Umbuzo ungaba nezimpendulo eziningana, konke okuthakazelisa kakhulu kubantu abahlela ukwazi leli zwe elihehayo.
Kuyini ukwehluka kanye ne-megadiversity?
Ukucacisa ukuthi sisho ukuthini ngokuhlukahluka okuningana, into esebenzayo kunazo zonke ukucacisa kuqala ukuthi yini ukwehluka. Isichazamazwi seRoyal Spanish Academy sichaza igama elithi "Ukuhlukahluka" ngokuthi "Okunhlobonhlobo, ukungafani, umehluko" futhi ngokuthi "Ukuchichima, inani elikhulu lezinto ezahlukahlukene"
Ngale ndlela, lapho kukhulunywa ngokuhlukahluka kwezwe, kungabhekiswa kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yemvelo, izinsiza zabantu, noma isiko lalo. Futhi "ukwehlukahluka okukhulu" ngokusobala kungaba ukwehluka ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu noma elikhulu.
Kodwa-ke, umqondo wokwehlukahluka usetshenziswa kabanzi ukubhekisa kuzinto eziphilayo, noma "izinto eziphilayo" futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza kulo mkhakha iMexico ingelinye lamazwe okuqala emhlabeni.
IMexico isendaweni yesihlanu ephezulu emhlabeni phakathi kwamazwe anesibalo esiphezulu sezinhlobo zezitshalo, izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo kanye nezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, abekwe endaweni ye-11 ezinyoni.
Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlukahluka kwaseMexico, eminye imikhakha lapho izwe lihlukahlukene futhi likhulu kakhulu kunganakwa, njengezindawo zokuhlala, lapho kunezindawo ezisogwini olwandle olwandle olukhulu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, iziqhingi , amahlathi, izintaba, izintaba-mlilo, izintaba ezineqhwa, izingwadule, imifula, izigodi namathafa.
Ezinye izindawo iMexico enokuhlukahluka okukhulu noma okukhulu yizimo zezulu, ubuzwe, izilimi, amasiko, ukubonakaliswa kwe-folkloric kanye ne-gastronomy, ukusho okunye okufanele
I-megabiodiversity yaseMexico
IMexico ikleliswe endaweni yesihlanu emhlabeni ezitshalweni zemithambo (lezo ezinezimpande, iziqu namaqabunga), nezinhlobo ezingama-23,424 ezibhalisiwe, zeqiwa kuphela yiBrazil, iColombia, iChina ne-Indonesia.
Njengoba inezinhlobo zayo ezingama-864 ezihuquzelayo, iMexico ingeyesibili ezikhundleni zomhlaba, isigaba sezilwane ezinokuhlukahluka kwazo okukhulu kunakho konke e-Australia, nezinhlobo ezingama-880.
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, isigaba "esiphakeme" sezinto eziphilayo abantu abangena kuzo, iMexico inezinhlobo ezingama-564, isibalo esihola izwe emndenini wethusi weplanethi, isigaba lapho igolide lingele-Indonesia nesiliva leBrazil .
Kuma-amphibians, izwe leziphuzo ezidakiwe noma i-Mexican burrowing toad, inezinhlobo ezingama-376, ezikufanele ukuthola isikhundla sesihlanu emhlabeni. Kulesi sigaba, ama-4 aphezulu ohlwini yiBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador nePeru.
Le megadiversity inqunywa yizici eziningi, ngisho nangaphambi komlando. IMexico ikwazile ukugcina ingxenye enhle yezilwane nezimbali zamazwekazi amabili ahlukanisiwe, iNyakatho Melika kanye neNingizimu Melika.
IMexico ingelinye lamazwe ama-megadiverse amathathu anogu lwe-Atlantic ne-Pacific; amanye amabili yiColombia ne-United States.
Ingxenye enhle yensimu yaseMexico ise-Intertropical Zone, enezimo ezihambisana kakhulu nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo.
Vele, ubukhulu bezwe nabo budlala indima futhi iMexico, enamakhilomitha-skwele acishe abe yizigidi ezimbili, iba se-14 endaweni.
I-mega-biodiversity ehlukile kakhulu, enenzuzo futhi esengozini
Ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseMexico kunezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezicebisa imvelo yeplanethi futhi zibe yizinto ezikhangayo kwezokuvakasha ngegastronomic kanye nokubuka imvelo.
Kubandakanya izitshalo zemithambo nezingeyona imithambo (ulwelwe, ubulembu nezinye), eMexico kunezinhlobo ezichazwe ezingama-26,495, kufaka phakathi amafern amahle, izihlahla, izihlahla, izimbali ezimbali, izintende, amakhambi, utshani nezinye.
