Igcwele izinkumbi ezinemibala yamabhaluni, ama-boleros angakhathali namasilinda alangazelela ukugqama, i-Alameda ibanjelwa abahamba ngezinyawo, izingane, abathandi kanye nalabo, ngenxa yokufuna ukwenza okuthile okungcono, abahlala ebhentshini.
Yize kunqatshelwe ukunyathela otshanini, izimemo eziluhlaza ziphumula futhi ziveze ngokugcwele iSonto namalungiselelo omkhosi: umzimba ogeziwe, izinwele ezinephunga elimnandi nengubo ekhanyayo (ngokuqinisekile kusha) ixhasa iqembu endaweni evundlile, lapho eduze kwesibalo umhlophe obonakala enamahloni ebunqunu bakhe obunemabula, ephulula ijuba linamathele esifubeni samatshe. Ukuqhubeka, ama-gladiator amabili alungiselela ukulwa ngesimo esivinjelwe ngezindlela ezimhlophe kakhulu. Ngokungazelelwe, phambi kwabo, kudlula intombazane, inyakazisa upinki "wokotini" oweqile, othi kude uphenduke indawo encane enamahloni, ibe yi-confetti edlulayo.
Futhi ngosuku olushisayo olubalele ngo-12: 00, lapho isiko lezimpelasonto elijwayelekile ligcwaliseka, kubonakala sengathi i-Alameda ibilokhu inje; ukuthi ngalokho kubonakala futhi nalokhu kuphila wazalwa kanye nabo uzokufa nabo. Isenzakalo esingajwayelekile kuphela, ukungalingani okuphula isigqi esibekiwe: ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukubhujiswa kwesithombe esibaziweyo, imashi yokubhikisha, ukuhlaselwa komuntu odlulayo ebusuku, okungenza umuntu azibuze ukuthi isikhathi asidlulanga yini e-Alameda.
Imemori yomlando eyakhiwe kabusha ngezinqumo, izinhlangothi, izincwadi, ukulandisa kwabahambi, imibiko yezindaba, amapulani, imidwebo nezithombe kukhombisa ukuthi imiphumela yesikhathi empilweni yomphakathi iguqule ukubukeka kwe-Alameda. I-biography yakhe yakudala iqala ngekhulu le-16 lapho, ngoJanuwari 11, 1592, uLuis de Velasco II eyalela ukwakhiwa komhosha emaphethelweni endawo yasedolobheni lapho, kusobala ukuthi, kwakudingeka kutshalwe poplars, ekugcineni okwaba yizihlahla zomlotha.
Kubhekwa njengokuhamba kokuqala kwaseMexico, abantu abaphezulu bomphakathi waseNew Spain babezohlangana engadini ye-labyrinthine. Ukuze abantu abangenazicathulo bangangcolisi i-mirage eluhlaza yabacebile, ngekhulu le-18th kwabekwa uthango ngakuyo yonke indawo. Kwakungasekupheleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka (ngo-1784) ngenkathi kulawulwa ukusakazwa kwezimoto ezazidlula emigwaqweni yakhona ngamaholide, ngemuva kokuba nesibalo ngqo sezimoto eziningi enhlokodolobha: amakhulu ayisithupha namashumi amathathu nesikhombisa . Uma kwenzeka noma ngubani engabaza ukuthi umuntu onjalo ungokoqobo, iziphathimandla zamemezela ukuthi abantu okwatholakala kubo idatha kufanele bathembeke.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, inkathi yesimanjemanje namasiko yathatha i-Alameda: eyokuqala njengophawu lwenqubekela phambili kanti eyesibili njengophawu lokuhlonishwa, izizathu ezimbili zokuzethemba esikhathini esizayo ezazifunwa umphakathi osanda kukhululwa. Ngalesi sizathu, kwatshalwa izihlahla kaninginingi, kwafakwa amabhentshi, kwakhiwa amakhefi nezindawo zokudla u-ayisikhilimu, kwaphinde kwalungiswa nokukhanya.
