Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwezithombe, abantu abanentshisekelo yokugcina isithombe sokubukeka kwabo nesimo sabo senhlalo bekufanele baphendukele kubadwebi, abasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenza izithombe eziceliwe.
Kumakhasimende angakwazi ukuzikhokhela. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amaklayenti angaba khona anezinsiza ezanele zokuthola nokugcina isithombe sabo, ngisho naseminyakeni yokuqala yokuthwebula izithombe, imidwebo yama-daguerreotypes yayingafinyeleleki kubantu abaningi, kuze kube yilapho intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ezithombeni Ikhulu le-19 lenze ukuthi kutholakale i-negative epuletini lengilazi. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngegama le-wet collodion, inqubo etholwe cishe ngonyaka we-1851 nguFrederick Scott Archer, lapho izithombe ze-albumen zingaphinde zenziwe ngendlela esheshayo futhi engenamkhawulo ephepheni le-sepia. Lokhu kudale ukwehla okukhulu ezindlekweni zemifanekiso yezithombe.
I-collodion emanzi, yokuzwela okukhulu, evunyelwe ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuchayeka; Inecala legama layo ngenqubo yokuchayeka eyenziwe nge-emulsion emanzi; I-Albin yayiqukethe ukumanzisa ishidi lephepha elincanyana elinenhlanganisela yeqanda elimhlophe ne-sodium chloride, lapho isomile, kwanezelwa isixazululo se-nitrate yesiliva, nayo eyayivunyelwe ukoma, yize kwakumnyama, yafakwa kuso ngokushesha. phezulu ipuleti elimanzi le-collodion bese livezwa emini; Ukulungisa isithombe, kwanezelwa isixazululo se-sodium thiosulfate namanzi, esasigezwa futhi somiswa. Lapho le nqubo isiqediwe, i-albhamuin yacwiliswa kwisisombululo segolide se-chloride ukuze kutholakale amathoni afunekayo futhi kulungiswe isithombe ebusweni bawo isikhathi eside.
Ngenxa yentuthuko ezalethwa yilezi zindlela zokuthwebula izithombe, eFrance, umthwebuli wezithombe u-André Adolphe Disderi (1819-1890), owaba nelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1854 indlela yokwenza izithombe eziyi-10 kusuka kokubi okukodwa, lokhu kwabangela ukuthi intengo yokuphrinta ngakunye ibe yehliswe ngo-90%. Le nqubo yayiqukethe ukuguqula amakhamera ngendlela yokuthi akwazi ukuthatha izithombe eziyi-8 kuye kwezingu-9 kupuleti elingama-21.6 cm ukuphakama ngo-16.5 cm. ububanzi ukuthola imidwebo ecishe ibe ngu-7 cm ukuphakama ngo-5 cm ububanzi. Kamuva, izithombe zanamathiselwa kukhadibhodi eqinile elinganiselwa ku-10 cm ngo-6 cm. Umphumela wale ndlela wawudume kakhulu ngokuthi "Amakhadi Avakashelayo", igama elisuselwa kuFrance, carte de visite, noma ikhadi lebhizinisi, i-athikili yokusetshenziswa okuthandwayo, eMelika naseYurophu. Kwakukhona nefomethi enkulu, eyaziwa njengeKhadi leBoudoir, ubukhulu bayo obalinganiselwa ku-15 cm ukuphakama ngo-10 cm ububanzi; noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakungathandeki kangako.
Njengesilinganiso sokuhweba, ngo-May 1859, ngo-May 1859, isithombe sikaNapoleon III, asenza njengekhadi lebhizinisi futhi samukelwa kahle kakhulu, njengoba sathengisa izinkulungwane zamakhophi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Maduze nje walingiswa ngumthwebuli wezithombe waseNgilandi uJohn Jabex Edwin Mayall okwathi, ngo-1860, wakwazi ukuthwebula iNdlovukazi uVictoria noPrince Albert eBuckingham Palace. Impumelelo ibifana naleyo yozakwabo waseFrance, njengoba ebekwazi nokuthengisa amaBusiness Cards ngobuningi bawo. Ngemuva konyaka, lapho inkosana isifa, imidwebo leyo yaba yizinto eziyigugu kakhulu. Kanye namaBusiness Cards, ama-albhamu enziwa ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ukugcina izithombe. Lawa ma-albhamu abhekwa njengenye yezinto eziyigugu kakhulu zomndeni, kufaka phakathi izithombe zezihlobo nabangane kanye nabantu abadumile namalungu asebukhosini. Babekwa ezindaweni ezinamasu futhi ezibonakalayo endlini.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaBusiness Cards nakho kwaduma eMexico; kodwa-ke, kwaba ngemuva kwesikhathi, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le midwebo yezithombe ibidingeka kakhulu kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, ukuze ikwazi ukuyimboza, kwafakwa izitudiyo eziningi ezithwebula izithombe emadolobheni abaluleke kakhulu ezweni, izindawo ezazizoba amasayithi okufanele abonwe maduzane, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanesifiso sokugcina isithombe sabo. kukhiqizwe kabusha ku-albhamuin.
