Thola lesi simangaliso esiseCiudad Universitaria. Uzomangala ...
Abanqobi bokuqala bamangala lapho bebabaza ingadi enhle lapho uMoctezuma II atshala khona izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezivela emazweni akude asezindaweni ezishisayo, ngokuhlakanipha baqoqwa futhi banakekelwa ekwandiseni amaligi amabili azungeze i-Oaxtepec, iMorelos. Lesi akusona ukuphela kwesibonelo sokwakhiwa kwengadi yezitshalo ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, njengoba zazikhona ezinye, njengaleyo eyasungulwa yiNezahualcóyotl eTexcoco, noma leyo eyayiyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yobukhulu beMexico-Tenochtitlan.
Izakhamizi zaseMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi zathola intuthuko emangalisayo ngokubheka, ulwazi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezazisetshenziswa njengokudla, okomuntu nokwesilwane, ngezimfanelo zokwelapha noma ngenxa yobuhle bazo kuphela; bazama ukuqoqa amaqoqo amahle kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene kakhulu ngokuhweba, ukukhulumisana, noma ngokusebenzisa amabutho empi.
Lokhu kusho umnikelo omkhulu eYurophu, njengoba izinhlobo eziningi zathunyelwa zivela eMelika, ezinye zazo zathola ukubaluleka namasiko eZwekazini Elidala futhi zaba nomthelela omkhulu emasikweni alo, kubalwa nobuciko bokupheka. Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa koshokholethi waseYurophu bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kukakhokho, okungeniswe ngqo kusuka eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, futhi nezitsha zase-Italy bekungeke kube yilokho eziyikho ngaphandle kukatamatisi ovela eNingizimu Melika. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-16 lapho izingadi zokuqala zezitshalo zasungulwa emazweni aseYurophu, esezuze intuthuko enkulu, zaze zakha amaqoqo omhlaba amahle kakhulu, njengalawo eKew Garden, eRoyal Botanical Garden yaseNgilandi.
IMexico yanamuhla izuze ukunconywa, uthando kanye nolwazi ngezitshalo, olubonakala emapaki nasezivandeni, nasemaphaseji amahle nakuma-balcony emakhaya asezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwesiko elidumile, kunesiza edolobheni elikhulu neliphithizelayo laseMexico elifanele isiko lethu elinothile: iBotanical Garden ye-Institute of Biology ye-UNAM, emagcekeni eYunivesithi City, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFederal District.
Isungulwe ngoJanuwari 1, 1959 sibonga ukuhlanganiswa kwamaphrojekthi amabili - elinye lihlongozwe ngusosayensi okhazimulayo uDkt Faustino Miranda kanti elinye nguDkt Efrén del Pozo-, iBotanical Garden yathola izici ezenza indawo engavamile. Itholakala enhliziyweni yePedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve, okuyisiphephelo sokugcina esibalulekile seSenecionetum ecosystem, uhlobo lwesikhuhla esiyingqayizivele emhlabeni esikhule kule ndawo ngemuva kokuqhuma kwentabamlilo iXitle, cishe eminyakeni engama-2 250 eyedlule. nokuthi inokubaluleka okukhulu kwezemvelo nangokwemvelo, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinhlobo ezimbili zendalo - okusho ukuthi, zikhula ngokukhethekile esiqiwini-: i-orchid ne-cactus (iBletia urban neMammillaria san-angelensis, ngokulandelana). Lokhu kwenza iBotanical Garden ibe yindawo enhle yobuhle bemvelo, ipharadesi, isikhala sendawo eluhlaza nokuphumula lapho, ngokungena nje, ungaphefumula umoya ohlukile, ohlanzekile futhi omusha.
