Isigodlo sangaphambilini sika-Augustinian saseSan Nicolás de Tolentino de Actopan yisikhumbuzo somlando esibaluleke kunazo zonke esifundazweni saseHidalgo. Uyamazi?
Ngokombono wezakhiwo nowezithombe, i- isigodlo sangaphambili saseSan Nicolás de Tolentino Yisinye sezibonelo ezinkulu kakhulu zobuciko beNew Spain bekhulu le-16, okwamenyezelwa ukuthi iSikhumbuzo Somlando Nobuciko Besizwe, ngesinqumo sikaFebhuwari 2, 1933 esikhishwe nguHulumeni weRiphabhulikhi. Isisekelo sezindelakazi saqala ngo-1546, yize sagcotshwa ngokusemthethweni eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uFray Alonso de la Veracruz owayedumile waba ngowesifundazwe futhi phakathi nesahluko esasibungazwa umphakathi wase-Augustinian eMexico City.
Ngokusho kukaGeorge Kubler, ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo kwenzeka phakathi kuka-1550 no-1570. Umbhali wezindaba wase-Augustinians eNew Spain, uFray Juan de Grijalva, uthi umsebenzi uqondiswa uFray Andrés de Mata, naye owakha isigodlo esingumakhelwane i-Ixmiquilpan ( indawo lapho ashonela khona ngo-1574).
Kuningi okucatshangelwe ngomsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwale friar, kepha kuze kube kufakazelwa okuphambene nalokho, kufanele simnikeze ukufaneleka kokuthola lesi sakhiwo esihle kakhulu, lapho amafomu okwakhiwa kwezitayela ezahlukahlukene ehlanganiswa nobunye bokubumbana. Ngakho-ke, ku-cloister ye-Actopan ukuhlangana kwe-Gothic ne-Renaissance kungaziswa; ezindlini zethempeli lalo, izimbambo zamaGothic kanye ne-Romanesque half-barrel; insimbi yaso yensimbi, enephunga elimnandi lamaMoor; ikhava yayo, ngokusho kweToussaint, "ingePlateresque ekhethekile"; Imidwebo yesitayela se-Renaissance ehloniphekile ihlobisa izindonga zayo eziningana, futhi isonto elivulekile elinendawo yalo emikhulu yemiphongolo liphinde likhombise imidwebo yezindonga ye-syncretism yenkolo eyodwa.
UMartín de Acevedo ungenye inhlonipho, okungenzeka futhi ixhunyaniswe nomlando wokwakhiwa kwesigodlo. Wayengaphambi kweminyaka ye-1600 futhi isithombe sakhe sasendaweni evelele ngaphansi kwezitebhisi ezinkulu, eduze nemifanekiso kaPedro lxcuincuitlapilco noJuan lnica Atocpan, izinduna zamadolobha ase-lxcuincuitlapilco nase-Actopan ngokulandelana. Ngokuya ngobukhona bukaFray Martín kule ndawo, umakhi uLuis Mac Gregor waveza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi nguyena owayalela ukuthi kupendwe izindonga nezindawo zokubeka impahla nokwenza imisebenzi nokuguqula impahla.
Imininingwane kuphela nezinsuku ezizimele ezaziwayo ngomlando wesigodlo. Eyabekwa ngoNovemba 16, 1750, umpristi wayo wokuqala kwakungumfundisi uJuan de la Barreda. Ngokusetshenziswa kweMithetho Yezinguquko yahlushwa izitho zomzimba nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene. Ingadi yaso yezithelo ebanzi ne-atrium yahlukaniswa yaba ngamabhulokhi amane amakhulu futhi yathengiselwa ababhida abahlukahlukene abavela edolobhaneni langesikhathi i-Actopan; Isiphetho esifanayo savula isonto elivulekile lapho lihlukaniswa ngo-1873 noMnu Carlos Mayorga yinhloko yoMgcinimafa wesifundazwe saseHidalgo ngenani lama-pesos angama-369.
Phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwalezi zikhungo ebeziyisikhungo sezindela kubalwa: indlu yamasiko, isibhedlela, amabhalekisi nezikole zamabanga aphansi kanye neNormal Rural del Mexe nesikole sayo esihlanganisiwe. Lolu phiko lokugcina lwaluhlala kwaze kwaba nguJuni 27, 1933, lapho lesi sakhiwo sidlulela ezandleni zoPhiko Lwezikhumbuzo Zamakholoni kanye neRiphabhulikhi, isikhungo esasihlangene nale ndawo sasiyoba ngaphansi kwe-INAH ngo-1939, unyaka okwakuyiwo wasungula i-Institute. Imizamo yokuqala yokonga isakhiwo iyahambisana nalesi sikhathi. Phakathi kuka-1933 no-1934 umklami wezakhiwo uLuis Mac Gregor wahlanganisa imengamo ye-cloister engenhla futhi wasusa zonke izengezo ezazisetshenziselwa ukuvumelanisa izikhala nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zamakamelo. Iyaqhubeka nokususwa kwezendlalelo zikalamula ezimboze umdwebo odongeni, umsebenzi oqale cishe ngonyaka we-1927 ezitebhisini zomculi uRoberto Montenegro. Njengamanje yithempeli kuphela elisamboziwe ngemidwebo kusukela ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, futhi lilinde ngesineke ukubuyiselwa komhlobiso walo wokuqala.
Ngemuva kwemisebenzi kaMac Gregor, ithempeli kanye nesigodlo sangaphambili sase-Actopan sasingenakho ukungenelela kokulondolozwa, ukongiwa nokubuyiselwa okunjengalesi esenziwe kusukela ngoDisemba 1992 kuya ku-Ephreli 1994- yi-INAH Hidalgo Centre kanye neNational Coordination of Historical Monuments. Phakathi kokungenela kokunye nokunye - cishe iminyaka engama-50 - kwenziwa umsebenzi omncane wokulungisa ezindaweni ezithile (ngaphandle kokutholwa komdwebo wesakhiwo sesonto ovulwe phakathi kuka-1977 no-1979), ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwephrojekthi ebanzi yokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwe izici zalo zokwakha nezokufanekisa.
Yize lesi sakhiwo sihlale sizinzile esakhiweni saso - ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu ezibeka engcupheni ubuqotho baso, ukungabi bikho kwesondlo esanele kubangele ukuwohloka okukhulu okwenze ukuthi kubonakale sengathi sishiywe ngokuphelele. Ngalesi sizathu, imisebenzi ekhonjwe yi-INAH, eyenziwe ezinyangeni eziyi-17 ezedlule, yayihlose ukuqinisa uzinzo lwayo kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo ezizosiza ukubuyisa ubukhona bayo nokuvumela ukongiwa kwamanani ayo epulasitiki. Imisebenzi iqale ngenyanga yokugcina ka-1992 ngokuhlelwa kwensimbi. NgoFebhuwari wonyaka olandelayo, kwangenelela izindlu zesonto kanye nesonto elivulekile, kwasuswa nokubuyiselwa izingqimba zalo ezintathu zokumboza noma ama-entortado, kanye nomjovo wemifantu yasendaweni zombili. Kwenziwa into efanayo nasophahleni lwendlu endala yezindela. Emathafeni asempumalanga nasentshonalanga, imishayo namabhodi kwathathelwa indawo ithala lawo. Ngokunjalo, imithambeka yalungiswa ukuze kukhishwe kahle amanzi emvula. Izindonga ezibunjiwe zensimbi yensimbi, ama-garitones, isonto elivulekile, uthango lwe-perimeter kanye ne-facade yesigodlo sangaphambilini nakho kwanakekelwa, kuphetha ngokusetshenziswa kongqimba wopende we-lime. Ngokunjalo, naphansi kwazo zombili izitezi zalesi sakhiwo zabuyiselwa ngokuphelele, zaze zaqedwa ngokufana nalezo ezisemakhoneni wokubhola.
Indawo yokuphekela ekhishini yayimbozwe ngamatshe asenkwalini futhi kwavuselelwa nomsele wamakholoni owaholela engadini amanzi emvula aqhamuka engxenyeni yegumbi lesonto nasophahleni lwendawo eyayiyisigodlo sangaphambili. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi emvula ezindaweni ezinesomiso (njengesifunda sase-Actopan) kwakuyisidingo sangempela, yingakho abase-Augustinians bakhela isigodlo sabo uhlelo oluphelele lokubamba nokugcina uketshezi olubalulekile. Ekugcineni, ukubukeka kwensimu kwakuhlonipheke ngezindlela zokuhamba ezungeza umhlaba, futhi maphakathi nendawo lapho kuhloselwe ukusungula ingadi yezitshalo enemifino ejwayelekile esifundeni.
