amane amanxiwa aseLa Quemada; ngaseningizimu, esifundeni saseMorelos, wenza ama-lithographs amane weXochicalco, lapho asikhombisa khona ukwakhiwa kabusha, hhayi okucishe kube ngokuphelele, kwePhiramidi leNyoka Enezimpiko kanye nemidwebo yalo eyinhloko.
Ngokuqondene netimu yesibili ebhekiswe nguNebel, ukwazile ukuhlanganisa indawo yasemadolobheni naleyo yemvelo. Imidwebo ikhombisa izici ezibalulekile nezibaluleke kakhulu zamadolobha avakashelwe yilo mculi, uPuebla, uSan Luis Potosí noZacatecas, phakathi kwabanye.
Amanye awo asetshenziswa njengesizinda sokwakheka, isihloko saso esiyinhloko yizigodi ezibanzi. Ekubukeni okuningiliziwe, sibona izikwele ezinkulu nezinkulu ezinamatshe ezikhumbuzo nezakhiwo zenkolo. Siphinde sihloniphe namachweba amakhulu olwandle ezweni: iVeracruz, iTampico ne-Acapulco, esikhonjiswa yona maqondana nokubaluleka kwawo.
UNebel unikezela amapuleti amahlanu eMexico City, njengoba kuyindawo edonsa amehlo akhe kakhulu, futhi uyithatha njengedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi elihle kunazo zonke eSpain America, elilingana namadolobha amakhulu aseYurophu. Okugqame kakhulu kulolu chungechunge lwama-lithographs yilawa: iMexico ebonwe kusuka e-Archbishopric yaseTacubaya, yona kanye neVista de los volcanes de México, eyenza ukulandelana okuhle okuvumela uNebel ukuthi amboze sonke isiGodi saseMexico futhi aqhakambise ubukhulu obukhulu nobuhle leli dolobha elikhulu.
Ngokubukwa okuningiliziwe, lesi sihambi senza amapuleti amabili e-zócalo yenhlokodolobha yamanje. Owokuqala wabo unesihloko esithi Interior de México, lapho kukhonjiswa khona ingxenye yeMetropolitan Cathedral ohlangothini lwesobunxele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhilidi eliphethe iNational Monte de Piedad kanti ngemuva sibona isakhiwo esaziwa kakhulu njenge-El Parían, indawo lapho zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo emihle evela e-Asia zathengiswa ngekhulu le-19. I-lithograph yesibili inesihloko sePlaza Mayor de México, kuyo sitholakala emlonyeni womgwaqo uPlateros namuhla oyiMadero Avenue futhi ingqikithi eyinhloko yakhiwe ngokwakhiwa okumangazayo kweCathedral neSagrario, ngaphezu kwalokho kusukela ekhoneni leNdlu Kazwelonke, eyakhiwe yimigwaqo yamanje yeSeminario neMoneda enesizinda sedome lesonto laseSanta Teresa.
I-lithograph yokugcina yochungechunge lwaseMexico City, uNebel wayibiza ngokuthi iPaseo de la Viga eMexico, yisigcawu sendabuko lapho uNebel asikhombisa khona amaqembu ehlukene ezenhlalo, kusukela kwabathobeke kakhulu kuya kwabanhle kakhulu abakujabulelayo ukuphumula nezwe elihle abanalo elibazungezile. Kuleli cwecwe sidlulela esiteshini esidala sokuxhuma phakathi kwamachibi aseTexcoco naseChalco.Ekupheleni kokuqanjwa, umculi ubemele uhlaza oluyisici se-chinampas: izihlahla ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-ahuejotes. Ngemuva siyalithanda iLa Garita, lapho abantu abalungele ukuqala uhambo lwabo bahlangana khona, kungaba ngezinyawo, abagibele amahhashi, ngezinqola ezinhle noma ngesikebhe, nebhuloho elinemibala ligqamile ngemuva.
Ukusuka emadolobheni ezifundazwe, uNebel wasishiyela umbono olula wePuebla, nezintaba-mlilo i-Iztaccíhuatl nePopocatépetl njengesizinda, umbono ojwayelekile weGuanajuato nomunye weMeya yayo yasePlaza. Kusuka eZacatecas kusikhombisa umbono we-panoramic, ingaphakathi nokubukwa kwemayini iVeta Grande kanye ne-Aguascalientes, imininingwane yedolobha kanye neMeya yePlaza. Kukhona neMeya yePlaza yaseGuadalajara, umbono ojwayelekile weJalapa nenye yeSan Luis Potosí.
Esinye isihloko uNebel ancike kuso kwakuyi-costumbrista, ethonywe kakhulu ngumsebenzi wase-Italy uClaudio Linati, owayengumsunguli we-lithography eMexico. Kulezi zithombe, isihambi siveza abahlali bezigaba ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo ezaziyingxenye yeRiphabhulikhi esanda kuvela begqoke izingubo zabo ezivelele kakhulu, ezibonisa imfashini yangaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kuphawuleka ikakhulukazi. kwi-lithograph ekhombisa iqembu labesifazane abagqoke imantilla futhi begqoke ngendlela yaseSpain, noma leyo enye lapho kuvela khona umnikazi womhlaba ocebile ephelezelwa yindodakazi yakhe, inceku nomphakeli wakhe, bonke begqoke kahle futhi begibele amahhashi. Kukulezi lithographs zamatimu wokuphila kwansuku zonke, lapho uNebel egqamisa khona isitayela sakhe esithonywe yi-Romanticism, lapho izinhlobo zomzimba zabalingiswa abamele zingahambelani neqiniso, kepha nezinhlobo zakudala zobuciko basendulo baseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, lezi zithombe zilusizo kakhulu ukwazi nokwakha kabusha izici ezahlukahlukene zempilo eMexico phakathi namashumi eminyaka okuqala ekhulu le-19. Lokhu kusho ukubaluleka kwalo mculi, ngaphezu kwekhwalithi enkulu yemisebenzi yakhe.