Insimu ingaphezu nje kwendawo eluhlaza; Ngayo ungenza uhambo olujabulisayo nolufundisayo, ubabaze izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo eziboniswayo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo sihlinzeka ngokuvakashelwa okuqondiswayo, izingqungquthela, izingqungquthela, ababukeli, izifundo kanye namakhonsathi omculo we-classic; Ngokwengeziwe, inekamelo lemibukiso yesikhashana, isitolo, indawo yokupaka kanye nomtapo wolwazi omuhle kakhulu, ovulekele umphakathi, lapho kungatholakala khona ulwazi ngezitshalo nezitshalo; konke lokhu kuzungezwe indawo enhle kakhulu yemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, iNsimu akuyona indawo yokuhamba nokufunda kuphela; Kuwo, amaqembu abacwaningi abavela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene asebenza: izazi zezitshalo, izazi zemvelo, izazi ngezolimo, izazi zamakhemikhali kanye nezazi zesayensi yabantu, ukuze kusatshalaliswe izinhlobo zezinto ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, noma ezinokubaluleka okukhethekile, nokuhlenga ulwazi lwendabuko amakhambi nemithi yemiphakathi yomdabu yezwe lethu elikhulu.
IBotanical Garden inezikhungo ezimbili ezihlukene: iFaustino Miranda Greenhouse, etholakala endaweni yesikole, kanye nengadi engaphandle, ohlangothini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga, ngemuva kwe-Olympic State of Mexico ´68. Ingadi yangaphandle ihlelwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ngokotshani obukhonjiswe kuzo, ngaleyo ndlela kutholakale ukuqonda okungcono kwendawo. Kunezigaba ezomile nezomile, iNational Agavaceae Collection, iDoctora Helia Bravo-Hollis Desert Garden, izitshalo ezivela esifundeni esipholile, kusuka ehlathini elishisayo, indawo yezitshalo eziwusizo nezelaphayo kanye nendawo ebekiwe.
Indawo yemvelo eyomile nenesomiso ebaluleke kakhulu ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba cishe ama-70% endawo kazwelonke analolu hlobo lwezimila. Lesi sigaba sehlukaniswe iziqhingana ezizungezwe izindlela zokuhamba eziholela ekutholakaleni kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezitshalo aguqulelwe ezindaweni ezinemvula encane, njenge-yucca, nezimbali zazo ezimnandi nezinephunga elimnandi, ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa izitsha ezinhle; i-cacti, enemvelaphi yaseMelika kuphela, isibonisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezimnandi, imibala, izimbali ezinhle namandla aziwayo okudla kanye nokwelapha; kanye neNational Collection of Agaváceas, abameli bayo abaziwa kakhulu abasetshenziselwa ukwenza iziphuzo ezimbili ezijwayelekile eMexico: i-pulque ne-tequila, yize kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezakheke kahle.
Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele i-Desert Garden uDkt Helia Bravo-Hollis, iqoqo elihle kakhulu le-cacti eliqanjwe ngelinye lamalungu asungula ingadi kanye nomhlanganyeli onomdlandla kuze kube manje, esikweleta yena, kanye noDkt. Hernando Sánchez othuthukile, umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu i-The Cactaceae of Mexico; Lesi sigaba sakhiwe ngokubambisana nohulumeni waseJapan, njengesibonelo sokushintshaniswa kwamazwe omhlaba. Iqoqo elifanayo likhona edolobheni laseSendai, amakhilomitha angama-300 enyakatho yeTokyo, eJapan.
Mhlawumbe indawo ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu yileso esipholile, esimelwe yi-arboretum (okusho ukuthi “ukuqoqwa kwezihlahla eziphilayo”), esaqala ngonyaka we-1962. Namuhla sinezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuphakama okukhulu, ezithwala futhi ezinamaqabunga; lapho bengena kuwo, bavusa umuzwa wokuthula, ukuvumelana nobuhle; Singakuthokozela ukucabanga ngemithi emikhulu yasepayini, ebaluleke kakhulu eMexico, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yemikhiqizo esiyithola kuyo, kodwa ngoba izwe linezinhlobo zezinhlobo zomhlaba ezingaba ngu-40%. Futhi singabona imisipresi, ama-oyameles, i-sweetgum, ukuduma kwezulu -kuthi yize kungesiyo eyokudabuka eMexico, sekuvele kuyingxenye yezimbali zethu, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezithatha indawo enkulu lapho ungaphefumula khona iphunga lehlathi, lalela ingoma yezinyoni futhi uzizwe uhlangana nemvelo.