Abantu abaningi baseMexico banezingxenye ezithile zezindlela zabo zokuvakasha kanye nomnotho wabo ekuhlonzweni kwabo ngesitshalo noma isithelo nokunye okutholakele. IValle de Guadalupe enamagilebhisi amahle, iZacatlán ne-apula, iCalvillo neguava, i-Uruapan ne-avocado, abanye abantu bomdabu abanamakhowe we-hallucinogenic namadolobha ambalwa anemibukiso yezimbali ezimibalabala.
Ngokunjalo, ukubukwa kwezilwane kwakha ukuheha kwezivakashi ezindaweni ezithile zaseMexico. Isibonelo, ukubonwa kovemvane i-monarch eMichoacán, kwemikhomo ngasenhlonhlweni yeBaja California nokubukwa kwamahlengethwa, izimfudu, amabhubesi olwandle nezinye izinhlobo ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukuba nengcebo engokwemvelo engaka nakho kuhilela isibopho emhlabeni. Lapho unakho okuningi, kufanele unakekele ngokwengeziwe futhi ulondoloze.
Phakathi kwezinyoni ezingajwayelekile zaseMexico ezisongelwa noma ezisengozini yokuqothulwa kukhona i-turkey eboshwe, iqhude lasenkangala, upholi waseTamaulipas, ukhozi olungu-harpy kanye ne-condor yaseCalifornia.
Uhlu lwezilwane ezincelisayo lubandakanya izilwane eziyigugu ezifana ne-jaguar, i-tigrillo, unogwaja wentaba-mlilo, inkawu yesicabucabu negundane leChihuahua. Izinhlu ezifanayo zingenziwa ngama-amphibians, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukwehlukahluka kobuzwe
Kunezinhlanga ezingama-62 eMexico futhi bezizoba ziningi kakhulu ukube izifo ezithathelwanayo nokuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokunqotshwa kweSpain bekungazicimi eziningana zazo.
Amaqembu akwazile ukusinda alondoloze izilimi zawo, amasiko, amasiko, inhlangano yomphakathi, izinganekwane, umculo, ubuciko, ubuciko, i-gastronomy, okokugqoka kanye namasiko.
Ezinye izilinganiso zangaphambilini bezigcinwe zacishe zahlangana nezeziqalo kanti ezinye bezixubene zanothiswa ngesiko lamaSpanishi nezinye izinqubo zakamuva zamasiko.
Phakathi kwamaqembu abomdabu abaluleke kakhulu eMexico namuhla kukhona amaMayas, amaPurépechas, amaRrámuris noma amaTarahumara, amaMixes, amaHuichols, amaTzotziles namaCoras.
Amanye ala maqembu ezinhlanga ayehlala ahlukanisiwe noma ahlukanisiwe, athuthukisa umsebenzi wokuqoqa wokuziphilisa; abanye bakha izizwe, bakha amadolobhana namadolobha anezindawo zokuhlala ngokusemthethweni, futhi benza ezolimo nokulima; futhi abaphambili kakhulu bakwazi ukwakha amadolobha ezinkulungwane zabakhileyo, okwamangaza abanqobi lapho befika.
EMexico njengamanje kunabantu bomdabu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-15 abahlala cishe ku-20% wensimu yezwe.
Abantu bomdabu bayaqhubeka nokushikashikeka ukuze bathole ukuqashelwa okugcwele kubantu bakubo abangewona abomdabu, ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka yokushushiswa ngabanqobi nezimpi nokungaboni ngaso linye nabantu bakubo baseMexico.
Esinye sezinyathelo ezibheke ngqo kube ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi yabomdabu ekusetshenzisweni okusimeme kwezivakashi ezindaweni abahlala kuzo.
IMexico iyizwe lesibili emhlabeni ukuhlanganisa izinhlanga ezisungulayo ekuvikeleni nasekuphathweni kwemvelo kazwelonke.
Ukwahlukahluka kwezilimi okwehlukene
Ukwahlukahluka kwezilimi zaseMexico kususelwa kunhlobonhlobo yezinhlanga. Njengamanje, kukhulunywa izilimi ezingaphezu kwezingama-60 ngaphandle kweSpanishi eMexico, ngaphandle kokubheka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-360 zenkulumo eyinhloko.
IMexico iphakathi kwamazwe ayi-10 anokuhlukahluka kakhulu kwezilimi emhlabeni, kanye nezinye izizwe ezibonakala ngokunotha kwazo ngokobuhlanga, njengeBrazil, India, Indonesia, Australia, Nigeria kanye namanye amazwe amane ase-Afrika.
Ngokumenyezelwa ngonyaka we-2003 woMthetho Jikelele Wamalungelo Ezilimi Zabantu Bomdabu, zombili izilimi zabomdabu kanye neSpanishi zamenyezelwa "njengezilimi zezwe lonke", ngokusebenza okufanayo kuyo yonke indawo yaseMexico.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inhloso yokunqotshwa kwamaCastilianize abantu bomdabu ngokuxhunyaniswa noma ngokukhohliswa yayinezinhlangothi ezinhle.
