Umdwebo wesikhumba sikaKristu obethelwe lapho sizobhekisa khona izipho ezingaziwa ukuthi ucwaningo alukwazanga ukuluqonda.
Akucaci ukuthi ngabe umsebenzi ekuqaleni bekungowakhe noma ubeyingxenye yokwakhiwa njengomsebenzi okhululiwe. Ukuphela kwento esingayisho ukuthi yaqunywa yabethelwa ohlakeni lokhuni. Lo mdwebo obalulekile ungokaMuseo de El Carmen futhi awusayiniwe ngumlobi wawo, yize singacabanga ukuthi ekuqaleni wawuyikho.
Njengoba kwakungekho lwazi olwanele futhi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalomsebenzi, kwavela isidingo sokwenza uphenyo olungasivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi siwubeke ngesikhathi nasendaweni, kepha futhi nokwazi amasu nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenzisiwe ekwakhiweni kwawo ukuze kusiqondise ukungenelela kokubuyiselwa, ngoba umsebenzi uthathwa njengokungajwayelekile. Ukuthola umqondo ojwayelekile wemvelaphi yokudweba esikhumbeni, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubuyele emuva kumzuzu lapho izincwadi zazikhanyiswa noma zenziwa miniaturized.
Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala kulokhu sibonakala sisikhombisa uPliny, ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD, encwadini yakhe ethi Naturalis Historia uchaza imifanekiso emibalabala yezinhlobo zezitshalo. Ngenxa yezinhlekelele njengokulahleka kweLabhulali yase-Alexandria, kunezingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela zemifanekiso ku-papyrus ekhombisa imicimbi ebiyelwe futhi ilandelana, ngendlela yokuthi singawaqhathanisa nemichilo yamahlaya yamanje. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, imiqulu ye-papyrus nama-codex esikhumbeni kwancintisana, kwaze kwaba ngekhulu lesi-4 AD i-codex yaba ifomu elivelele.
Umfanekiso ovame kakhulu kwakuwukuzi-portrait okwakhiwe, okuhlala kuphela ingxenye yendawo etholakalayo. Lokhu kuguqulwe kancane kancane kwaze kwathatha lonke ikhasi futhi kwaba ngumsebenzi okhululiwe.
UManuel Toussaint, encwadini yakhe ekhuluma ngomdwebo wamakoloni eMexico, uyasitshela: "Iqiniso elaziwa emhlabeni wonke emlandweni wezobuciko ukuthi ukudweba kufanele ingxenye enkulu yokuphakama kwayo, njengabo bonke ubuciko, eSontweni." Ukuze ube nombono weqiniso wokuthi umdwebo waba kanjani kwezobuciko bobuKristu, umuntu kufanele akhumbule iqoqo elikhulu lezincwadi zakudala ezikhanyisiwe ezaqhubeka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, lo msebenzi obabazekayo awuzange uqhamuke nenkolo yobuKrestu, kepha kunalokho bekufanele uzivumelanise nenkambiso yakudala futhi ehlonishwayo, ungagcini ngokushintsha izici zobuchwepheshe, kepha futhi nokwamukela isitayela esisha nokwakheka kwezigcawu, okwabe sekusebenza ngempumelelo. amafomu okulandisa.
Umdwebo wenkolo wesikhumba ufinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo eSpain yamaKhosi amaKatolika. Ngokunqotshwa kweNew Spain, lokhu kuvezwa kobuciko kwalethwa ezweni elisha, kwahlangana kancane kancane namasiko omdabu. Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalombili, ubukhona bobuntu obusha baseSpain bungafakazelwa, obubonakala emisebenzini emikhulu esayinwe abaculi abadume njengaleyo yomndeni waseLagarto.
