Abantu baseMesoamerican ngokwesiko baletha onkulunkulu babo enkundleni yempi. Kepha, lapho behlulwa, izithombe zabo ezisindayo nezisindayo zazisele ezandleni zezitha, base becabanga ukuthi ulaka lwaphezulu luzokwehlela kulabo abahluliwe.
AbakwaPurépecha bathole ikhambi elingcono kakhulu lokuthutha onkulunkulu babo. Kulaba bantu, amadoda ayengabanqobi bezindawo, kepha onkulunkulu uqobo lwabo abalwa izimpi futhi banweba umbuso wabo.
Lo msebenzi oyingqangi kankulunkulu wabo oyiqhawe uCuricaueri, yiwona kanye owawubakhuthaza ukuba bathole into elula kangako yokuthi isithombe esibunjiwe esilingana nomuntu sasinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayisithupha kuphela: onkulunkulu babo balolu daba, ukuze onkulunkulu babo bangasindi futhi bakwazi ukuthwalwa kalula ”.
Okokusebenza, okwaziwa ngokuthi "ipasta evela eMichoacán" noma "ummbila womhlanga wommbila", ngaphezu kokukhanya kwayo, kwavumela amaTarascans ukuthi enze imodeli ebaziwe ngqo. Kodwa-ke, izindaba mayelana nokwakheka kokunamathisela, kanye nenqubo yokwenza izithombe, ziyindlala futhi ziyadida. Abalobi bokuqala bomlando balesi sifundazwe babengabazi nhlobo labo nkulunkulu abangamaqhawe; iFranciscan Fray Martín de la Coruña yabashisa ngo-1525, yafika nje eTzintzuntzan. Umbhali womlando uFray Francisco Mariano de Torres uthi: “AmaNdiya aletha amasosha ezithixo ayezikhonzile ezincomweni zokuqala, futhi ngenxa yokuthi zazingezona izinto ezifanayo, amafutha (njengalawo enziwe ngomoba wommbila) ashiswa phambi kwabantu, lawo amatshe, igolide nesiliva, aphonswa emehlweni amaNdiya uqobo, ekujuleni kwechibi laseZintzuntzan ”(manje eselaziwa njengeLake Pátzcuaro).
Ngalesi sizathu, ababhali bekhulu le-XVI nele-XVII bangafakazela kuphela ngokutholakala kwento kanye nezimfanelo zayo, kunokuba kube inqubo uqobo, manje esisebenza ebaziwe lobuKristu. Ngokusho kukaLa Rea: "Bathatha induku bakhiphe inhliziyo bayigayele ibe unamathisela benziwa unamathisele abayibiza ngokuthi yi-tantatzingueni, ngakho-ke bawenza ngobuciko obukhulu ubuciko bukaCristos de Michoacán ngayo."
Siyazi, sibonga uDkt. Bonafit, ukuthi i-tatzingueniera ikhishwa kuhlobo lwe-orchid evunwa eLake Pátzcuaro phakathi nenyanga kaMeyi noJuni, ngokwekhalenda lePurepecha.
Elinye igebe elibalulekile ukungazi ikhwalithi engapheli yento. Kukhona kuze kube manje, kulo lonke elaseMexico nakwamanye amadolobha aseSpain, kunenqwaba yezithombe ezingashintshi, ezenziwe ngekhulu le-XVI nele-XVI. "Ukuhlala isikhathi eside" kwezithombe ezenziwe ngommbila we-corn stalk akubangelwa kuphela i-stucco noma i-varnish. Cishe, abenzi be "cañita" basebenzise amanye amaphoyinti akhishwe ezitshalweni ezinjengembali yaseRus toxicumo laiqacua, ukuze balondoloze izithombe zabo ezibunjiwe enundu nakwezinye izinambuzane.
