UFray Bernardino de Sahagún angathathwa njengomphenyi omkhulu wazo zonke izinto ezithinta isiko lamaNahua, enikela ngempilo yakhe yonke ekuhlanganisweni nasekubhalweni okwalandela kwamasiko, izindlela, izindawo, imikhuba, onkulunkulu, ulimi, isayensi, ubuciko, ukudla, inhlangano yezenhlalo, njll. kwalokhu okubizwa nge-Mexica.
Ngaphandle kophenyo lukaFray Bernardino de Sahagún besizolahlekelwa yingxenye enkulu yamagugu esiko lethu.
UKUPHILA KWE-FRAY BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN
UFray Bernardino wazalelwa eSahagún, umbuso waseLeón, eSpain phakathi kuka-1499 no-1500, washona eMexico City (eNew Spain) ngo-1590. Isibongo sakhe kwakunguRibeira futhi wasishintshanisa nesedolobhana lakubo. Ufunde eSalamanca wafika eNew Spain ngo-1529 noFriar Antonio de Ciudad Rodrigo nabanye abazalwane abayi-19 be-Order of San Francisco.
Wayenokubukeka okuhle kakhulu, njengoba kushiwo uFray Juan de Torquemada othi "inkolo esegugile yamfihla emehlweni abesifazane."
Iminyaka yokuqala yokuhlala kwakhe wayichitha eTlalmanalco (1530-1532) wabe esengumnakekeli wesigodlo iXochimilco futhi, kusukela kokucatshangelwayo, futhi umsunguli waso (1535).
Wafundisa iLatinidad eColegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco iminyaka emihlanu kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo, ngoJanuwari 6, 1536; kwathi ngo-1539 waba ngumfundi esigodlweni sezindela esasinamathele esikoleni. Ehanjiswe emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene ye-Order yakhe, wadabula isiGodi sasePuebla kanye nesifunda sezintaba-mlilo (1540-1545). Wabuyela eTlatelolco, wahlala esigodlweni sezindela kusukela ngo-1545 kuya ku-1550. WayeseTula ngo-1550 nango-1557. Wayengu-definer wesifundazwe (1552) futhi wayevakashele ukugcinwa kwe-Holy Gospel, eMichoacán (1558). Idluliselwe edolobheni laseTepepulco ngo-1558, yahlala lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-1560, yadlula ngo-1561 futhi yaya eTlatelolco. Lapho yahlala kwaze kwaba ngu-1585, unyaka lapho ahlala khona esigodini seGrande de San Francisco eMexico City, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1571 ukuze abuyele eTlatelolco. Ngo-1573 washumayela eTlalmanalco. Wabuye waba ngumchazi wesifundazwe kusukela ngo-1585 kuya ku-1589. Ushone eneminyaka engama-90 noma ngaphezulu, eGrande Convent yaseSan Francisco de México.
ISAHAGÚN KANYE NENDLELA YAKHO YOKUPHENYA
Njengoba enedumela njengendoda enempilo, enamandla, esebenza kanzima, esangulukile, ehlakaniphile futhi enothando namaNdiya, amanothi amabili abonakala ebalulekile esimilweni sakhe: ukuqina, okukhonjiswe emashumini ayi-12 emizamo ebabazekayo esekela imibono yakhe nomsebenzi wakhe; nokungabi nathemba, okufiphaza isizinda somlando waso ngokucabanga okubuhlungu.
Wahlala esikhathini soguquko phakathi kwamasiko amabili, futhi wakwazi ukubona ukuthi iMexico yayizonyamalala, igxile kwabaseYurophu. Wangena ezinkingeni zomhlaba wendabuko ngokuzimisela okukodwa, ukuzibamba kanye nobuhlakani. Wathinteka ngentshiseko yakhe njengomvangeli, ngoba ephethe lolo lwazi wazama ukulwa kangcono nenkolo yomdabu yobuhedeni futhi aguqule kalula abomdabu enkolweni kaKristu. Emisebenzini yakhe ebhaliwe njengomvangeli, isazi-mlando nesazi sezilimi, wabanikeza amafomu ahlukahlukene, ewalungisa, ewanweba futhi ewabhala njengezincwadi ezihlukene. Wabhala ngesiNahuatl, ulimi ayenalo ngokuphelele, nangeSpanish, enezela isiLatini kulo. Kusukela ngo-1547 waqala ukucwaninga nokuqoqa imininingwane ngamasiko, izinkolelo, ubuciko namasiko amaMexico asendulo. Ukuze enze umsebenzi wakhe ngempumelelo, wasungula futhi wasungula indlela yesimanje yokuphenya, ethi:
a) Wenza amaphepha emibuzo ngesiNahuatl, esebenzisa abafundi abasezingeni eliphakeme beColegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco “kwezothando”, okusho ukuthi, ngesiLatin nangeSpanish, ngenkathi bengongoti bolimi lwabo lwesiNahuatl.
b) Ufundele amaNdiya lawa ma-questionnain ayengamele izindawo noma izingxenyana ezithile, abamthumelela abantu bomdabu asebekhulile abamnikeza usizo oluyigugu futhi abaziwa njenge-Sahagún Informants.
Lezi zimpimpi zazivela ezindaweni ezintathu: iTepepulco (1558-1560), lapho benza khona amaFirst Memorials; Tlatelolco (15641565), lapho benza khona iSikhumbuzo nge-scholia (zombili lezi zinguqulo zikhonjwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Matritenses Codices); noLa Ciudad de México (1566-1571), lapho uSahagún enza inguqulo entsha, ephelele kakhulu kunaleyo eyedlule, njalo esizwa ithimba lakhe labafundi abavela eTlatelolco. Lo mbhalo wesithathu ochazayo yi- Umlando ojwayelekile wezinto zaseNew Spain.