UKristu Obethelwe
Umsebenzi okukhulunywa ngawo unezilinganiso ezingajwayelekile ngenxa yokusikwa kwesikhumba kanye nokukhubazeka okubangelwa ukuwohloka kwaso. Kukhombisa ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi bekunamathiselwe kancane ohlakeni lokhuni oluhlanganisiwe. Umdwebo uthola igama elijwayelekile leCalvary, ngoba isithombe simele ukubethelwa kukaKristu futhi ezinyaweni zesiphambano sikhombisa isiduli esinokhakhayi. Kugeleza umjelo wegazi kusuka embanjeni wesokudla wesithombe bese uqoqwa ekhokhini. Isizinda somdwebo simnyama kakhulu, siphezulu, siqhathaniswa nesibalo. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa ukuthungwa, umbala wemvelo ungowesikhumba, ngenxa yama-glazes, ukuthola ama-tonalities afanayo esikhunjeni. Ukwakheka okutholakala ngale ndlela kuveza ubulula nobuhle obukhulu futhi kunamathiselwe ekuchazeni kwayo inqubo esetshenziswe kwimidwebo emincane.
Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zomsebenzi ibonakala inamathiselwe ohlakeni ngokusebenzisa ama-tacks, wonke amanye ayehlukanisiwe, nokulahlekelwa osebeni. Lokhu kungabangelwa yimvelo yesikhumba, okuthi lapho ivezwa ekushintsheni kokushisa kanye nomswakama kudaleke ukukhubazeka okuhambisana nomphumela wepende.
Isendlalelo esingokomfanekiso sethule imifantu engenakubalwa etholakala ekunciphisweni kukalime nokwandiswa (umsebenzi womshini) wokusekelwa. Emafolda akhiwa ngaleyo ndlela, futhi ngenxa yobulukhuni besikhumba, ukuqongelela uthuli kwakukukhulu ukwedlula wonke umsebenzi. Emaphethelweni kwakukhona ama-rust deposits asuselwa kwizitadi. Ngokunjalo nasemdwebeni bekunezindawo zokukhanya okuphezulu (okumangele) nokulahleka kwe-polychromy. Isendlalelo sokudweba siveze indawo ephuzi engavumeli ukubonakala futhi, ekugcineni, kufanelekile ukusho isimo esibi sohlaka lwokhuni, oludliwe ngokuphelele yinundu, okuphoqe ukuqedwa kwalo ngokushesha. Amasampula kapende nesikhumba athathwe ezingcezwini ezazisala ukukhomba izinto zokwakha zomsebenzi. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngamalambu akhethekile nengilazi ye-stereoscopic magnifying lakhombisa ukuthi bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthola amasampuli opende kusuka kulesibalo, ngoba ungqimba lwezithombe kulezi zindawo lwalunezingilazi kuphela.
Umphumela wokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri, amarekhodi ezithombe nemidwebo kwakha ifayela elizovumela ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa okulungile komsebenzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, singakuqinisekisa, ngokususelwa ekuhlolweni kwezithombe, ezomlando nezobuchwepheshe, ukuthi lo msebenzi uhambelana nethempeli nomsila, isici sekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa.
Izinto zokweseka ziyisikhumba sezimbuzi. Isimo saso samakhemikhali sine-alkaline kakhulu, njengoba kungacatshangelwa ukwelashwa esikhunjeni ngaphambi kokuthola upende.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Solubility kukhombisile ukuthi ungqimba lokupenda luthinteka kakhulu kuma-solvents asetshenziswa kakhulu. I-varnish yesendlalelo sokufanekisa lapho i-copal ikhona khona, ayifani, ngoba kwezinye izingxenye ibonakala icwebezela futhi kwezinye i-matt. Ngenxa yalokhu okungenhla, singafingqa izimo nezinselelo ezilethwe yilo msebenzi ngokuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuwubuyisela endizeni, kubalulekile ukuwuthambisa. Kodwa sibonile ukuthi amanzi ancibilikisa izingulube ngakho-ke angalimaza upende. Ngokufanayo, kuyadingeka ukuvuselela ukuguquguquka kwesikhumba, kepha ukwelashwa nakho kunamanzi. Ebhekene nalesi simo esiphikisanayo, ucwaningo lugxile ekukhombiseni indlela efanele yokulondolozwa kwalo.
