Isikhungo Somlando seValladolid yakudala singesinye sezifanele kakhulu eMexico, ngokubaluleka komlando wezakhiwo zawo kanye nefa labo lokwakha namasiko. Thola okwengeziwe ngomlando wayo lapha.
I- Isikhungo Somlando saseMorelia Ngenye yezinto ezifanele kakhulu eMexico, zombili ngenxa yokubaluleka okungokomlando okuvele kulo ezweni, nangenxa yesikhumbuzo salo. Ngalesi sizathu, kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuvikela abomthetho isikhathi eside, okuthi naphezu kokwehluleka kwesicelo sabo, kube nomthelela ekulondolozweni kwezikhumbuzo ngamanani aphezulu.
Ngaphandle kokunye ukucwiywa komzimba nokuvuleka emigwaqweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezizungeze izigodlo ezindala, ezenzeke ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule ngenxa yeMithetho Yezinguquko, i-Historic Center iye yalondolozwa ukuhlela okuphelele kwamadolobha. Empeleni, le ndawo iyona ehlala iValladolid endala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ukwakheka kwayo okwakuboniswa kuhlelo oluhle olwenziwe ngemiyalo yommeli kaMiguel La Grua Talamanca y Branciforte, ngo-1794.
Ekuhlukanisweni nomngcele wale ndawo yakudala yasedolobheni, okuyindawo efanele yamakholoni, kukhishwe imithethonqubo yokuvikela kanye nezinqumo. Isibonelo, umthethonqubo wokulondolozwa kokubukeka okujwayelekile nokwamakholoni kwedolobha laseMorelia okwamenyezelwa ngo-Agasti 18, 1956, Isinqumo sikaMongameli, esasimemezela ngokusemthethweni iSikhungo Sezomlando saseMorelia indawo Yezikhumbuzo Zomlando, esayinwe uMongameli weRiphabhulikhi, uCarlos Salinas de Gortari, ngoDisemba 14, 1990 futhi washicilelwa kwiGazethi Esemthethweni ngomhla we-19 kuyo leyo nyanga. Ekugcineni, isimemezelo esisemthethweni se-UNESCO, mayelana nokuthi liyini igugu lomhlaba wonke, ngoDisemba 12, 1991.
Lokhu okungenhla kugqamisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwamasiko i-Historic Center yaseMorelia enakho. Asikwazi ukukuziba ukuthi ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-viceroyalty, lapho ngaleso sikhathi iValladolid kwakuyidolobha elincane elinabantu abayindlala abangama-20 000, yayinamakolishi amane amakhulu anezakhiwo zawo ezihlukene, ezibanzi nezinhle, okungukuthi: iTridentine Seminary College; IKolishi laseSan Nicolás Hidalgo; okwakunguColegio de Los Jesuítas noColegio de Las Rocas wamantombazane. Ngokufanayo, bekungeke kube nehaba ukusho ukuthi ngesikhathi seNkululeko kwakuyidolobha elingazinzile nelicabangayo ngokwezepolitiki eNew Spain. Nakhu ukukhanya kokuqala kukaGeneralissimo uDkt.José Maria Morelos, osibongo sakhe siguqulwe saba yisibabalo esiphumelelayo sizuza leli dolobha njengegama elivela esinqumweni seCongress yendawo ngo-1828. Isiko lokungezwani kwezenhlalo elisebenza kuze kube manje ukuthi, ngendlela ethile, kaningi izibonakalisa enhliziyweni ye-Historic Center, ekuyihlonipheni nasebubini bayo; ukuhlonishwa wukuqwashiswa unomphela kokuqhubeka nokumela u-Iucha, kepha amashwa ngukuthi, amashumishumi eminyaka, ikakhulukazi ukukhathazeka kwabafundi noma izifiso zobulungiswa bezenhlalo, bezwakaliswe ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amapintshi" noma amabinzana abhalwe ngokungakhethi kuzikhumbuzo noma kunoma yini isakhiwo, esibalimazayo futhi esenza izimbangela noma izizathu ezifanele ukuzwelana zicasule noma zisolwe.
