IVeracruz, ngaphezu kokuba itheku lezingxoxo ezingekho emthethweni kanye nenhlokodolobha yezwe elijabule ngokwemvelo, ibihlala izishaya isifuba ngokuba yinhloko-dolobha yomculo eMexico. Kube yikho konke ukusuka esiphephelweni sabaculi abaningi baseCuba - phakathi kwabo uCelia Cruz, uBeny Moré noPérez Prado-, endaweni yokumisa amatilosi aseRussia kanye nendawo okuyisibopho kuwo wonke umuntu waseMexico ofisa ukubuyela ekhaya ekhathele.
Kuyahlaba umxhwele ukuthi umculo omuhle wesintu usindile lapha; Iminyaka emide yokuncintisana nama-orchestra amakhulu omdanso, ama-marimba omgwaqo kanye nemariachis akuphumelelanga ekuqedeni phansi amaqembu e-son jarocho. Imisindo efana neLa Bamba eyaqala ngekhulu le-18 iyaqhubeka, amandla ayo angapheli ukuthinta ama-rocker njengabaqondisi beHollywood banamuhla.
Iminyaka yamashumi amane kanye namashumi ayisihlanu ibhekwa njengenkathi yegolide ye-son jarocho, isikhathi lapho abaculi abahamba phambili beza eMexico, besuka endaweni ekude kakhulu yesifundazwe saseVeracruz, ukuba babe izinkanyezi ze-celluloid ne-vinyl, emsakazweni odonsa bezigaba ezihlonishwa kakhulu eLatin America. Ngaphandle kokuthuthuka okusheshayo kweMexico City nezindlela zokuphila ezintsha, ukunambitheka komculo okuvela kaningi emidansweni nasemikhosini yedolobha akuphelanga.
Ngokufika kwesizukulwane esisha esikhohlwayo, ukuqhuma kwendodana jarocho kwaphela. Abaculi abaningi abanjengoNicolás Sosa noPino Silva babuyela eVeracruz; abanye basala eMexico City, ukuba bafe bengenalo udumo noma ingcebo, njengoba kwaba njalo ngocela usizo olukhulu uLino Chávez. Impumelelo enkulu yendodana i-jarocho ihambelana nengxenye encane kakhulu yomlando wayo. Inani eliphakeme lempumelelo labamba abambalwa kuphela, ikakhulukazi uChávez, uSosa, abashayi behabhu u-Andrés Huesca noCarlos Baradas kanye nabazalwane bakwaRosa; Eminyakeni yamashumi amahlanu, imigwaqo yaseMexico kwakuyindawo yenani elikhulu lama-jarochos soneros okungekho omunye umnyango owawuvulelwe ngaphandle kwe-cantina.
Namuhla, yize kunzima kumculi othile onethalente waseSon Jarocho ukuba yisilomo, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi akukho kusweleka kwemisebenzi ezindaweni zokuphuzela nezindawo zokudlela ethekwini nasogwini, noma ukuvuselela amaqembu esifundeni sonke.
Ngaseningizimu yeVeracruz, lapho isiko lendabuko linciphisa ubukhona obuqinile base-Afrika ethekwini nakwezinye izifunda zombuso, ama-jarocho sones asadlalwa ku-fandangos, umkhosi odumile we-jarocha, lapho imibhangqwana ishintshana epulatifomu yamapulangwe, engeza nge ukuqamba kwakhe okuyinkimbinkimbi kugxuma ungqimba olusha ezigqi eziwugqinsi ezikhiqizwa ngama-guitar.
ABACULI ABANOMLANDO
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, indodana jarocho yayingenayo imbangi futhi ama-fandangueros ayejwayele ukugujwa kuzwelonke. Kamuva, lapho imfashini yokudansa kwe-ballroom ingena ethekwini ngama-danzone nama-guarachas asuka eCuba nase-polkas nasenyakatho ye-waltzes, ama-soneros avumelanisa amahabhu abo neziginci zawo ku-repertoire entsha, enezela ezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-violin. UPino Silva uyakhumbula ukuthi, ngawo-1940, ngenkathi eqala ukudlala ethekwini, imisindo yayingazwakali kwaze kwasa, lapho abantu, manje yebo, bevula imiphefumulo yabo.
