Isizukulwane sabakhululi sinikeza umsebenzi womlando kulowo wabathengi, futhi lokhu kuphendukela kulokho okwakhiwa ngabakhi.
Ngemuva komzabalazo wenkululeko, ngephrojekthi yezwe, ezingxenyeni ezichaziwe nangezingxenye ezichazwe kuphela, kube nesidingo sokuyicacisa nokuyiqinisekisa ngeqiniso ezintweni eziningi, ukuyakha nokuyinika isimo esiphelele. Kwakunjalo ngendawo yaseMexico nokwakhiwa kwesithombe sayo.
Umsebenzi wokukhiqiza
Kusukela yasungulwa, uhulumeni waseMexico ozimele wabona kunesidingo sokuthi kube neshadi lendawo elizofaka phakathi lesi sizwe esisha, kepha kwathi lapho kusungulwa isivumelwano sombuso ngo-1824, kwakhiwa i-cartography yezwe elisha, uthi nemingcele yabo.
Umsebenzi wawungelula, ngoba izinguquko kwezepolitiki zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zazivame ukuguqula isimo sezwe. Kwenziwa imizamo eyahlukahlukene eyafinyelela kuvuthondaba kuphela lapho, ngokusekelwa kwezikhungo ezahlukahlukene zikahulumeni, kwakhiwa iMexico Society of Geography and Statistics ngonyaka we-1833, yafeza umqulu wokuqala wokuqala ngo-1850, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyi-17 kamuva.
Ukwenza lo msebenzi, konke okuhlangenwe nakho obekunqwabelene bekufanele kusetshenziswe: imidwebo yokudweba yabanqobi echaze izindawo ezisogwini nezindawo ezifundwayo, leyo yamakholoni ayehlanganisa izisekelo zabantu ezindaweni ezazithathiwe, lezo zeziphathimandla zesonto, lezo ze abanikazi bezimayini nama-haciendas, lawo ohambweni lwezithunywa zevangeli nolwezempi olwaluzinze ngokwalo ekwenzeni imephu yezifundazwe ezisenyakatho kanye nalezo zemibhalo yama-cadastral. Yonke imizamo yabacwaningi nososayensi abakhanyisiwe yokuchaza ukuma kwezwe ibuye yabhekwa futhi-ke, kwaqoqwa kuwo wonke amamephu wesifunda.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwale mpumelelo yokuqala, kwadingeka kwenziwe umzamo wonke ukucacisa nokuphelelisa lencwadi yokuqala futhi, okwamanje, ukuthi isithombe sika-Antonio García Cubas sigqamile. Wathweswa iziqu e-Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Carlos, wathunywa ukuba akopishe iGeneral Charter yaseMexico Republic, lapho enza khona ukulungisa okuthile waphothula ngo-1856, unyaka abuye waba yilungu leMexico Geography Society ngawo. kanye Nezibalo. Kamuva, wafundela ubunjiniyela eKolishi Lezimayini, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ubizo lwakhe njenge-geographer.
Ulwazi lwezwe kanye nokuchazwa kwalo
Isimo esibuhlungu siyingxenye yombhalo ka-García Cubas, lapho echaza khona ukumangala ukuthi wabangela uSanta Anna, lapho ebona okokuqala - lapho ekhonjiswa incwadi ayeyikopishile - ukunwetshwa kwendawo ayelahlekile, Iqiniso uJenene ayengakaze abe nalo, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, wayenolwazi oluncane.
