Kulesi simo, esithathwa njenge-Biosphere Reserve - ecebe kakhulu ngokuhlukahluka ezigcinweni zezwe - yimishini emihlanu yamaFranciscan eSierra Gorda eyasungulwa futhi yasungulwa maphakathi nekhulu le-18.
Ukuhluka okuphawulekayo kwaleli baroque elenziwe ngomdabu kungabonakala kuwo amagama abo: iSantiago de Jalpan, iNuestra Señora de la Luz de Tancoyotl, iSan Miguel Concá, iSanta María del Agua de Landa neSan Francisco del Valle de Tilaco.
Lesi sifunda esihle, futhi isikhathi eside esingaweleki, sasiluhlobo lwesiphephelo semvelo kumaqembu esintu ahlala lapha: ama-pames, ama-jonace, ama-guachichiles, onke aziwa ngaphansi kwegama elejwayelekile elithi chichimecas. Futhi ngandlela thile, le geography ebekekayo yabeka izimo zayo kumlando we-viceregal. Imishini emihlanu yamaFranciscan etholakala lapha ihlukile emlandweni wayo nasekwakhiweni kwayo, i-baroque engajwayelekile efana nokupheleliswa kokungaziphathi kahle, iphrojekthi yaseYurophu eyakhiwe ngokukhululeka ngezandla zomdabu nemicabango. Ukuhlangana kwangempela. Ohambweni ngakolunye uhlangothi ukufakwa kwekristallation kwesifiso esikhulu sobuntu esiholwa nguFray Junípero Serra, isithunywa sevangeli esivela eMajorcan owazama ukuba ngqongqo njengoyise ongokomoya uFrancisco de Asís, ngakolunye uhlangothi ongasekho, futhi asho kanjalo, ukaputeni wamasosha nguJosé de Escandón.
Ake sicabange ngeqiniso lokuthi sicabanga ukuthi ukuziqhenya kweSpain kulimaze, kuze kube yi-1740 i-viceroyalty yayingakwazanga "ukuthulisa" abantu bakulesi sifunda ngesiphambano nenkemba. Isizwe sezizwe sanqoba futhi sanqoba eminyakeni engama-200 eyedlule ngamandla omqhele waseSpain kepha nokho indawo encane futhi esondele enhlokodolobha yomfelandawonye esahlala ingenakunqotshwa. "Yeka ihlazo!" Abanye abantu abanamandla kungenzeka ukuthi bacabanga; ngakho-ke u-Escandón wenza, ngo-1742, ukuvimbezela wonke amaqembu avukelayo eSierra Gorda; yingakho-ke intukuthelo okwethulwe ngayo okokugcina, impi eyethusayo yeMedia Luna, eyaqalwa ngo-1748, okuyisigameko esinesihluku lapho ukaputeni acishe waqothula wonke la maqembu.
Phakathi kwalezi zimo, ngo-1750 iqembu lezithunywa zevangeli zaseFranciscan eliholwa uFray Junípero Serra lafika edolobheni laseJalpan. Umsebenzi wakhe ukushumayela amaNdiya futhi aqedele ngesiphambano kanye negama imisebenzi eqalwe ngu-Escandón ngezingalo. Kepha uFray Junípero, indlalifa efanelekayo yendoda empofu yase-Assisi, weza neprojekthi ehluke kakhulu yezithunywa zevangeli futhi ephikisana ngokuphelele nemibono eyakhuthazwa ukaputeni emishini eyayisungulwe ngaphambili. Ngokuhambisana nemibono yobuphofu kanye nenhlanganyelo - ngomqondo wayo ojule kakhulu- okujwayelekile kukaSanta Francis, uFray Junípero wayephethe izinhloso ezinhle zobuntu besikhathi saseYurophu obabungcono kakhulu. Esimweni sodlame nobutha nokungathembeki okwakudingeka amukelwe yizinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zabomdabu, uJunípero wayephikisana nesimo esiqinile sezithunywa zevangeli esasihambisana nokuqonda izinkinga zakhe zenhlalo, ngokwazi indlala yakhe nolimi lwakhe. Njengoba isazi semvelaphi yabantu uDiego Prieto esazisa, uJunípero wasungula imifelandawonye futhi wasekela futhi waqinisa amandla abo enhlangano nokukhiqiza, wakhuthaza ukwabiwa komhlaba hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi akazange aphoqe iSpanishi lapho evangela, kodwa futhi wenza nemisebenzi yakhe yezimfundiso ngolimi inhlamba. Ngakho-ke kwakuwumsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli wobukhulu obukhulu nemiphumela ejulile ngokombono womuntu futhi imiphumela yayo namuhla iyancomeka ku-bretorism syncretism ekhonjiswe yileli sethi lezithunywa.
