Ulwandle bekulokhu kuyibhuloho lokuxhumana elibalulekile esintwini. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, i-Atlantic Ocean yanikeza ukuphela kwesixhumanisi phakathi kwezwe elidala nelisha.
Ngenxa yokutholakala kweMelika, iGulf of Mexico yaba yindawo ebalulekile yokuhamba kwemikhumbi yaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi leyo evela edolobheni elikhulu laseSpain. Imikhumbi yokuqala eyenza lokhu kweqa kwakungamakharaveni nemikhumbi. Eminingi yale mikhumbi yaphela emanzini aseMexico.
Izingozi ezibhekene nomkhumbi owazama ukuwela ulwandle zodwa zazingenakubalwa. Mhlawumbe izinsongo ezinkulu zalezo zikhathi kwakuyiziphepho nokuhlaselwa ngabaphangi, ama-corsairs kanye nama-buccaneers, abafika behehwa yingcebo evela eMelika. Emzameni omkhulu wokuvikela yomibili imikhumbi yayo kanye nengcebo ababeyiphethe, iSpain yakha ngekhulu le-16 uhlelo lokuhamba kwemikhumbi olwalubaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi: imikhumbi.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16, uCrown wayala ukuba kususwe imikhumbi emibili yaminyaka yonke, eyaseNew Spain neyaseTierra Firme, evikelwe ibutho lasolwandle lasebukhosini. Owokuqala bekuwukusuka ngo-Ephreli uye eGulf of Mexico bese kuthi owesibili ngo-Agasti baye e-Isthmus yasePanama. Bobabili bekufanele basebusika eMelika babuye ngezinsuku ezimisiwe ukuze basebenzise isimo sezulu esihle. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenze kwaba lula ukuhlaselwa yizitha, ezazizibeka ezindaweni ezinobuqili futhi zihlasela ngokuhlasela abaphangi namabhayisikili, bekunezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani umkhumbi noma imikhumbi ingahle yephulwe, njengokuntuleka kwekhono labashayeli bezindiza nokungahambi kahle emabalazweni nakumathuluzi wokuzulazula.
Ezinye izinto kwakuyimililo noma ukuqhuma okwabangelwa ukuqhuma kwezibhamu okwakuthwelwe esikebheni, kanye nokulahleka kwekhwalithi kuzo zombili izikebhe nabasebenzi abasebenza eminyakeni edlule.
Ukumelwa kweGulf of Mexico kumashadi nakumamephu wokuzulazula wekhulu le-16 nele-17 akuzange kubhalise izinguquko ezibalulekile. Iziqhingi eziseduze neYucatán zaqhubeka nokumelwa ngendlela eyihaba kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-18, mhlawumbe ngenhloso yokwazisa amatilosi ngezingozi ezazikuwo, ngoba ukuhamba kuleyo ndawo kwakunzima ngenxa yobukhona bezikhiye nemifula, Imisinga yeGulf, izivunguvungu nezindawo ezisenyakatho namanzi angajulile eduze nogu. Amatilosi abhabhadisa ezinye zalezi zixhobo ngamagama afana nokuthi "thatha ukulala", "amehlo avulekile" nokuthi "usawoti-uma ukwazi."
AMAPHAYILI, AMAKHORA NAMABHANISI. Njengoba imizila yemikhumbi isakazeka emhlabeni wonke, izigcwelegcwele zasolwandle, ama-corsairs, kanye nama-buccaneers andisa namanethiwekhi wokusebenza. Isidingo sakhe esikhulu kwakungukuthola isiqhingi noma ichweba lapho azokwakha khona isisekelo sakhe, akwazi ukulungisa imikhumbi yakhe nokuzihlinzeka ngakho konke okudingekayo ekuhlaselweni kwakhe. IGulf of Mexico yayiyindawo ekahle ngenxa yenani layo elikhulu leziqhingi kanye nokugcwala okukhulu kwemikhumbi eyayinqamula lawo manzi.
Abahloli bamazwe abadume kakhulu bekungamaNgisi, yize amazwe afana neFrance, Holland nePortugal nawo enza umnikelo wawo ebugebengwini balesosikhathi. Abanye abaphangi basebenza ngokuxhaswa ohulumeni babo, noma yizikhulu ezibaxhasile ukuthi kamuva bagcine ingxenye enhle yempango.
Amachweba amabili aseMexico acekelwa phansi kakhulu yiSan Francisco de Campeche neVilla Rica de la Vera Cruz. Phakathi kwabaphangi ababesebenza eGulf of Mexico kukhona amaNgisi uJohn Hawkins noFrancis Drake, umDashi uCornelio Holz obizwa nge- “Pata de Palo”, uCuban Diego “El Mulato”, uLaurens Graff owaziwa kakhulu njengoLorencillo kanye noGrammont wodumo. Ukuba khona kukaMary Read kuvelele, omunye wabesifazane abambalwa ababenza ubugebengu, naphezu kwemingcele eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi kwabesilisa besifazane.