Inselelo nesayensi ethile
Kulokhu osekushiwo, amanzi esigabeni sawo samanzi kwakufanele akhishwe. Ngokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa ngamasampuli esikhumba esikhanyisiwe, kwachazwa ukuthi umsebenzi wawufakwa ukumanziswa okulawulwayo ekamelweni elingangeni moya amasonto ambalwa, futhi kwawucindezela phakathi kwezingilazi ezimbili. Ngale ndlela ukutholwa kwendiza kwatholakala. Ukuhlanzwa komhlaba ngomshini kwabe sekwenziwa kwathi ungqimba lwezithombe lwalungiswa ngesixazululo seglue esasetshenziswa ngebhulashi lomoya.
Lapho nje i-polychromy isitholakele, ukwelashwa komsebenzi kusuka ngemuva kwaqala. Njengomphumela wengxenye yokuhlola eyenziwe ngezingcezu zomdwebo wokuqala otholwe ohlakeni, ukwelashwa kokugcina kwenziwa kuphela ngemuva, kunika umsebenzi kuzicelo zesisombululo esivuselelayo sokuguquguquka. Ukwelashwa kwaphela amasonto ambalwa, ngemuva kwalokho kwabonwa ukuthi ukwesekwa komsebenzi kuthole kakhulu isimo saso sokuqala.
Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, ukufuna okunamathiselwe okuhle kakhulu kwaqala obekuzobuye kufake nomsebenzi wokuhambisana nokwelashwa okwenziwayo futhi kusivumele ukuthi sibeke ukuxhaswa okwengeziwe kwendwangu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhumba siyisisekelo se-hygroscopic, okungukuthi, siyahlukahluka ngokuya ngoshintsho lokushisa nomswakama, ngakho-ke kwakubhekwa njengokubalulekile ukuthi umsebenzi ulungiswe, ngendwangu efanelekile, bese kuba kuqiniswe ohlakeni.
Ukuhlanza i-polychromy kwavumela ukuthi kutholakale ukwakheka okuhle, zombili ezindaweni ezibucayi nakulezo ezinesisindo esiphakeme kakhulu sombala.
Ukuze umsebenzi ubuyise ubumbano obubonakalayo, kwathathwa isinqumo sokusebenzisa iphepha laseJapan ezindaweni ezinesikhumba esilahlekile futhi kuphakanyiswe zonke izingqimba ezazidingeka ukuthola izinga lomdwebo.
Kumachibi ombala, inqubo ye-watercolor yayisetshenziselwa ukubuyiswa kabusha kwe-chromatic futhi, ukuze kuqedelwe ukungenelela, kwasetshenziswa ungqimba ongaphezulu we-varnish evikelayo.
Ekuphetheni
Iqiniso lokuthi lo msebenzi wawenziwe nge-atypical kukhiqize ukuseshwa kwezinto zombili ezifanele kanye nendlela efanelekile yokwelashwa kwayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho okwenziwe kwamanye amazwe kwaba yisisekelo salo msebenzi. Kodwa-ke, lezi bekufanele zivumelaniswe nezidingo zethu. Lapho le nhloso isixazululiwe, umsebenzi wabekwa enqubeni yokubuyiselwa.
Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi uzokhonjiswa linqume uhlobo lomhlangano, okuthi ngemuva kwesikhathi sokubuka kufakazele ukusebenza kwawo.
Imiphumela ibingagculisi nje kuphela ngokukwazi ukunqanda ukuwohloka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvezwe izindinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuhle nezomlando ngamasiko ethu.
Ekugcineni, kufanele sazi ukuthi yize imiphumela etholakele ingeyona i-panacea, ngoba impahla ngayinye yamasiko yehlukile futhi nokwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe ngezifiso, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuzoba wusizo ekungeneleleni okuzayo emlandweni womsebenzi uqobo.
Umthombo: IMexico ngesikhathi esingu-16 Disemba 1996-Januwari 1997