Izithunywa zevangeli eziningi kanye nezazi zaseSpain baziphoqa ukuba zifunde izilimi zomdabu ukuze baziqonde kangcono namaNdiya. Izichazamazwi, uhlelo lolimi neminye imibhalo kwavela kuleyo nqubo yokufunda eyasiza ekulondolozeni inkulumo yamaNdiya.
Ngakho-ke, izilimi zomdabu zaseMexico ezinjengeNahuatl, iMayan, iMixtec, i-Otomí nePurépecha, zazisetshenziswa okokuqala egameni elibhaliwe ngezinhlamvu zesiLatin.
Ezingeni likazwelonke, izilimi ezimbili zamukelwa ngokungemthetho eMexico: iSpanish nesiNahuatl. IsiNahuatl sikhulunywa ngabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.73, iYucatec Mayan ngabangaphezu kuka-850,000, iMixtec neTzeltal ngabangaphezu kuka-500 000, kanti iZapotec neTzotzil kukhulunywa ngabantu abacishe babe ngu-500 000.
Ukuhlukahluka kokuma komhlaba
IMexico inogu lwamazwekazi angama-9330 olwandle i-Atlantic nolwandle iPacific, kufaka phakathi leli igebe elicishe libe ulwandle olungaphakathi nezwe, iGulf of California noma uLwandle lwaseCortez. Ekwandisweni kogu lwayo, iMexico idlulwa kuphela eMelika yiCanada.
Kumakhilomitha-skwele ayo ayizigidi eziyi-1.96 wezwekazi, iMexico inendawo engaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyisi-7. Ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezingama-32 zaseMexico, eziyi-16 zineziqhingi zasolwandle.
IRepublic Republic ineziqhingi neziqhingi ezingaphezu kuka-2 100, okuyisona esikhulu kunazo zonke i-Isla Tiburon, eGulf of California, enamakhilomitha-skwele angu-1 200. Abantu abaningi kakhulu nalabo abathola izivakashi eziningi yiCozumel ne-Isla Mujeres, eCaribbean yaseMexico.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi iMexico ibinamahlathi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-250 zamahlathi, ancishiswe aba ngaphezu nje kwezinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngenxa yamahlathi angenangqondo, ezolimo nezimayini.
Noma kunjalo, kunenqwaba yehlathi elisele eMexico, njengeLacandon Jungle esifundeni esiseningizimu yeChiapas, cishe amahektha ayisigidi, okuyikhaya lengxenye enhle yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezamanzi.
Ebusweni obubheke phezulu, iMexico nayo yinde futhi iyahlukahluka, inezintaba-mlilo ezintathu noma izintaba ezigqunywe yiqhwa ezidlula amamitha ayi-5 000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ziholwa yiPico de Orizaba, nezinye ezingama-6 ezineziqongo zazo ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-4,000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kanye nenqwaba yezintaba ezincane.
Izingwadule zaseMexico zingenye imvelo emikhulu, ekhazimulayo nezinhlobonhlobo. Indawo engamatshe yezwe iholwa yiGwadule iChihuahuan, elihlanganyela ne-United States. Ehlane laseChihuahuan kuphela kunezinhlobo ezingama-350 ze-cactus. Olunye ugwadule olukhulu lwaseMexico yilolo lweSonora.
Kulokhu okungenhla, kufanele sengeze iminikelo ekwahlukaneni kwamachibi, iziqhingi zamachibi, imifula, ama-savanna nezinye izindawo zemvelo, ukuqedela imamegadiyophu yaseMexico.
Ukwahlukahlukana kwesimo sezulu
Ngasikhathi sinye sanoma yiluphi usuku, kungahle kube nabantu baseMexico abosa ukushisa ogwadule olusenyakatho, bejabulela isimo sezulu sasentwasahlobo edolobheni elisenkabeni ye-Altiplano, noma bethuthumela emakhazeni aseMonte Real noma ezindaweni eziphakeme zentaba eneqhwa.
Ngalo lolo suku, izivakashi zaseMexico noma zakwamanye amazwe kungenzeka ukuthi ziyajuluka izilwandle zijabule ngeSUV esekisini eliwugwadule eBaja California, kanti enye ishushuluza ngokufudumele eCoahuila kanti owesithathu useshibhini lokubhukuda kwelinye lamabhishi afudumele napharadesi i-Riviera Maya noma i-Riviera Nayarit.
Ukukhululeka nezilwandle kunomthelela omkhulu ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu saseMexico, nezindawo eziseduze, kepha eziphakeme ngokuhlukile, ezinezimo zezulu ezihluke kakhulu.
Enyakatho yezwe, lapho kunezingwadule ezinkulu, isimo sezulu somile kakhulu, siyashisa emini futhi sipholile ebusuku.