OKUTHILE OKUVELA EMLANDWENI
IMorelia yasungulwa njengedolobha elisemthethweni ngoMeyi 18, 1541 ngokomyalo kaViceroy Antonio de Mendoza, eyibiza ngokuthi yiGuayangareo, igama likaValladolid lanikezwa isikhashana kamuva, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16, kanye nesihloko sedolobha kanye ijazi lezingalo. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukubaluleka kwayo njengesibalo sabantu kwaqala ukukhula kusuka ngo-1580, lapho ababhishobhi bebona uMichoacán neziphathimandla zomphakathi bethuthela kulo besuka ePátzcuaro, okwakwenza lokho ngo-1589.
UKUTHUTHUKISWA KWEZIMALI
Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa ukukhula kwayo kwaqala futhi kwanda; ekuqaleni, izindlu ezimbili zezindela zaseSan Francisco naseSan Agustín zaqedwa; maphakathi, lawo e-El Carmen neLa Merced, ngaphezu kwamanye amasonto afana neLa Compañía, iSan Juan ne-la Cruz, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngo-1660 kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu elikhona njengamanje, okwakuyinkampani yokwakha yezenkolo endala ukulinganiswa ngesikhathi kwaqala ezweni lonke. Indawo yethempeli elikhulu ichaze ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwezikhala enkabeni yedolobha, ngokusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile nokuyingqayizivele kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isigaba segolide", esihlukanisa isikhungo sedolobha sibe yizikwele ezimbili ezingalingani kodwa ezihambisanayo; enkulu kunazo zonke enezingosi, encane kunazo zonke enezindonga, kodwa ngaphandle kwamaphothali, ngokuhlangana kanye nesigqi sokuqala okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula okukhulu nokwakhiwa kwezithelo ezinkulu kakhulu, kwenzeka ngekhulu le-18; kuye kuvela izikhumbuzo ezincane kunazo zonke futhi eziningi kakhulu namuhla ezihlobisa futhi ziqhakambisa idolobha, ngokwenkolo nangokwesizotha.
Maphakathi nalelikhulu leminyaka, kwasungulwa izindela ezinkulu ezintathu: iLas Rocas, iLas Monjas neCapuchinas; enye yama-friar, eyaseSan Diego; amanye amasonto amahlanu, kufaka phakathi enkulu kakhulu enikezelwe eSan José kanye nengxenye yeshumi nambili yamasonto amasha.
Ngo-1744 kwaqedwa imibhoshongo engaphambili nemibhoshongo emikhulu yesonto lombhishobhi. Kuyikhulu leminyaka lobukhazikhazi obukhulu bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi, okuzibonakalisa ezakhiweni ezibabazekayo zemfundo nohulumeni, njengeSeminary College (namuhla isigodlo sikahulumeni), iJesuit College (namuhla eyiClavijero Palace) kanye neKolishi laseSan Nicolás. , ILas Casas Reales (namuhla isigodlo sikamasipala), iLa Alhóndiga (namuhla isandiso seNdlu Yezobulungiswa), kanye nenqwaba yezigodlo nezithabathaba ezinesizotha.
Njengoba intuthuko enkulu kangaka yayidinga izinsizakalo zomphakathi, izikwele zazihlotshiswe ngemithombo futhi, phakathi kuka-1785 no-1789, ngamandla nangesandla sikaMbhishobhi Fray Antonio de San Miguel, kwakhiwa imengamo eqinile yomsele wamamitha ayi-1700 nobude obungamamitha angu-250. nemengamo emithathu yamatshe.
Ngaphambi nje kwenkululeko, idolobha lalinabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili.
Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka leMithetho Yezinguquko, kwakwakhiwe okuncane okwemvelo yenkolo futhi imisebenzi engabaleki yacekelwa phansi, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngalesi sikhathi, izindawo zokuhlala ezazihlala zanda zazihlaliswa kahle eduze kwezigodlo zakudala zamakoloni. njengokukhonjiswa kokuhlelwa kabusha kanye nebhalansi yezenhlalo efiselekayo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezibaluleke njenge-Tridentino Seminary entsha, eduze kweSonto laseSan José, kanye neTeresiano School (namuhla eyiFederal Palace), womabili aqondiswa nguDon Adolfo Tremontels, ngesitayela se-neoclassical esihle kangako esivela isici esihlanganisa kakhulu kune-baroque yendabuko esangulukile yedolobha. Njengoba lokhu kulandelana kobuciko kunqwabelana, idolobha lacebiswa; Kuphela esikhungweni sayo esinomlando, iMorelia inezikwele eziyishumi ezinkulu, cishe izikwele ezinhlanu namakhona amaningi anemithombo yomphakathi, njengezindawo ezivulekile, efaka uphawu lwezitaladi nezindawo ezingomakhelwane, okuyizinkolo ezingamatshumi amabili namasonto alesosikhathi i-viceregal, okuphakathi kwayo kukhona nezigodlo eziningi nezindawo ezinkulu zokuhlala.
Ukungonakalisi sekuvele kwakha, futhi ukulondolozwa kuyindlela yokwenza kabusha; Ngalokhu, uMorelia ufuna ukunikela kwakhe, ngoba esinye sezimo zikanembeza, esesimweni sanamuhla, esokuhlonipha ifa lamasiko azuzwe njengefa. Unjalo-ke umthwalo ophakanyiswe yiFederal Decree for the Protection of the Historic Center of Morelia, lapho kungabhaliswa noma kufakwe khona izakhiwo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1,113, okuyisibonakaliso somcebo omkhulu omkhulu osenayo idolobha.
UHLELO LWAMADOLOBHA
Umugqa wokuqala, owenziwe ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha leminyaka, wehlele kithi ngokuphelele, okwenza izifiso zamanje ze-Renaissance ezibizayo njengoku-oda, ukusaphaza nezikhala ezibona kude ezivuleka ezigcawini futhi zinabele emigwaqweni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukukhula. Ngesikhathi sayo, idolobha licatshangelwe ngokukhululekile; Kusukela ekuqaleni yayinemigwaqo ebanzi nezikwele ezibanzi, ezinemfucuza yendawo kangangokuba intuthuko yayo yamuva ayenzanga lutho ngaphandle kokunikeza izimpendulo ngobukhulu obubheke ngqo kule ndawo yamahloni ehlongozwayo futhi ebonwe ngaphambili endizeni yayo.
I-oda elingena monotoni lengamela imigwaqo, igridi okuthi, njengoba iqhubeka ngaphezu kokungahambi kahle okubushelelezi kwegquma, ilahlekelwe ukuqina kwejometri futhi ivumelane nayo, hhayi ngendlela engaqondakali kodwa "ephilayo", singasho namhlanje. Le gridi, ebukeka sengathi idwetshwe "ngesandla" hhayi ngombusi, ilawula indlela yemigwaqo ejika ngobumnene, okwenza izindiza eziqondile zime njengesiqalo sokwehla okuvundlile okuzixhasayo.
Lokhu kuzwana phakathi kwepulani nokuphakama, okuzwakala ngokuhlakanipha okunje, kuyapheleliswa ngomqondo omkhulu ngomzamo wokugcizelela ubuhle bezakhiwo ezinkulu, kuphakanyiswa amavolumu azo noma izinto zokuqala ezifana nezingaphambili, imibhoshongo nezindlu. Lokhu kufezwe ngokuhola imibono yemigwaqo ibheke kubo, inhloso esivele isemagulideni emigwaqweni eholela engaphambili leSan Francisco kanye nohlangothi lweSan Agustín. Kamuva, lesi sixazululo salolwa futhi senziwa ngokugcizelela okucacile kwe-baroque okususelwa esibonelweni esihle esinikezwe ukubekwa kwethempeli elikhulu, elaqala ngo-1660, alitholi i-eksisi yalo eliyinhloko hhayi maqondana nesikwele, kodwa nemigwaqo emibili eholela kuso , ngendlela yokuthi isigaxa saso esiyinhloko kanye ne-apse kuphazamise, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi baqede kahle imibono ebanzi. Ngemuva kweCathhedral, amasonto amaningi, avela esikhathini esigcwele samaBaroque, ikakhulukazi ngekhulu le-18, aguqula umugqa osuvele uguquguqukayo we-Renaissance futhi awuphendule ngobuhlakani ube yiBaroque, adala isimanga esibukwayo ngokushintsha ukuphela komgwaqo. ukuthi amanye amasonto akhiwe ngendlela yokuthi, aguqule ukwakheka kancane kancane, noma awuphazamise ngesibindi kwezinye izimo, ama-facade, ama-facade athile ohlangothini, imibhoshongo kanye ne-domes, akhuliswe ngendlela yokuthi aphume phambi kwalowo odlulayo, aqonde imibono. Namuhla ihlukile kuMorelia, yize kungenjalo kuphela, ukuvumelana kwesigqi sezakhiwo zayo zomphakathi kukleliswe ekufinyeleleni okuyisikhumbuzo.