Kwenzeka into efanayo kuNicolás Sosa. Umlimi wehabhu ongumlimi futhi ozifundisayo, wayejwayele ukuprakthiza emnyango wendlu yakhe ukuze angaphazamisi abantu abazungezwe omiyane, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane wayephila ngokudlala ama-waltzes namadanzoni. Ngelinye ilanga, lapho kwenzeka ukuthi adlale imisindo ye- “pilón” embukisweni wase-Alvarado, indoda evela enhlokodolobha yammemela eMexico City, iphakamisa ukuthi athathe lolu hambo ngoMashi wonyaka olandelayo. Ukuba kude kosuku lwesimemo kwashukumisa ukungathembi kukaNicolás. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwesikhashana, bamtshela ukuthi le ndoda imshiyele imali yohambo lwakhe lokuya eMexico. "KwakungoMeyi 10, 1937 futhi ngalolo suku ngabamba isitimela sisuka lapha, ngingazi ukuthi sasiyokwenzani," kukhumbula uSosa, cishe eminyakeni engama-60 kamuva.
Kwavela ukuthi umphathi wakhe kwakunguBaqueiro Foster, umqambi wezingoma ovelele, umdidiyeli, nesazi somculo, kanye nomphathi omuhle kakhulu: USosa wahlala izinyanga ezintathu ekhaya lakhe elingemuva kweSigodlo Sikazwelonke. UBaqueiro ubhale phansi umculo owadabuka eVeracruz kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe futhi ecabanga ukuthi akekho onentshisekelo kuwo. Kamuva wasebenzisa leyo mibhalo emsebenzini wakhe neJalapa Symphony Orchestra futhi wakhuthaza uSosa neqembu lakhe ukuthi badlale kaninginingi, endaweni ephakeme ye-Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Engazinaki izincomo zikaBaqueiro, uSosa wabuyela enhlokodolobha ngo-1940, lapho ahlala khona iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Ngaleso sikhathi wayebamba iqhaza kwifilimu nasemsakazweni, kanye nokudlala kuma-nightclub ahlukene. Imbangi yakhe enkulu kwakungu-Andrés Huesca owagcina ngokuthola udumo olukhulu nengcebo enkulu kunoSosa ngenxa yesitayela sakhe esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhumusha indodana yokuqala uDon Nicolás ahlala ethembekile kuyo njalo.
Njengama-soneros amaningi, uHuesca wazalelwa emndenini wabantu abampofu. umuzwa wakhe wokukhuthaza indodana jarocho kumholele ekwethuleni ukuguqulwa okubalulekile: ihabhu elikhudlwana lokudlala izingoma ezimile nezanamuhla ezinezikhala ezimbalwa zokuphuculwa kwamaphimbo noma abaculi bezinsimbi abathi, ngenkathi begcina ukunambitheka kwe-jarocho, babe "bathanda" kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, abaculi abahlasela inhlokodolobha, emashumini eminyaka we-Jarocho boom, kancane kancane bazivumelanisa nesitayela esisheshayo nesinamandla esasenelisa umphakathi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, leli jubane elikhulu futhi lalifanele umculi, ikakhulukazi emakhemeni, lapho iklayenti lashaywa khona ngcezu. Ngakho-ke, indodana ebithathe imizuzu engaba yishumi nanhlanu eVeracruz ibingathunyelwa ngemizuzu emithathu, uma kuziwa ekuhleleni isimo senkantini eMexico City.
Namuhla, iningi labaculi beJarocho bahumusha lesi sitayela sesimanje ngaphandle kukaGraciana Silva, ongomunye wabaculi abadume kakhulu namuhla. UGraciana ungumculi wehabhu ophume phambili futhi ungumculi ovela eJarocha futhi uhumusha amadodana alandela izindlela zakudala ngesitayela esidala kakhulu kunaleso seHuesca. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuchazwa ngoba, ngokungafani nabalingani bakhe nabantu bakubo, uGraciana akazange ashiye iVeracruz. Ukwenziwa kwayo kuhamba kancane, futhi kuzwakale ngokujulile, ngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi eziluthayo kunezinguqulo zesimanje. ILa Negra Graciana, njengoba aziwa kanjalo lapho, idlala njengoba yafunda kuthisha wakudala owela umfula ukuyoqala umfowabo uPino ngehabhu. Ngaphandle kokuba, njengoba uGraciana esho, "oyimpumputhe emehlweni womabili," uDon Rodrigo osekhulile wabona ukuthi kwakuyintombazane, eyayimbuka ngokucophelela ekhoneni lekamelo, owayezoba ngumshayi wehabhu omkhulu umculo odumile.