Abathwebuli bezithombe basebenzise zonke izinto ezingaba yingoma yezithombe zabo, besebenzisa amasethi afana nalawo asemaqenjini ukusho ukutholakala komlingiswa othwetshuliwe, izigodlo kanye namathafa ezwe, phakathi kwabanye. Baphinde basebenzisa amakholomu, ama-balustrade namabhalkhoni abhalwe ngopulasitela, kanye nefenisha yangaleso sikhathi, ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa amakhethini amakhulu nemihlobiso eyeqile.
Abathwebuli bezithombe banikeze amaklayenti abo inombolo yamaBusiness Cards abekade eyicelile phambilini. Iphepha le-albhamuen, okungukuthi, isithombe, lalinamathiselwe emakhadibhodini afaka imininingwane yesitudiyo sezithombe njengesibonakaliso, ngakho-ke igama nekheli lesikhungo lihambisana nesihloko esiboniswe ingunaphakade. Ngokuvamile, abathwebuli besithombe basebenzise ingemuva lamaBusiness Cards ukubhala imilayezo eyahlukahlukene kubamukeli babo, njengoba bebesebenza, ikakhulukazi njengesipho, kungaba yizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu, kumasoka nezingoduso, noma kubangani.
AmaBusiness Cards asebenzela ukusondelana nemfashini yangaleso sikhathi, ngabo siyazi ikhabethe labesilisa, abesifazane nezingane, ukuma abakuthathile, ifenisha, isimo sengqondo esiboniswa ebusweni babalingiswa abathwetshuliwe, njll. Ziwubufakazi besikhathi sezinguquko eziqhubekayo kwisayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Abathwebuli zithombe bangaleso sikhathi babekhuthele kakhulu emsebenzini wabo, babekwenza ngokukhulu ukucophelela nangokucoceka baze bathole imiphumela ababeyifuna, ikakhulukazi ukufeza ukwamukelwa kokugcina kwamakhasimende abo lapho ebonakala kumaBusiness Cards abo, njengoba babelindele.
EMexico City, izitudiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithwebula izithombe kwakungezabafowethu baseValleto, ezazingomhlaka 1. I-Calle de San Francisco No. 14, njengamanje iMadero Avenue, isitudiyo sayo, esibizwa ngeFoto Valleto y Cía, sasingenye yezimibalabala futhi zithandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Okuhehayo okukhulu kwanikezwa amakhasimende kuzo zonke izitezi zesikhungo sakhe, esisesakhiweni ayenaso, njengoba ama-akhawunti wesikhathi efakaza.
Inkampani yezithombe iCruces y Campa, etholakala eCalle del Empedradillo No. 4 futhi kamuva eyashintsha igama layo yaba yi-Photo Artística Cruces y Campa, nekheli layo eCalle de Vergara No. 1, yayingenye yezindawo ezivelele kakhulu zalabo abangasekho yekhulu elidlule, lakhiwa ngumphakathi ka-Messrs. Antíoco Cruces noLuis Campa. Izithombe zakhe zivezwa ukuqina ekubunjweni kwesithombe, ngokugcizelela okukhulu ebusweni, kufinyelelwa ngomphumela wokufiphaza imvelo, kugqamisa kuphela abalingiswa abakhonjisiwe. Kwamanye amaKhadi eBusiness, abathwebuli bezithombe babeka amaklayenti abo ezikhundleni ezingavumelani, ezungezwe yifenisha ebaluleke kakhulu, ukuze kunikezwe ukubaluleka kwesimo nezingubo zomuntu.
Isikhungo saseMontes de Oca y Compañía naso sasingenye yezindawo ezazithandwa kakhulu eMexico City, sasise-4th Street. wePlateros No. 6, wayehanjelwe yilabo abanentshisekelo yokuba nesithombe esigcwele ngobude, esinomhlobiso olula, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi esakhiwa amakhethini amakhulu ngakolunye uhlangothi nangemuva elingathathi hlangothi. Uma iklayenti lithanda, lingabeka phambi kweqoqo lamadolobha noma izwe. Kulezi zithombe, ithonya lokuthandana liyabonakala.
Kwabuye kwafakwa nezitudiyo ezibalulekile ezithwebula izithombe emadolobheni amakhulu ezifundazwe, eyaziwa kakhulu nge-Octaviano de la Mora, etholakala ePortal de Matamoros No. 9, eGuadalajara. Lo mthwebuli wezithombe uphinde wasebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezindawo zokufakelwa njengezizinda, yize ngesimo sokuthi izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ezithombeni zakhe kufanele zihlobane kakhulu nezinto ezithandwayo namakhasimende akhe. Ukufeza umphumela owawufunwa, wawuneqoqo elikhulu lefenisha, izinsimbi zomculo, amawashi, izitshalo, ukubaza, kuvulandi, njalonjalo. Isitayela sakhe besibonakala ngokulingana akutholile phakathi kweposi nomzimba okhululekile wabalingiswa bakhe. Izithombe zakhe ziphefumulelwe yi-neoclassicism, lapho amakholomu ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlobisa kwakhe.
Asikwazi ukwehluleka ukusho abanye abathwebuli zithombe abaziwa njengo-Pedro González, eSan Luis Potosí; ePuebla, izitudiyo zaseJoaquín Martínez e-Estanco de Hombres No. 15, noma ku-Lorenzo Becerril ku-Calle Mesones No. Amakhadi ebhizinisi namuhla ayizinto zabaqoqi futhi asisondeza esikhathini somlando wethu esesinyamalele manje.