Kwenziwe ngokwesiko eliqalwe ngabafundi abakhanyiselwe baseNew Spain, incazelo yezwe, ukuhlolwa kwengcebo yalo kanye namandla alo okuthuthuka kukhuthazwe eMexico Society of Geography and Statistics. Amalungu ayo ahlole indikimba ebanzi kakhulu ebandakanya ukwakheka kwensimu, imithombo yayo yemvelo nokukhiqizwa kwayo. Ukutadisha inani labantu bayo ezinhlakalweni zalo zabantu, ubuhlanga nezilimi nakho kwakubalulekile. Ukukhishwa kwalo lonke lolu lwazi kwenzeka lapho uGarcía Cubas eshicilela incwadi yakhe Jikelele yeRiphabhulikhi yaseMexico. EMexico, Imprenta de Andrade y Escalante, 1861. Lo msebenzi kamuva wanothiswa ngophenyo olwenziwa nguGarcía Cubas phakathi kuka-1870-1874 nokwaphetha ngokuthi kube yi-Mexican Geographic and Statistical Atlas. IMexico, iDrayire kanye nabalandelayo, ngo-1885, okwakuwumsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu. Ibhalwe incwadi enhle ngokubabazekayo enenkomba yomzila wesitimela nocingo kanye nezincwadi ezingama-30 ezivela ezifundazweni, i-DF, iMexico City nezindawo zeBaja California neTepic, yashicilelwa ngemibhalo ngeSpanishi, isiNgisi nesiFulentshi.
Imfundiso yezwe
Umzamo owenziwe ngabakhi bezwe ubungeke uhlanganiswe ukube ubungezelwa ngumsebenzi wokufundisa obuzofaka izakhamizi umuzwa wobuzwe. UGarcía Cubas unake kakhulu ukufundiswa kwejografi futhi ushicilela kusukela ngo-1861, iCompendium of Geography yaseRiphabhuliki yaseMexico, ehlelwe ezifundweni ezingama-55 zokusetshenziswa kwezikhungo Zomphakathi. EMexico, Imprenta de M. Castro. Ngomqondo ofanayo we-didactic, ushicilela umsebenzi onesihloko esithile, iGeography nomlando weSifunda Sombuso. IMexico, Indlu Yangaphambili Yokuphrinta ka-E.Murguía, ngo-1894.
UGarcía Cubas uqobo wethula le ncwadi futhi esandulelweni uyachaza ukuthi ingxenye yokuqala, ebekelwe imfundiso yokuqala, ifaka izindaba zokuqala zejografi yeFederal District ezandiswe ngezibuyekezo zomlando nezendabuko okuthi, ngaphezu kokuphilisa isifundo, ithande ukufundiswa Okomntwana nokuthi, okwesibili, ngokomlando, kuhloselwe imfundo ephakeme, ukwazi ukusebenza njengencwadi elula yokufunda kulabo abangakwazanga ukwenza izifundo zabo.
Ukubuyiselwa kwesithombe sezwe phesheya
Njengakwezinye izikhathi, uGarcía Cubas uchaza esandulelweni izizathu ezamholela ekutheni anikeze umphakathi incwadi yakhe iRepublic of Mexico ngo-1876. UGeorge H. Henderson (Trad.). México, La Enseñanza, 1876. Ubhala ukuthi ibhalwe ngenhloso "yokushintsha imibono eyiphutha ebingashiywa ezingqondweni zabafundi yilezo zincwadi, ngenhloso enenhloso embi noma ngenhloso yokuthola udumo njengababhali bezincwadi zamanoveli, yaqanjwa futhi yashicilelwa ngabokufika abehlukene, ukwahlulela isizwe saseMexico, ngemibono eyatholwa ohambweni olusheshayo ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokuhlolwa noma ukutadisha ngokucophelela ”.
Ukwenza lokhu, uchaza iMexico, ayinike isithombe sokuziphindisela nethemba, njengezwe elinabantu abancane ngensimu yalo ebanzi, ephakathi kwezilwandle ezimbili; kugqamisa ubuhle bendawo yomhlaba wayo, ukuthela kwayo, isimo sezulu sayo, ukukhiqizwa kwezimayini nemithombo yayo yamanzi. Phelezela lonke lolu lwazi ngencwadi ejwayelekile kanye nolwazi olungeziwe oluhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: ingxenye yezepolitiki lapho isebenza khona ngesimo seRiphabhuliki, ukunwetshwa kwayo nemingcele yayo; uhulumeni wawo, ukwahlukana kwezepolitiki kanye nenani labantu; ezolimo nezimayini, ezobuciko nokwenziwa, ezentengiselwano kanye nokufundiswa komphakathi. Ingxenye yomlando lapho ekhuluma khona ngezokuhambela, amaToltec, amaChichimecas, izizwe eziyisikhombisa nama-Aztec. Ekugcineni, ingxenye ethnographic futhi echazayo lapho ibhekisa khona emindenini ehlukene: Mexican, Opata, Pima, Comanche, Tejano kanye Coahuilteca, Keres Zuñi, Mutzun, Guaicura, Cochimi, Seri, Tarasca, Zoque, Totonaca, Mixteco-Zapotec , Pirinda Matlaltzinca, Mayan, Chontal, odabuka eNicaragua, i-Apache, i-Otomí. Kukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamanani emindeni yabomdabu, kwenza umbiko wezinhlanga futhi kubhekiswe ezimbangela zokwehla kwawo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo ukuthi ihambisana nencwadi ethnographic evela eMexico.