Ngenxa yokubuka ngqo ezinye izithombe ezibalulekile, njenge-Virgin of Health, uBonafit ukwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi ifreyimu yenziwe ngamakhoba ommbila, ezimeni eziningi, ngokobukhulu bawo nokubukeka kwawo, okunamathiselwe ezisekelweni zokhuni ezincane: “ Baqale bakha i-nucleus yamaqabunga ommbila omisiwe, bayinikeza ukwakheka kwamathambo omuntu. Ukuze benze lokhu babopha amaqabunga, omunye komunye, ngokusebenzisa izintambo ze-pita, futhi ezingxenyeni ezinhle, njengeminwe nezinzwane, babeka izimpaphe ze-turkey ”.
Kuhlaka basebenzise unamathisela owenziwe ngesiqu sommbila nama-deltatzingeni bulbs. Unamathisela, ekuqaleni owawunesiponji nokungaguquguquki okusanhlamvu, kwakudingeka kuthathe ipulasitiki elicinene nelicolekileyo, elifana nelobumba lobumba. Ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kuqiniswe izingxenye ezithambile, babeka imichilo yendwangu kakotini ohlakeni ngaphambi kokusabalalisa okokusebenza. Kamuva amboza uhlaka ngephepha le-amate, bese esakaza unamathisela ngaphezulu.
Ngemuva kokumodela, nokunamathiswa komile, bagcobe ungqimba lwe-paste olwenziwe ngobumba oluhle kakhulu, i-titlacalli, njenge-stucco, evumela ukwenziwa ngcono nokufakwa kabusha kwesithombe. Ebusweni obumboziwe bafaka, ngemibala yomhlaba, udayi wesikhumba nezinwele. Ekugcineni kwafika ukupholisha okususelwa kumafutha omiswe, njenge-walnut.
Izingcweti zePurépecha, ngaphezu kokusungula le ndlela, “zanikeza umzimba kaKristu, iNkosi yethu, isethulo esicace bha esabonwa ngabantu abafayo”, futhi izithunywa zevangeli zathola isicelo esifanelekile; kusukela manje, "onkulunkulu abalula kunabo bonke emhlabeni" kungaba yimifanekiso evangela ukunqoba okungokomoya eMexico.
Okunamathiselwe komoba okucatshangwayo, kwinkonzo yobuKrestu, kumelela okunye kokuhlangana okuyisisekelo kobuciko phakathi kwamazwe amadala namazwe amasha, kanye nokubonakaliswa kobuhle bokuqala kobuciko be-mestizo. Okokusebenza kanye nobuciko bokubumba kungumnikelo wendabuko, inqubo yokuba sesimweni somuntu, ukufaka umbala, ubuso nobukhulu bomzimba, kuvela e-Europe.
UVasco de Quiroga, ozwela kumagugu esiko lePurépecha, wakhuthaza lobu buciko emhlabeni waseNew Spain. Ekufikeni kwakhe eTzintzuntzan, uQuiroga owayesenamalayisense wamangazwa yilokho okwenziwa ngabomdabu, ngesicelo sama-friars aseFranciscan, oKristu abaningi. Ngaphezu kokukhanya kwayo, wamangala nge-plasticity yempahla yokwenza imodeli enhle. Ngakho-ke igama lesidlaliso "ukuphelela kukaMichoacán", elibhekisa ezithombeni ezenziwe ngommbila womhlanga.
Phakathi kuka-1538 no-1540, njengombhishobhi, uQuiroga waphathisa ukwakhiwa kweVirgin of Health, iLady of Providencia de Michoacán neNdlovukazi Yezibhedlela, kuJuan del Barrio Fuerte wendabuko, owasizwa uFranciscan Fray Daniel, owethiwa igama elithi "the IsiNtaliyane ”, edume ngemidwebo yakhe nemidwebo.
Indawo ebiyelwe kuyo okokuqala kwakuyiHospital de la Asunción neSanta María de Pátzcuaro endala; indawo yakhe engcwele, isonto elibizwa ngegama lakhe, lapho akhonzwa khona nangokukholwa okukhulu nangokuzinikela.
UQuiroga uphinde wasungula iPátzcuaro Sculpture School, lapho kwenziwa khona cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu izithombe ezingenakubalwa neziphambano.