Iningi lendawo emaphakathi nasenkabeni yasenyakatho inesimo sezulu esomile, ngamazinga okushisa aphakathi nonyaka aphakathi kuka-22 no-26 ° C.
Emathafeni asogwini eGulf of Mexico nasePacific, iNhlonhlo Yucatan, i-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec naseChiapas, imvelo inomswakama futhi ingaphansi komswakama.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko
Amasiko anezindawo ezingenakubalwa; kusuka kwezolimo kuya ekupendweni, ngokudansa nokupheka; kusuka ekuzalelaneni kuya embonini, ngomculo nangesayensi yemivubukulo.
IMexico nayo ihluke kakhulu noma i-megadiverse ezingeni lamasiko langaphambilini futhi bekungapheli ukubhekisa kubo bonke. Masithathe isibonelo sesibili, umdanso ne-gastronomy, zombili ngenxa yendlela ezimnandi ngayo, nangenxa yentshisekelo yazo kwezokuvakasha.
Imidanso eminingana yaseMexico nokuboniswa okuhlukahlukene kwe-folkloric kuvela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, kanti eminye yavela noma yandiswa ngokuhlangana kwamasiko nabaseYurophu namasiko akamuva.
I-Rito de los Voladores de Papantla, umbukiso ojwayelekile womdanso oheha izivakashi eziningi ezivakashela eMexico, ushintshe kancane kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kukaColombia.
I-jarabe tapatío, umdanso wesintu owaziwa umhlaba wonke waseMexico, usukela ezikhathini zeNguquko yaseMexico enguqulweni yayo yanamuhla, kepha ineziphikiso esikhathini sobukhosi.
E-Chiapas, eLos Parachicos, ukubonakaliswa kwesikhathi se-viceregal nezikhumbuzo zangaphambi kweColombia, yiyona ekhanga kakhulu iLa Fiesta Grande de Chiapa de Corzo.
ISon Huasteco kanye neZapateado yaso, okuyisibonakaliso sesiFunda saseHuasteca, kusanda kwenzeka, njengoba kwavela ngekhulu le-19 elinethonya lomdabu, iSpain nelase-Afrika.
Yonke le midanso ixhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nezigqi ezenziwa ngezinsimbi zomculo zangaphambi kweSpanishi kanye nalezo ezalethwa amasiko aseSpain nakwamanye amasiko akamuva.
IMexico ihamba phambili kubantu baseMelika ngokukhombisa nokuhlukahluka kwezinkulumo zayo ze-folkloric.
I-megadiversity ye-gastronomic
Ngubani ongathandi isoso sesitayela senyama yemvu? Indlela yokupheka inyama, ukuyifaka emgodini ohovini ogcwele amaqabunga e-maguey futhi ifudunyezwe ngamatshe ashisayo abomvu, ibhekisa ezikhathini zababusi bama-Aztec ngaphambi kwekoloni. Abomdabu bagcotshwe izinyamazane nezinyoni; inqama yalethwa yiSpanish.
EYucatán, amaMaya ayengamaphayona ekwakhiweni kososo, ikakhulukazi ngopelepele i-habanero, owenza kahle kakhulu esifundeni. Le micuba yayihamba nenyama yemidlalo eyahlukene, efana nenyamazane, izingulube zasendle, i-pheasant kanye ne-squirrel, kanye nenhlanzi ne-shellfish. I-cochinita pibil edumile kwadingeka ilinde abaseSpain ukuthi bethule ingulube yase-Iberia.
I-poblano yemvukuzane, esinye isibonakaliso se-gastronomic yaseMexico, kwakuyinto esungulwe ngama-Aztec eyayingadingi ukulinda inyama engenisiwe, ngoba kusukela ekuqaleni isoso eliyinkimbinkimbi lalihlanganiswa ne-turkey noma i-turkey yasekhaya.
I-taco ethandwayo ingaba nokugcwaliswa okuningi, kwakudala noma kwanamuhla, kepha into ebalulekile i-tortilla yommbila yangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Emazweni anzima asenyakatho, amaRarámuri afunda ukudla noma yini ayithola endle, kufaka phakathi amakhowe, izimpande, izibungu, ngisho namagundane asendle.
Okusanda kwenziwa kanye nokwasemadolobheni yiKhesari Yesaladi yendawo yonke, eyadalwa eTijuana ngawo-1920 kanye neMargarita Cocktail engokomfanekiso, okunye okwasungulwa eBaja California kusukela ngawo-1940.
Ngokungangabazeki, ubuciko obukhulu bokudla okuphekiwe baseMexico bungajabulisa ngokuphelele zombili izindlalelo zakudala nalabo abafuna ulwazi lwenoveli ye-gastronomic.
Kunzima ukucabanga ngezwe eliwumgogodla kunelaseMexico!