Ukuqoqwa kwezitshalo zemvelaphi eshisayo kusatshalaliswa phakathi kweFaustino Miranda Greenhouse kanye noManuel Ruiz Oronoz Greenhouse. Lesi sakamuva, ukufinyelela kwaso kunqunyelwe i-arboretum, sakhiwa ngo-1966 ngenhloso yokwakha isampula yokwehlukahluka okuhle kwezitshalo ezihlala ehlathini elishisayo. Kuyo singathola izintende, amaferns ezinhlobonhlobo, ama-piñanonas, ama-orchid, izihlahla ze-ceiba nezinye izinhlobo eziningi, ezenziwe ngothayela omnandi kakhulu, izingadi namatshe. Ekujuleni sithola ichibi elinomhume omncane; umsindo wamaconsi amanzi awayo, kanye nokushisa nomswakama kusenza sizizwe ngaphakathi kwehlathi elifudumele nelina imvula… enkabeni yeMexico City!
Izimila azinawo nje kuphela umsebenzi wokusithokozisa ngobuhle bazo obuhle futhi ziqhakaza ezimibalabala ezinamakha angavamile; Zibaluleke ngokwedlulele ngoba ziphenduka izingcezu ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imvelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni; kepha ngaphezu kwalokho, sithola inqwaba yemikhiqizo kubo esivumela ukuthi siphile futhi, ngokungeziwe, yenza izimpilo zethu zikhululeke kakhudlwana. Ngalesi sizathu, kunendawo enkulu ebekelwe ukusikhombisa ezinye izitshalo ezinokusetshenziswa okuthile, njengokudla, izinongo, ama-essence, imicu yemvelo nemihlobiso, phakathi kokunye.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile ngesigaba sezitshalo zokwelapha, esineqoqo elikhulu lama-specimens, hhayi kuphela kusukela esikhathini samanje, kodwa kusukela ngaphambi kokunqotshwa. Kulolu daba, i-Botanical Garden ibisenza iminyaka eminingi ukutakula okubalulekile kolwazi lwendabuko lokwelapha ngamakhambi ezifundeni eziningi zezwe lethu, ngakho-ke lesi sikhala simele isampula elihle lezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinamandla okwelapha.
IBotanical Garden iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu inomsebenzi obalulekile wokufundisa nokusabalalisa ulwazi ngemithombo yethu yemvelo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa umsebenzi wesayensi ukuthola izitshalo ezintsha ngokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kube wusizo futhi kusindisa imikhuba yamakhambi yendabuko eyigugu. Ngamafuphi, limelela indawo yokuzilibazisa enempilo, enconywe kakhulu kithina esihlala edolobheni elinabantu abaningi emhlabeni.
IGREENHOUSE FAUSTINO MIRANDA
Endaweni yesikole iCiudad Universitaria kunokwakhiwa okuvela ngaphandle okufana nedome enkulu enophahla oluguqukayo, olwakhiwe izihlahla nezingadi ezinhle kakhulu. YiFaustino Miranda Greenhouse, engaphansi kweBotanical Garden ye-Institute of Biology yeNational Autonomous University of Mexico.
Lesi sishisi esikhulu esingu-835 m2, esakhiwe futhi sakhiwa ngo-1959, sakhiwa ngombono omuhle phezu komgodi wemvelo, umkhiqizo wokusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwedwala lentaba-mlilo elivela ekuqhumeni kweXitle, elisetshenziselwa ukusatshalaliswa kwangaphakathi kwe-greenhouse. Kodwa lo mgodi wawunganele ukufeza isimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo; Ngalesi sizathu, kwakudingeka kwakhiwe i-dome enkulu eguquguqukayo yensimbi ne-fiberglass ehlanganisa yonke indawo, futhi efinyelela, engxenyeni yayo ephezulu kakhulu, amamitha ayi-16, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma ikuphi ukwesekwa ngaphandle kwezindonga. Ngokuba nophahla oluvumela ukwedlula kokukhanya futhi kuvimbele ukulahleka kokushisa, kungenzeka ukugcina izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kunangaphandle, ngokushintshashintsha okuncane phakathi kwemini nobusuku, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho umswakama ofanele wezitshalo ezishisayo uyagcinwa. .