Ngokusho kobufakazi balaba balandisa umlando, uQuiroga uphinde wasungula indawo yokusebenzela yezithombe zikamoba esibhedlela saseSanta Fe de la Laguna. Ngokwenqubo eyinqaba yenhlangano yezenhlalo, emadolobheni asogwini lweLake Pátzcuaro, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi umbhishobhi wabela iSanta Fe - nomlingiswa ongokwesiko kakhulu - esinye sezikhungo eziyinhloko zaloluhwebo. UDon Vasco waqala ngezizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile, ukusondelana noTzintzuntzan kanye nethuba lokunikeza umsebenzi ohloniphekile kwabampofu ezibhedlela zakhe.
Ngokwezibalo zikaDon Vasco, indawo okuzobanjelwa kuyo le ngqungquthela izonikela ngezinzuzo ezinkulu emphakathini, ngoba ukufundiswa kwendlela yendabuko yabadwebi baseTzintzuntzan, ubuciko bokuqanjwa kwabazobi besikole iPátzcuaro, nokutholakala kalula kwe kwempahla eluhlaza, ikakhulukazi i-eltatzingueni.
UQuiroga uphinde wakhuthaza eSanta Fe, eMexico City, “ubuciko bokucabanga ngoswazi”. Kokunye kokuvakashela kwakhe njalo esibhedlela, uMotolinía wakhombisa intshisekelo ethile ngoChrists: “Baphelele, balinganisele futhi bazinikele, abenziwe ngengcina, ngeke baqedwe. Futhi zilula futhi zingcono kunalezo ezenziwe ngokhuni ”.
Icebo lokucabanga ngoswazi lanyamalala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ngokuphela kwesikole sasePátzcuaro, kodwa hhayi isiko lalezi zithombe zama-pilgrim.
Izithombe ezibunjiwe zamakhulu eminyaka akamuva zikude kakhulu, zombili izici zobuchwepheshe nobuhle, ezithombeni zokuqala zobuKristu ezenziwe nge-pasta yaseMichoacán. Lokhu kwehliswa kobuciko obudumile bokwenza umsebenzi wezandla kubonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi semibhikisho yeMeya yeSemana, edolobheni lasePátzcuaro, lapho kuqoqwa khona izithombe ezingaphezu kwekhulu unyaka nonyaka, zivela ezindaweni zamachibi asePátzcuaro, eZirahuén kanye nethafa elisetafuleni laseTarascan. .
OChrist ingxenye enkulu, okungenani uhhafu walezi zithombe wenziwe ngenqubo yendabuko. Labo benkantolo ye-Renaissance bangabesikhathi sango-1530-1610, esibizwa nge-Renaissance sekwedlule isikhathi, futhi lezo ezenziwe kusukela ngalolu suku kuze kube yishumi lokuqala lekhulu le-18 zingathathwa njengemisebenzi yobuciko bendabuko bomdabu. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, umsebenzi wokubaza wokunamathisela umoba usuka emathonyeni e-baroque ukuze ube ubuciko be-mestizo ngokweqiniso.
Phakathi kwezithombe zama-pilgrim ezihlangana ngoLwesihlanu Oluhle ePátzcuaro, zigqama ngokuba ngokoqobo nokuphelela kwazo. I- "Holy Christ of the Third Order" yethempeli laseSan Francisco, ephawuleka ngobukhulu bayo bemvelo nokunyakaza komzimba wayo, kanye nangepolychrome yayo; "UKrestu wokuwa okuthathu" kweThempeli leNkampani, okuncomekayo ngobuso obubuhlungu nokuqina kwezitho zayo, kanye ne "Lord of the cañitas or of the ones" of the Basilica of Health, ehlonishwa kakhulu isimo sakhe sosizi nesihe lapho ebhekene namashwa abantu.
Amakhosi emadolobhana asemfuleni, amakhosi okuncenga okuhlukahlukene, amakhosi abaxhasi bamathempeli nabazalwane; Ama-Creole, ama-mestizo, oKhristu bomdabu nabamnyama beza, njengasesikhathini sikaMnu Quiroga, odwendweni lokuthula.