Isethulo esisemthethweni sezwe
UGarcía Cubas wayeqiniseka ngenqubomgomo yenkululeko maqondana nemibono mayelana nentuthuko nenqubekela phambili yesizwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwephrojekthi yenkululeko engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kuvula isigaba senqubomgomo kahulumeni, esizama ukwethula isithombe esisha seMexico, njengezwe elicebile neliphucukile elingakhanga kubatshalizimali ngezindlela eziningi.
Ngaphakathi kwalo mbono, ngo-1885 uGarcía Cubas washicilela i-Atlasi yakhe Yezithombe Nezomlando yaseMelika yaseMelika. IMexico, iDebray nabaPhumelele. Kuluhlu lwezincwadi ezethulela izwe idatha etholakala ngalowo nyaka, ngokugcizelela ezicini zomlando namasiko. Incazelo yencwadi ngayinye yashicilelwa kuDescriptive and Historical Geographical Statistical Table yase-United Mexico States, umsebenzi osebenza njengombhalo we-Picturesque Atlas. México, Oficina Tipográfica de la Ministerio de Fomento, 1885. Ngemuva kwalokho, walungiselela ukuthi, izoshicilelwa ngqo yizikhungo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uNobhala Wezentuthuko, imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu, njengeGeographical, Historical and Biographical Dictionary of the States. Ama-United Mexico. IMexico, Imprenta del Ministerio de Fomento, 1898-99, noma izincwadi ezenziwe ngqo kubatshalizimali abakhuluma isiNgisi: Mexico, Its Trade, Industries and Resources. UWilliam Thompson (Trad.). IMexico, iTipographical Office yoMnyango weFomento y Colonización and Industry, 1893. Banikela ngemininingwane kuma-ejensi kahulumeni wokuphatha, izici zabantu, izikhungo zezimali, kanye nengqalasizinda efakwe ukuxhasa izinkampani. Ngalolu lwazi wethule, ngesifo sohlangothi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimo zezwe nomlando walo, kuwusizo kubavakashi nakubatshalizimali.
Inhlokodolobha iyisikhungo samandla kahulumeni
Ukwehlukaniswa kwesifunda saseFederal ngo-1824 naseMexico City njengesihlalo samandla ombuso kwakufanele, uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwawo, ukwelashwa okukhethekile nguGarcía Cubas. Ku-Atlas yaseMexico esichazwe ngenhla ne-Statistical Atlas, unikezela ngokukhethekile imephu edolobheni ngo-1885, ezungezwe amabhokisi anezithombe ezahlukahlukene. Lawa amele amatshe okwenziwa (izingxenyana ezisanda kutholwa zendlela egandayiwe yasethempelini elidala), amanye amakhanda decoatepantlidel Templo Mayor, uhlelo lwethempeli elidala, uhlelo lweFederal District, olunye uhlelo lweMexico City olukhombisa ukwakheka kweSpain, elinye wedolobha ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, uhlelo kanye nesigaba seNational Theatre, uhlelo lweSikole Sonjiniyela, uhlelo lweNdlu Kazwelonke kanye nokuqoshwa kweMexico ngesihloko esithi "Mexico regia et Celebris Hispaniae Novae Civitas" esimele kuTenochtitlan.