HLANGULA AMAZAMA. Njalo lapho umkhumbi uphukelwa umkhumbi, iziphathimandla eziseduze noma ukaputeni womkhumbi uqobo kwakudingeka ahlele imisebenzi yokutakula, eyayihlanganisa nokuthola imvithi nokuqasha izikebhe kanye nabatshuzi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuthola kabusha ngangokunokwenzeka. elahlekile olwandle. Kodwa-ke, babevame ukungabi nemiphumela emihle kakhulu ngenxa yobunzima bomsebenzi uqobo lwawo kanye nenkohlakalo nokungasebenzi kweziphathimandla zaseSpain. Izikhathi eziningi ingxenye yezikhali yayitholwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakuyinto evamile ngabasebenzi bomkhumbi owawuphahlazekile ukuba bebe ingcebo eyayiphethe. Uma ingozi yenzeke ngasogwini, abantu bendawo bebezoza besebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela, ukuzama ukuthola ingxenye yokuthengiswayo okuhanjiswayo, ikakhulukazi igolide nesiliva.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngisho neminyaka ngemuva kokucwiliswa komkhumbi, kungacelwa imvume ekhethekile koMbuso ukuba ifune impahla yayo. Lokhu kwaba ngumsebenzi wabasizi. Lesi sihlalo bekuyisivumelwano lapho imisebenzi yomphakathi yabelwa abantu abazimele abangaphandle komnyango wobukhosi. Lo muntu uthembise ukubuyisa ingcebo ebicwilisiwe ukuze athole iphesenti.
Umuntu owasiza ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguDiego de Florencia, isakhamuzi saseCuba omndeni waso wasebenzela ubukhosi baseSpain izizukulwane ezimbalwa. Imibhalo etholakala eParish Archives of the Cathedral of Havana ikhomba ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-1677 lo kaputeni wacela imvume yokubuyisa umthwalo weGalleon Nuestra Señora del Juncal, omunye wemikhumbi emibili yeNew Spain Fleet yango-1630. eyalelwa nguCaptain General Miguel de Echazarreta futhi wehlulwa kuCampeche Sound ngo-1631. Ubuye wacela ukugunyazwa ukuba afune noma yimuphi umkhumbi owaphahlazeka eGulf of Mexico, e-Apalache naseWindward Islands. Ngokusobala akatholanga lutho.
IFLEET YASESPAIN ENTSHA, 1630-1631. Kucatshangwa ukuthi okunye kokuthunyelwa okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi samakholoni kwakuyikho okwakukhona ebhanoyini leFleet of New Spain elasuka eCádiz ngo-1630, ngaphansi komyalo kaCaptain Echazarreta, futhi lacwila emanzini ajulile ngonyaka olandelayo.
Imininingwane etholakala ezinqolobaneni zokugcina umlando zaseMexico, eCuba naseSpain isivumele ukuthi siqale ukwakha kabusha izehlakalo ezazizungeze le nhlekelele eyatholwa yimikhumbi eyakha le mikhumbi, kubandakanya nemikhumbi yakhona, imikhumbi ebizwa ngeSanta Teresa neNuestra Señora del Juncal. Lezi zinsuku kuseseyinto yokuhaha phakathi kwabazingeli bomcebo emhlabeni wonke, abafuna kuphela inzuzo yayo yezomnotho hhayi ingcebo yangempela eyiyo yolwazi lomlando.
UMLANDO WONYAZI. KwakungoJulayi 1630 lapho iNew Spain Fleet isuka ngomkhumbi itheku laseSanúcar de Barrameda ifike lapho iya khona eVeracruz, ihambisana nabaphelezeli ababenemikhumbi eyisishiyagalombili kanye ne-patache.
Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanhlanu kamuva, ekwindla ka-1631, iNew Spain Fleet yasuka eSan Juan de Ulúa yaya eCuba ukuyohlangana neTierra Firme Fleet futhi ndawonye ukuze ibuyele Ezwekazini Elidala.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhamba kwakhe, uCaptain Echazarreta washona futhi esikhundleni sakhe kwathathwa u-Admiral Manuel Serrano de Rivera, noNao Nuestra Señora del Juncal, owayeze njengoKaputeni, babuya njengo-Admiral.
Ekugcineni, ngoMsombuluko, ngo-Okthoba 14, 1631, yahamba le mikhumbi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva yabhekana nenyakatho eyaphenduka isiphepho esesabekayo, esadala ukuthi imikhumbi ihlakazeke. Abanye bacwile, abanye bagijimela phansi kanti abanye bakwazile ukufinyelela osebeni oluseduze.
Ubufakazi nemibhalo etholakala ezinqolobaneni zikazwelonke nezangaphandle zikhombisa ukuthi abasindile abasindisiwe bathathwa bayiswa eSan Francisco de Campeche futhi ukusuka lapho baya eHavana, ukubuyela ezweni labo neTierra Firme Fleet, eyasala eCuba ilindile yemikhumbi elimele.
ILIFA LOMHLABA. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngamunye wemikhumbi eyaqeda emanzini aseGulf of Mexico usephenduke ikhasi emlandweni ukuthi kusezinzulu zemivubukulo engaphansi kwamanzi ukuphenya.
Imikhumbi ilele emanzini aseMexico igcwele izimfihlo zokutholwa kanye nengcebo edlula kakhulu ezomnotho. Lokhu kwenza iMexico ibe ngelinye lamazwe anelinye lamaciko amasiko acebe kakhulu acwilisiwe emhlabeni, futhi kuyinikeza umthwalo wokuyivikela nokuphenya ngendlela yesayensi nehlelekile ukuze yabelane ngayo naso sonke isintu.