IZIPHETHO EZITHEMBEKAYO ZOMSEBENZI WAKHE
Ngo-1570, ngenxa yezizathu zezomnotho, wakhubaza umsebenzi wakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba abhale kafushane umlando wakhe, awuthumela eMkhandlwini We-Indies. Lo mbhalo ulahlekile. Okunye ukuthunyelwa kwathunyelwa kuPapa Pius V, futhi kugcinwa kwiVictoria Secret Archives. Inesihloko esithi A Brief Compendium yamalanga akhonza izithombe amaNdiya aseNew Spain awasebenzisile ngezikhathi zokungathembeki kwawo.
Ngenxa yezingqinamba zabasekeli be-Order yakhe efanayo, iNkosi uFelipe II wayala ukuthi, ngo-1577, aqoqe zonke izinguqulo namakhophi omsebenzi kaSahagún, esaba ukuthi abantu bomdabu bazoqhubeka nokunamathela ezinkolelweni zabo uma zigcinwa ngolimi lwabo . Egcwalisa lo myalo wokugcina, uSahagún wanikeza umphathi wakhe, uFray Rodrigo de Sequera, inguqulo ngezilimi zaseSpain nezaseMexico. Le nguqulo yalethwa eYurophu nguFather Sequera ngo-1580, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Manuscript noma i-Copy of Sequeray futhi ikhonjwe ne-Florentine Codex.
Ithimba lakhe labafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezintathu (isiLatin, iSpanishi nesiNahuatl) lalakhiwa u-Antonio Valeriano, wase-Azcapotzalco; UMartín Jacobita, ovela endaweni yaseSanta Ana noma eTlatelolco; UPedro de San Buenaventura, waseCuautitlán; no-Andrés Leonardo.
Abakopishi bakhe noma ama-pendolistas kwakunguDiego de Grado, wasendaweni yaseSan Martín; UMateo Severino, wasendaweni yase-Utlac, eXochimilco; noBonifacio Maximiliano, waseTlatelolco, mhlawumbe nabanye, amagama abo alahlekile.
USahagún wayengumsunguli wendlela eqinile yocwaningo lwesayensi, uma kungeyena owokuqala, njengoba uFray Andrés de Olmos ayengaphambi kwakhe ngesikhathi semibuzo yakhe, wayengusosayensi kakhulu, ngakho-ke uthathwa njengoyise wocwaningo lwe-ethnohistorical and social research I-Americana, elindele iminyaka engamakhulu amabili nesigamu kaFata Lafitan, ngokuvamile ethathwa njengesifundo sakhe se-Iroquois njengesazi sokuqala semvelo. Wakwazi ukuqoqa i-arsenal engavamile yezindaba ezivela emlonyeni wezimpimpi zakhe, ezihlobene nesiko laseMexico.
Izigaba ezintathu: ezaphezulu, ezomuntu nezomhlaba, zesiko langezikhathi zakudala ngaphakathi kokukhulelwa komlando, konke kungumsebenzi kaSahagún. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ubudlelwane obuseduze ngendlela yokukhulelwa nokubhala umlando wakhe nomsebenzi, isibonelo, uBartholomeus Anglicus onesihloko esithi De proprietatibus rerum ... kwezothando (Toledo, 1529), incwadi eyayithandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, kanye nemisebenzi nguPlinio Omdala no-Albertoel Magno.
ISuHistoria, eyi-encyclopedia yohlobo lwangenkathi ephakathi, eguqulwe ngolwazi lwe-Renaissance kanye neyesiko lamaNahuatl, yethula umsebenzi wezandla ezahlukahlukene nezitayela ezahlukahlukene, kwazise iqembu lazo labafundi langenelela kusukela ngo-1558, okungenani, kwaze kwaba ngu-1585 Kuyo, ukuzibandakanya kwakhe, nokuthambekela kokuthatha izithombe, kulokho okubizwa ngeSikole saseMexico-Tenochtitlan, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha leminyaka, ngesitayela "sama-Aztec" esivuselelwe kungabonakala ngokucaca kwe-crystal.
Lonke lolu lwazi oluningi nolubabazekayo luhlala lukhohliwe, kwaze kwaba yilapho uFrancisco del Paso y Troncoso - isazi esijulile seNahuatl nesazi-mlando esikhulu - eshicilela okwangempela okugcinwe eMadrid naseFlorence ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi General History of the Things of New Spain. Uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwe-facsimile lwe-Codices matritense (5 vols., Madrid, 1905-1907). Umqulu wesihlanu, owokuqala ochungechungeni, uletha izingcwecwe eziyi-157 zezincwadi eziyi-12 zeFlorentine Codex ezigcinwe eLaurentian Library eseFlorence.
Izinhlelo ezenziwe nguCarlos María de Bustamante (3 vols, 1825-1839), Irineo Paz (4.vols., 1890-1895) zivela kwikhophi yeHistoriade Sahagún, eyayisesigodlweni seSan Francisco de Tolosa, eSpain. ) noJoaquín Ramírez Cabañas (5 vols., 1938).
Uhlelo oluphelele ngeSpanishi ngolukaFata Ángel María Garibay K., onesihloko Umlando ojwayelekile wezinto zaseNew Spain, ibhalwe nguBernardino de Sahagún futhi isuselwa kwimibhalo ngolimi lwaseMexico oluqoqwe ngabomdabu (5 vols., 1956).