Umbhalo ohambisana nalona ulandisa ngemvelaphi nesisekelo sedolobha laseMexico kusukela ohambweni lwezenkolo; ITenochtitlan ichazwa ngeTeocalli enkulu bese kuthi yiCathedral. Liphinde libhekise edolobheni lesikhathi samanje namathempeli alo, ingadi yezitshalo kanye nesibhakabhaka esibheka isimo sezulu; iNational Astronomical Observatory eTacubaya; izikole zeMedicine, Engineering, Mining, Fine Arts, Jurisprudence, Commerce, Arts and Crafts; isikole samabanga aphakeme nezikole zamantombazane nezabesifazane abasebasha, zezimpumputhe nezithulu, kanye neConciliar Seminary. Igcizelela izikhungo zemibhalo nezesayensi ezifana neMexico Society of Geography and Statistics, Natural History Society, kanye neLanguage Society; ibuye ibhekisele kwimitapo yolwazi yomphakathi naseminyuziyamu. Inikeza izikwele, izinkambiso, izimakethe, amahhotela, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, izingadi zezitshalo nezokungcebeleka, kanye namanxusa. Bese ubhala indawo ezungezile njengeSanta Anita, Ixtacalco, Mexicalcingo, ne-Ixtapalapa.
Kamuva, ngo-1894 wenza incwadi ekhethekile ngeJografi nomlando weSifunda Sombuso. UMurguía, ngo-1894.
Le ncwadi yethulwa njengebhukwana, elenzelwe izethameli ezibanzi lapho kunikezwa khona imininingwane eyisisekelo ngeFederal District. Ichaza imvelaphi yayo nokwehlukana kwayo kwezepolitiki, selokhu yafakwa kuMthethosisekelo wama-57 kanye nencazelo yayo njengendawo yokuhlala kahulumeni jikelele noma umfelandawonye. Ichaza ukuthi kuqokwa kanjani umbusi, imisebenzi yakhe, ukuthi uMkhandlu Wedolobha wakhiwa kanjani, namandla akhe.
Engxenyeni yokuqala, kubhekiswa emsukeni weSifunda Sombuso, izinhlangano ezihlanganayo futhi okuyizikhulu zikahulumeni. Inezinhlamvu ezinemininingwane eminingi: eyodwa ekwehlukanisweni kwezepolitiki kanye nenani labantu, lapho kukhombisa khona izifunda ezakha umasipala waseMexico, kanye nomasipala lapho behlukaniswe khona futhi ondlunkulu babo abavelele njengabantu abakhulu. Amanye amashadi achaza ukumiswa kwawo nokubukeka kwawo, akhomba ezintabeni, emifuleni nasemachibini; isimo sezulu nemikhiqizo yemvelo; abantu abakhulu; umasipala waseMexico ngokwandiswa kwedolobha, uhlelo lwayo nezigaba zalo: amabhalekisi, amabhulokhi, imigwaqo kanye nezikwele, ukukhanyisa kanye nokuqanjwa kwamagama emigwaqo.
Engxenyeni yesibili wenza ukubukeza okungokomlando kusuka ohambweni lwama-Aztec, kuze kube ekusungulweni kweTenochtitlan, lapho enza khona incazelo ngokuya ngophenyo lomlando wesikhathi sakhe; Ube esekhuluma ngokuthi umuzi wamakholoni wawunjani, ukubhekisa kamuva edolobheni lesikhathi sakhe lapho ekhuluma ngamathempeli, izigodlo zezikhungo, izakhiwo zemfundo yomphakathi, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, izindawo zokuhamba, amatshe ezikhumbuzo, i-tivolis, amakhasino, amahhotela nezimakethe. Ekugcineni, wenza uhlu lwamazwi aseMexico aqukethwe kulo msebenzi.
Okubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi wemidwebo ka-Antonio García Cubas, owakhuthaza, kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, ukunika isizwe isithombe. Lo msebenzi uzoba nobulungiswa obufanele uma ubhekisa emnikelweni olinganiselwe wokuthi ukubamba kwabo iqhaza emzamweni omkhulu wokwakha izwe owenziwe izizukulwane ngemuva nje kokusho kwenkululeko. Kugqame kuso, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umbono waso wobumbano wesizwe, lapho sizame ukuhlanganisa indawo yaso, inani laso nomlando waso.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi # 22 Januwari-Februwari 1998