Izwi likaGraciana nendlela yakhe yokudlala, "eyakudala", yaheha isazi somculo nomkhiqizi u-Eduardo Llerenas, owamuzwa edlala endaweni yokucima ukoma ezingxenyeni zaseVeracruz. Bahlangana ukuqopha kabanzi noGraciana, bedlala bodwa, futhi behamba nomfowabo uPino Silva kwi-jarana kanye nomalokazana wakhe wakudala uMaría Elena Hurtado ngehabhu lesibili. Icompact evelayo, ekhiqizwe ngabakwaLlerenas, yaheha abakhiqizi abaningana base-Europe, abasheshe bamqasha ohambweni lokuqala lwezobuciko eHolland, eBelgium naseNgilandi.
UGraciana akuyena kuphela umculi okhetha ukudlala yedwa. UDaniel Cabrera naye uphile iminyaka yakhe yokugcina elayisha isicelo sakhe futhi ecula imisindo yakudala kulo lonke iBoca del Río. U-Llerenas urekhodele ama-21 ala mabucwebe omculo, wagcwala imbandezelo engajwayelekile ngaphakathi kwenjabulo kaJarocha. UCabrera ushone ngo-1993, ngaphambi nje kokuba afinyelele eminyakeni eyikhulu. Ngeshwa, bambalwa abaculi abasele nomlando onjalo. Ukuthengiswa kwendodana i-jarocho kuphoqa abaculi be-cantina ukuthi bafake ama-boleros, ama-rancheras, ama-cumbias kanye nempumelelo yezentengiselwano yesikhashana kuleyo repertoire yabo.
Yize i-repertoire kaJarocho incishisiwe, ama-cantinas asengumthelela obalulekile womculo wesintu. Inqobo nje uma amakhasimende ethanda umsindo obukhoma omuhle kunalokho okunikezwa yi-jukebox noma ividiyo, abaculi abaningi basazokwazi ukuziphilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono kaRené Rosas, umculi waseJarocho, le nkantini iphenduka indawo yokudala. Ngokusho kwakhe, iminyaka yakhe yokusebenza kulezi zindawo yayijabulisa kakhulu, ngoba, ukuze lisinde, iqembu lakhe kwakudingeka liphathe i-repertoire enkulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, iqembu likaTlalixcoyan, njengoba kwakuthiwa ngelikaRené Rosas nabafowabo, likhiphe i-albhamu yalo yokuqala, ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa wokuzijwayeza egumbini elingemuva leThempeli likaDiana, i-cantina eseCiudad Nezahualcóyotl.
Isakhiwo saseTlalixcoyan saqashwa, ngesikhathi esifushane, ngabanikazi bendawo yokudlela enhle. Lapho batholwa ngu-Amalia Hernández, owayengumphathi weNational Folkloric Ballet yaseMexico, owathi, ngobuchwepheshe obuyingcweti kwezobuciko, wajoyina abafowabo bakwaRos bebonke eBallet yakhe. Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, kubazalwane bamaRosa, iBallet ibimelela umholo okhangayo futhi ophephile nethuba lokuhamba emhlabeni wonke (enkampanini yozakwabo abayi-104), ngenhloso yokushona kuhlobo lwekhoma lomculo ngenxa yokusebenza okuphindaphindwayo we-repertoire encane, ubusuku nobusuku nonyaka nonyaka.
Inkazimulo yendodana jarocho ihlala kubuciko bokuzenzakalela bokusebenza ngakunye. Ngaphandle kokuthi njengamanje iculo lejarocho elijwayeleke kakhulu liqukethe imisindo ecishe ibe ngamashumi amathathu kuphela, uma noma yimuphi wabo udlalwa njalo kuholela ekuchumeni okukhulu nokwangempela kuhabhu, ekuphenduleni okuthuthukile kokufunwayo nangamavesi asungulwe ngaso leso sikhathi. imvamisa ngomugqa oqinile ohlekisayo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nantathu, uRené Rosas washiya iFolkloric Ballet eyodlala kuma-ensembles amaningi abalulekile. Njengamanje uRené, nomfowabo umculi uRafael Rosas, umculi wehabhu odumile uGregoriano Zamudio noCresencio “Chencho” Cruz, i-ace of the requinto, udlalela izethameli zezivakashi emahhotela aseCancun. Isitayela sabo esiyindida kanye nokuvumelana okuhle nesigingci kukhombisa ukuhamba okuhle manje abakugcinayo kusuka ezimpandeni zabo zakuqala. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka kwehabhu kanye nezimpendulo ezihlangana ngolaka ze-requinto, kukhombisa igazi lakhe elingacimeki le-jarocha sonera. URafael Rosas, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30 enoBallet, akalahlekelwanga yizwi lakhe elihhahhamezayo nelishisayo noma i-repertoire endala yeminyaka yakhe yobusha.