Amaqembu ezempi akhulisa umoya wepaki futhi izambulela zathola umbono owabe usudlulela empangweni noma edukuni eliwile, wabuya uphuma esihlokweni sodondolo. U-Lord Regidor de Paseos, waqhuqha nehhovisi lakhe likamasipala futhi wathola udumo ngezinguquko zakhe zasekhaya kanye nomcabango wakhe wasebenza ekuthoneni kwemithombo emithonjeni. Kepha ukuphikisana kwavela empikiswaneni ebabayo lapho isiko lithatha isimo seVenus, ngoba umphakathi ongcwele wamaPorfirian awububonanga ubuhle kepha ukungabi khona kwezingubo zalowo wesifazane enqunu epaki futhi kubukwa ngabo bonke. Empeleni, ngalowo nyaka ka-1890, isiko lalenza imizamo yokuthatha, noma ngabe laliyindawo encane kakhulu, umgwaqo odumile wenhloko-dolobha.
I-Statuary
Kakade ngekhulu lama-20, bekungacatshangwa ukuthi isimo sengqondo ngasesitatimendeni esibuyisela umzimba womuntu sesishintshile, ukuthi ukufundiswa kabusha kwezakhamizi ezingaphezu kwesikole nasekhaya, kumidlalo yaseshashalazini noma ekhaya phambi kwethelevishini, kuvule ukuzwela ebuhleni bolimi umcabango womculi obunikeza izikhala nezinhlobo zabantu. Izithombe ezibunjiwe ezikhona iminyaka e-Alameda zinikeza imininingwane yalokhu. Ama-gladiator amabili asesimweni sokulwa, ingxenye eyodwa imbozwe nge-cape elenga engalweni yakhe kanti enye ngobunqunu obungagunci, babelana ngesizinda esinezihlahla noVenus ngesimo esibucayi sokuthi indwangu iyalulama lapho imboza ingaphambili lomzimba wakhe, futhi kugcizelelwe ukuba khona kwamajuba amabili.
Okwamanje, kuzisekelo ezimbili eziphansi, eziseduze kwalabo abazungeza e-Avenida Juárez, kulele izibalo zabesifazane ababili ababa semabuleni imizimba yabo ibheke phansi: omunye imilenze yakhe igobeke yaba yibhola nezingalo zakhe ziqonde eceleni ikhanda lifihliwe esimweni sokudabuka; omunye, kushuba ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sokungagunci sokulwa namaketanga ayembeka phansi. Imizimba yabo ibonakala ingamangazi odlulayo, ayibanga injabulo noma intukuthelo amashumi eminyaka; ngokumane, ukungabi nandaba kubeke lezi zibalo ezweni lezinto ngaphandle kokuqondiswa noma nencazelo: izingcezu zemabula futhi yilokho kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kuyo yonke leyo minyaka obala bahlushwa izitho zomzimba, balahlekelwa iminwe namakhala; futhi i- “graffiti” enonya yamboza izidumbu zalabo besifazane ababili ababethandeka okuthiwa uDésespoir noMalgré-Tout ngesiFulentshi, kulandela imfashini yokuphenduka kwezwe leminyaka abazalelwa kulo.
Isiphetho esibi kakhulu sahudulela iVenus ekubhujisweni kwayo ngokuphelele, ngoba ngolunye usuku ekuseni yavuka yabhujiswa ngemivimbo yesando. Ngumuntu ohlanyayo othukuthele? Akekho owaphendula. Ngazo zonke izindlela, izingcezu zeVenus zazingcolisa okumhlophe phansi kwe-Alameda endala kakhulu. Kwathi ngokuthula, izingcezu zanyamalala. I-corpus delicti inyamalale isizukulwane esizayo. Owesifazane omncane ongenalwazi oqoshwe eRoma ngumqophi cishe wengane: UTomás Pérez, umfundi weSikole SaseSan Carlos, wathunyelwa eRoma, ngohlelo lohola impesheni, waziphelelisa e-Academy yaseSan Lucas, umhlabeleli emhlabeni, isikhungo sobuciko bakudala lapho kwafika khona abaculi baseJalimane, baseRussia, baseDenmark, baseSweden, nabaseSpain futhi, kungani kungenjalo, abaseMexico okwakumele babuyele ukuzodumisa isizwe saseMexico.