Imisebenzi eningiliziwe ibiningi, kepha sizokhuluma kuphela ngokuvelele kakhulu: kusukela emininingwaneni etholwe nge-cove, izitebhisi zenkwali ze-antechoir zayiswa endaweni yazo yokuqala; Izinyathelo zokubanjwa ngesandla nezindlela zokungena ephaseji lokutadisha zishe, kanye namabalustrade akule ndawo kanye nalawo asethafeni eliseningizimu; Ama-garry gargoyles athathelwe indawo ukuvimba ukugeleza kwamanzi emvula ezindongeni, azame ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwamafulethi futhi amise ukwanda kwesikhunta no-lichen. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenziwa umsebenzi wokongiwa kwe-1,541 m2 yomdwebo wesakhiwo kanye namafulethi wangempela kusukela ngekhulu le-16 nele-18, kubhekelwa ngokukhethekile amakamelo agcina imidwebo yobuciko obuphezulu nobuciko: i-sacristy, indlu yesahluko, i-refectory Igumbi lokujula, ingosi yabahambi, izitebhisi kanye nesonto elivulekile. Lo msebenzi wawuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa amafulethi osizo lokupenda, ukuhlanza okwenziwa ngezandla nokwenziwa ngemishini, ukuqedwa kwemithi yokwelashwa yangaphambilini, nokushintshwa kwezimagqabhagqabha nopulasitela emafulethini okuqala nasezindaweni ezihlotshisiwe.
Umsebenzi owenziwe wona ukhiphe idatha enikeze imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nezinhlelo zokwakhiwa kwesigodlo sangaphambili, okuvumela ukutakulwa kwezinto ezithile zokuqala nezikhala. Sizokhuluma ngezibonelo ezimbili kuphela: esokuqala sazo ukuthi lapho kwenziwa ama-koves okubuyiselwa phansi, kwatholakala indawo emhlophe eshile (ngokusobala kusukela ngekhulu le-16) empambanweni yomunye we-ambulensi ne-antechoir. Lokhu kwanikeza umhlahlandlela wokubuyisela - ezingeni labo nangezimpawu zoqobo- phansi kwezindawo ezintathu zangaphakathi ezigumbini eliphezulu, ukuthola ukukhanya okukhulu kwemvelo nokuhlanganiswa kwe-chromatic kwamaphansi, izindonga kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla. Okwesibili kwakuyinqubo yokuhlanza izindonga zekhishi, ezaziveza izinsalela zomdwebo odongeni owaba yingxenye yomngcele obanzi onemidwebo esabekayo, eyayisebenza nhlangothi zombili zaleyo ndawo.
Imisebenzi e-ex-convent ye-Actopan yenziwa ngaphansi kwenqubo yokubuyiselwa ngokuya ngemithethonqubo ekhona kulolu daba, kanye nakwizixazululo zedatha nezobuchwepheshe ezinikezwe itshe lesikhumbuzo uqobo. Umsebenzi obalulekile futhi ophelele wokonga impahla wawuphethe abasebenzi bokwakha kanye nokubuyisela kabusha i-INAH Hidalgo Center, ngokulawulwa kokulawulwa kweNational Coordination of Historical Monuments and Restoration of the Cultural Heritage of the Institute.
Kungakhathalekile impumelelo efinyelelwe ekulondolozweni kwesigodlo sangaphambili sase-Actopan, i-INAH ivuselele umsebenzi ebingakaze iwenze iminyaka eminingi: ukubuyiselwa ngemithombo yayo yabantu yezikhumbuzo zomlando ezingaphansi kwayo. Amandla nokuhlangenwe nakho okubanzi kwethimba lalo labadwebi nababuyisi kuqinisekisa imiphumela emihle, futhi njengesibonelo, bheka nje umsebenzi owenziwe esigodlweni sangaphambili saseSan Nicolás de Tolentino de Actopan, eHidalgo.