Maphakathi namashumi ayisikhombisa, uRené washiya iBallet wayodlala noLino Chávez okwathi, uma kungeyena owaziwa kakhulu ngabadinga ama-Jarocho, kungenzeka ukuthi wayedlula bonke.
UChávez wazalelwa eTierra Blanca futhi wathuthela enhlokodolobha ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi amane. Lapho, elandela ezinyathelweni zikaHuesca noSosa, wasebenza ezinhlelweni zefilimu, zomsakazo nokuqopha. Wayeyingxenye yamaqembu amathathu abaluleke kakhulu ama-jarochos: iLos Costeños, iTierra Blanca neConjunto Medellín.
U-Lino Chávez ushone empofu kakhulu ngo-1994, kepha umele ugqozi olukhulu esizukulwaneni sama-soneros akwa-Veracruz, labo ababelalela izinhlelo zakhe, besebancane. Phakathi kwala ma-soneros, iCosamaloapan Ensemble ivelele, njengamanje iyisihlabani semidanso yesigayo sikashukela kulelo dolobha lomoba. Iqondiswe nguJuan Vergara, udlala inguqulo ehlaba umxhwele yendodana uLa Iguana, lapho isigqi nezwi kuveza khona ngokucacile izimpande zase-Afrika zalo mculo.
INDODANA JAROCHO IYAPHILA
Yize ama-soneros amanje amnandi, afana noJuan Vergara noGraciana Silva asevele engaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala, lokhu akusho ukuthi indodana jarocho iya ngokuncipha. Kunenqwaba yabaculi abasebancane abathanda indodana kune-cumbia, merengue kune-marimba. Cishe zonke zivela emapulazini noma emadolobhaneni okudoba aseVeracruz. Okuhlukile okuphawulekayo nguGilberto Gutiérrez, ongumsunguli weqembu leMono Blanco. UGilberto wazalelwa eTres Zapotes, idolobha elikhiqize abaculi abampofu abasezingeni eliphezulu, yize yena nomndeni wakhe bengabanini bomhlaba bendawo. Umkhulu kaGilberto wayengumnikazi wegramafoni yokuqala edolobheni futhi ngaleyo ndlela waletha ama-polkas nama-waltz kuTres Zapotes, eshiya abazukulu benomsebenzi ophelele wokubuyisa indawo emfanele yena.
Kuwo wonke amaqembu eVeracruz akhona manje, uMono Blanco ungomunye wabantu abanesibindi kwezomculo, wethula izinsimbi ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene endodaneni i-jarocho futhi esebenza e-United States nabaculi baseCuba nabaseSenegal ukukhiqiza umsindo ohlukile. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, impumelelo enkulu yobungoti isitholakele ngokuhumusha kwendabuko kwendodana endala ye-jarochos, esho okuningi ngokuthanda komphakathi wamanje ngalo mculo.
UGutiérrez wayengeyena owokuqala ukunika indodana yakhe uJarocho ukunambitheka komhlaba wonke. Ukulandela ukuqhuma kwawo-1940 kanye nawo-1950, abaculi abaningi baseMexico bahambela e-United States futhi enye yamadodana amadala kaJarocho yakwazi ukuhlasela amakhaya ezigidi zabantu baseMelika: iLa Bamba, enezinguqulo zikaTrini López noRichie Valens.
Ngenhlanhla, iLa Bamba ingazwakala ngendlela yasekuqaleni, ngezwi likaNegra Graciana futhi nakwezinye izinhlobo ezivela eningizimu yezwe. Ukudlala okunjalo kukhombisa umoya womculo, njenge-iguana elisheshayo futhi eliyigugu, ongahlangabezana nezingqinamba eziningi, kepha anqabe ngokuqinile ukufa.