IFaustino Mirada Greenhouse iqanjwe ngelinye lamalungu asungula kanye nomqondisi wokuqala we-UNAM Botanical Garden. Wazalelwa eGijon, eSpain, ngemuva kokuthola iziqu zobudokotela kwi-Natural Sciences eCentral University yaseMadrid, wafika ekudingisweni eMexico ngo-1939, ngenxa yempi yombango yaseSpain, futhi wajoyina ngokushesha umsebenzi wokucwaninga e-Institute of Biology.
Umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wesayensi, weziqu ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, ukhanyise kakhulu ulwazi lwezimbali zethu, ngoba wasebenza ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene eRiphabhuliki, njengeChiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Yucatán, Nuevo León, Zacatecas naseSan Luis UPotosí, phakathi kwabanye. Ucwaningo lwakhe olukhulu lwalugxile ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMexico, ikakhulukazi eLacandon Jungle.
Intshisekelo yakhe enkulu ezitshalweni nasezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ezweni lakithi yakhangiswa e-Botanical Garden, ikakhulukazi kwi-greenhouse, isikhungo sokutadisha nokongiwa kwesinye sezinto eziphilayo ezithakazelisa kakhulu, kepha futhi esishintshe kakhulu: ihlathi elishisayo.
Ngenxa yezimo ezehlukile zomswakama ophakeme nokushisa, okungavamisile ukuba ngaphansi kuka-18 ° C, ihlathi elihlala liluhlaza liyisistimu yomhlaba ecebe kunayo yonke ezintweni eziphilayo, njengoba ine-40% yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo; kodwa-ke, kube yinto yokuxhashazwa okungenangqondo. Namuhla amazinga okugawulwa kwamahlathi angamahlathi ayizigidi eziyi-10 ngonyaka, okungukuthi, ihektha elilodwa libhujiswa njalo ngemizuzwana emithathu emhlabeni! Kulinganiselwa ukuthi eminyakeni engamashumi amane ngeke kube khona okuqhakazile kulesi simiso semvelo, futhi ngeke kulahleke kuphela izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene, kodwa futhi nomumo womkhathi ozoba sengozini, ngoba ihlathi lisebenza njengomkhiqizi omkhulu womoya-mpilo nomqoqi we-dioxide ikhabhoni.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, eMexico siye sabona ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi namahlathi ziye zagawulwa kanjani amahlathi.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, iFaustino Miranda Greenhouse ithatha ukubaluleka okukhethekile ngokuba yindawo yokugcina isampula yomhlaba omuhle wehlathi elishisayo, nokuba yingxenye yesikhungo esibhekele ukutakulwa nokongiwa kwezilwane ezisengozini, ezinamandla kwezomnotho nakwezokwelapha. , ukudla, njll.
Lapho ungena eGreenhouse umuntu uzizwa komunye umhlaba, ngoba izitshalo ezimila lapho azivamile ukubonakala ezindaweni eziphakeme: izihlahla ze-ceiba, izihlahla zekhofi, amaferns ayi-10 m ukuphakama noma ezimo ezingacabangeki, izitshalo ezikhuphukayo futhi, ngokuzumayo, ichibi elihle elinombukiso wezimila zasemanzini, kanye nama-horsetails kanye ne-algae.
Kungenzeka uthathe uhambo lwemizila ehlukahlukene; indlela eyinhloko isiholela eqoqweni elihle kakhulu lezitshalo ezishisayo; ohlangothini singena ezimileni ngenhla kwamatshe odaka lwentaba-mlilo, sibona ama-cicadas nama-piñanonas, amasundu nama-liana. Cishe ekugcineni komzila, ithala liyingxenye yokuqoqwa kwama-orchid, okuthi, ngenxa yokuxhashazwa ngokweqile okukhuthazwa ngamanani aphakeme abafinyelela kuwo emakethe engekho emthethweni, anyamalale ngokushesha ezindaweni zawo zemvelo.
Umthombo: UMexico ongaziwa ongu-250 / Disemba 1997