Imibono yokuthi lapho isebenza ivulekile futhi ikhululeke iyangena, inqanyulwe futhi ibanjwe ukuzola okufudumele nokukhohlisayo kwangaphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, imidwebo yamathempeli afana neCathedral, iSan Francisco, ingxenyeni eseceleni yeSan Agustín, indawo ephambili kanye nengosi eseceleni yeSan José, iLas Rosas, iGuadalupe neCristo Rey, iqeda imigwaqo.
Imigwaqo yaseMorelia ayigcini nje ngokuba ngaphansi kobunzima be-rectilinear ngokweqile okungenamkhawulo, futhi ayigwegwesi noma iphule ngokuthanda kwayo, kepha kunalokho iba nomgomo wokuhlosa, umqondo wezinhlobonhlobo zasemadolobheni ezingashiyi lutho. maphakathi phakathi kokuzimela kanye nokuhle.
IZITAYELA ZOMUZI
Mhlawumbe isici sobuciko esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu isivakashi saseMorelia ubunye obuvumelanayo obukhona. Uma uthi nhlá, lo muzi ubonakala sengathi wenziwe ngesiqubu esisodwa; kuphela lapho ebuka izakhiwo zayo ezahlukahlukene lapho umuntu angakwazisa ukuqoqwa okunothile kwezinkathi nezitayela ezikwenzayo, okusungulwe futhi kutholwe ngentando ehlelekile ehlanganisa futhi i-oda ngezinto zokwakha: inkwali. Lapha izitayela zibonakala ziguquke njengezimpawu zesikhathi esidingekayo, kepha zinciphisa ukweqisa kwazo.
Namuhla, lapho kuguqulwa amadolobha amaningi kuveza ukungafani okunodlame, lokhu kugcwalisa isimo sobuhle "sobumbano ngokuhlukahluka" kuba okuphawuleka ngokwengeziwe, okunikeza umehluko nobukhosi kuMorelia, ubukhosi, ngasendleleni, ethuneni futhi obungenangqondo.
Idolobha lesikhumbuzo, kepha lihlotshiswe kancane, lenkulumo yeplanethi enezintandokazi eziphelele zezinhlangothi ezimbili. Kwanele ukubona iKhathedrali, lapho kubusa khona i-pilaster kukholamu kanye nezinsizakusebenza ebaziwe. Ngaphandle kuphela, leli Khathedrali linama-pilasters angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili hhayi ikholomu eyodwa, icala elingajwayelekile nelingafani nelinye phakathi kwamabhishobhi asezikhundleni.
Ubukhazikhazi obugcwele kakhulu bucwengisiswa, kwaqokelwa indawo yesikhumbuzo esihle nenesizotha ngaphezu kokunotha kokuhlobisa, ukunambitheka kanye nenqubo enwetshelwa edolobheni, lapho ithoni lokulinganisela lakhethwa esikhundleni senjabulo.
Unjalo uMorelia, obuciko bakhe obukhulu nobunamandla kunabo bonke, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ngokuthi ukwazi ukuvumelanisa izinkathi nezitayela ezahlukahlukene, ngokuqonda okucacile, ngaphandle kokwenqaba noma ukuzinikela okulula, ngamandla akhe okufanisa, okugcina lokho akubona kuyikho. elula, kepha idlulisa okungaziwa ngomqondo wayo wepulasitiki owenziwe ngamakhulu eminyaka.