UPérez wakopisha iVenus kumqophi wase-Italy uGani ngo-1854, futhi njengesampula sentuthuko yakhe wayithumela e-Academy yakhe eMexico. Kamuva, ngobusuku obubodwa, umzamo wakhe wafa ezandleni zokubuyela emuva. Umoya omnene ngokwengeziwe wawuhambisana nezithombe ezine ezisele kusukela ohambweni oludala kuya lapho ziya khona okusha, iNational Museum of Art. Kusukela ngo-1984 kuphawulwe emaphephandabeni ukuthi i-INBA yayinenhloso yokususa izithombe ezibaziwe ezinhlanu (kwakusekhona iVenus) kwi-Alameda ukuzibuyisa. Kukhona ababhala becela ukuthi ukususwa kwabo kungabi yimbangela yezinhlekelele ezinkulu, futhi abalahla ukuwohloka kwabo beluleka ukuthi i-DDF ibanikele ku-INBA, kusukela ngo-1983 i-Institute iveze intshisekelo yayo ngokubabeka ezandleni zababuyisi abangochwepheshe. Ekugcineni, ngo-1986, incwadi iqinisekisa ukuthi izithombe eziqoshiwe ezazifihlwe kusukela ngo-1985 eNational Center for the Conservation of Artistic Works ye-INBA ngeke zisabuyela e-Alameda.
Namuhla banganconywa babuyiselwe ngokuphelele eNational Museum of Art. Bahlala endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi, indawo emaphakathi phakathi komhlaba wabo wangaphambilini ovulekile nasemakamelweni okubukisa eMnyuziyamu, futhi bathokozela ukunakekelwa okungapheli okuvimbela ukonakala kwabo. Isivakashi singazungeza ngokuzithoba yonke yale misebenzi, mahhala, futhi sifunde okuthile mayelana nesikhathi esedlule esedlule. Ama-gladiator amabili osayizi wokuphila, adalwe nguJosé María Labastida, akhombisa ngokuphelele ukunambitheka okudala okuthandwa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngaleyo minyaka, ngo-1824, lapho uLabastida esebenza eMintian Mint, wathunyelwa nguHulumeni Wombuso ku-Academy eyaziwayo yaseSan Carlos ukuyoqeqeshelwa ubuciko bokumelwa okuthathu futhi abuye azokwakha izikhumbuzo nezithombe. ukuthi isizwe esisha besisidinga, kokubili ekwakhiweni kwezimpawu zaso nokuphakanyiswa kwamaqhawe aso kanye nezikhathi zomvuthwandaba emlandweni owawuzokwakhiwa. Phakathi kuka-1825 no-1835, ngenkathi ehlala eYurophu, uLabastida wathumela laba bantu ababili bokulwa eMexico, okungacatshangwa ukuthi kuyinkomba yokufanekisa emadodeni alwela okuhle kwesizwe. Ama-wrestling amabili aphathwe ngolimi oluzolile, anamavolumu athambile nezindawo ezibushelelezi, aqoqa ngohlobo oluphelele ngalinye lama-nuances wesisipha somuntu wesilisa.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, lezi zibalo zesifazane ziphinda zenze ukunambitheka komphakathi wama-Porfirian wekhulu lekhulu leminyaka obheke eFrance njengompetha wempilo yanamuhla, enamasiko neyabantu abahlukahlukene. Kokubili kuzala umhlaba wezindinganiso zothando, ubuhlungu, ukuphelelwa yithemba nokuhlushwa. UJesús Contreras lapho enikeza impilo kuMalgré-Tout cishe ngonyaka we-1898, no-Agustín Ocampo ngenkathi edala iDessepoir ngo-1900, basebenzise ulimi olukhuluma ngomzimba wesifazane-okhishwe ethekwini lesibili yizikole zakudala-, okuhlanganisa ubushelelezi nobulukhuni, abesifazane abagugile ezindaweni ezimbi. Ukuqhathanisa okudinga ulwazi lomzwelo osheshayo ngokubonakaliswa okuza kamuva. Akungabazeki ukuthi, isivakashi sizozwa ucingo olufanayo, kusuka ngemuva kwehholo, lapho sicabanga ngo-Aprés l’orgie nguFidencio Nava, umqophi wezinto wekhulu leminyaka osebenze ngokunambitheka okufanayo okusemthethweni kowesifazane oqulekile emsebenzini wakhe. Isithombe esihle kakhulu, ngenxa yokungenelela kweBhodi Labaphathiswa, kulo nyaka sibe yingxenye yokuqoqwa kweNational Museum of Art.
Isimemo sokuvakashela eMnyuziyamu, isimemo sokufunda kabanzi ngobuciko baseMexico, yilezi zinqunu ezihlala ngaphakathi ezindlini futhi okulingiswa kwazo ngethusi kwasala e-Alameda.