I-MESTIZO BAROQUE
Njengamanje, lapho kukhulunywa ngemishini yeSierra Gorda, into yokuqala umuntu ayicabangayo yizakhiwo ezinhlanu, amathempeli amahlanu. Lapho kukhona, kufanele uzibone, kufanele ume isikhashana bese uzindla ngazo, ohambweni abahlanu abahle. Kepha njengoba uzobona, kungumphumela wenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ecebile yomlando wokuvangela ngokuhlanganyela, ukuyibiza ngandlela thile. Esikubonayo namuhla kulowo nalowo kubo, kucezwana ngalunye, kungumphumela walokho kuhlangana okujulile phakathi kwamaqembu amabili abantu abanemvelo ehluke ngokuphelele. Ukucabanga komhlaba, inkolo, umbono wokholo, onkulunkulu, izilwane nokukhanya, umbala nobuso bemizimba nobuso, ukudla, inkanuko, konke kwakuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwama-friars abeza nawo baya eYurophu kanye naseNdiya ababesezweni labo, kepha ababekade bevalelwe, bakhunyulwa futhi bakhungathekile. Okuthile, nokho, kwabahlanganisa, esinye salezo zikhathi eziyinqaba noma ezinganaki ezindabeni zokunqoba kusuka empucukweni eyodwa kuya kwenye: inhlonipho, ukuqaphela umehluko. Lapho kwakhiwa khona i-utopia, iqembu elincane labantu baseYurophu elibona elinye, lalimala empandeni ngesithunzi sabo ngontanga yabo baseYurophu.
UBUHLE OBUYIQHUBEKAYO
Ngakho-ke, ukuthunywa esikuthokozelayo namuhla kuyamangaza ngobuhle babo obunye, kepha lokhu kungukubonakaliswa kwepulasitiki nokwakhiwa kwalokhu kuhlangana, kwalowo mzuzu welanga wemisebe yabantu, lapho ithempeli laliyikhaya leqembu labantu, i-nucleus uchungechunge lwemisebenzi eqale lapho noma yaphela lapho. Yilokho okwakuyimishini ngaleso sikhathi, hhayi isakhiwo kepha umbono wezinto, ukubukeka okuvela ethempelini, uhlelo olusha engicabanga ukuthi babelufuna ngokumangala nangobunzima, imisebenzi engaba yokulima, yokusizana, yomfutho ukuvikela ukungabi nabulungisa, ukushunyayelwa kwevangeli.
Kungakho-ke mhlawumbe lokhu kungaziphathi kahle kwezakhiwo, le baroque engenakulinganiswa iyancomeka kakhulu, ngoba i-facade-altarpiece ngayinye iyilokho, ngokukhethekile, umehluko. I-Concá yigama elihlambalazayo elisho ukuthi "nami", kepha lokho emishini futhi kunegama leSan Miguel; kukhona uSanta Michael iNgelosi eyinhloko ethwesa umqhele ngaphambili futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, unogwaja ongenazo izimpawu zobuKristu kodwa onodumo. Kukhona iNcasakazi kaPilar neNtombi yaseGuadalupe eJalpan Mission, sonke esaziyo ukuthi inezimpande ezijulile zaseMesoamerican, nokhozi olunamakhanda amabili oluxuba izincazelo. Kukhona umhlobiso ocebile wemifino kanye nokwanda kwezindlebe eTancoyotl; abangcwele abangamaKatolika baseLanda noma i-Lan ha, kanye nama-mermaid noma ubuso obunemigqa yemvelo engaqondakali. Kukhona iTilaco ezansi kwesigodi esikhumbuza uJosé María Velasco, nezingelosi zakhe ezincane, izindlebe zakhe zommbila nevasi lakhe eliyinqaba, eliqeda konke ukwakheka, ngenhla kweSan Francisco.
UFray Junípero Serra uthathe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuphela kulo msebenzi, kodwa iphupho lakhe lobuningi laqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1770, lapho izimo zomlando ezahlukahlukene - njengokuxoshwa kwamaJesuit- kwaholela ngokwengxenye ekushiyeni kwemishini. Kodwa-ke, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokuvangela kanye nenhloso yakhe yaseFranciscan kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe e-Alta California. Imishini yamaFranciscan yaseSierra Gorda, "odade abahlanu", njengoba uDiego Prieto kanye nomakhi uJaime Font bebabiza, bayifa elimangalisayo lalowo mzabalazo wangaphambili wokwenza i-utopia ibe nokwenzeka. Kusukela ngo-2003, labo dade abahlanu babhekwa njengeGugu Lomhlaba Lezobuntu. Uma ukude, uFray Junípero kanye nezithunywa zevangeli zaseFranciscan, kanye namaPames, amaJonace, kanye namaChichimecas, abakha le mishini nalolo hlelo lokuphila, babonakala bekhula ngokwengeziwe kithi.
ISIERRA GORDA
Kwamenyezelwa njengeBiosphere Reserve ngoMeyi 19, 1997, ukuze kamuva ibhekwe njengenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozweni kwezinyoni nguMkhandlu Wamazwe Omhlaba Wokulondolozwa Kwezinyoni ZaseMexico, futhi waba ngowesi-13. Isiqiwi saseMexico sokujoyina i-International Network of Biosphere Reserves ngokusebenzisa uHlelo Lwe- "Man and the Biosphere" lwe-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Itholakala esifundazweni esincane se-physiographic esibizwa ngeCarso Huasteco, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yalokho okuyinkambo enkulu yezintaba eyaziwa ngeSierra Madre Oriental.
Isifunda esimenyezelwe njengeBiosphere Reserve sisenyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseQuerétaro de Arteaga, esihlanganisa omasipala baseJalpan de Serra, Landa de Matamoros, Arroyo Seco, Pinal de Amoles (88% yensimu yakhona kamasipala) nePeñamiller (69.7%) yendawo yayo). Iqashwe yiConanp.
