Komunye wemigodi emincane yeSierra de Santa Rosa, emngceleni osenyakatho wamazwe avundile eBajío, kuvela idolobha elingavamile laseGuanajuato, njengokungathi ngomlingo othile.
Komunye wemifula emincane yeSierra de Santa Rosa, emngceleni osenyakatho wamazwe avundile eBajío, kuvela idolobha elingajwayelekile laseGuanajuato, njengokungathi ngomlingo othile. Izakhiwo zalo zibonakala zinamathele emithambekeni yamagquma futhi zilenga ezi-alicantos eziphakeme zemigwaqo yalo engaphansi komhlaba. Ziminyene emigwaqeni emincane futhi esontekile, zingofakazi abathule bamabhonanza amakhulu esiliva enza le ndawo yaba ngumkhiqizi ohamba phambili emhlabeni. Esikhathini esedlule, amagquma aso ayembozwe yihlathi eliminyene le-oki nemifudlana yalo eyayigcwele iminyezane noma izigaxa zemifantu; Kulesi Sierra izifiki zasendulo-amaGuamares nama-Otomí amaNdiya ayezingela izinyamazane nezidleke, abiza lesi sifunda ngamagama amaningana: Motil, "Indawo yezinsimbi"; I-Quanaxhuato "Indawo enezintaba yamaxoxo", ne-Paxtitlan, "Lapho inala noma ifula kugcwele khona".
Njengamazwe amaningi akha indawo yeGreat Chichimeca, isifunda saseGuanajuato safakwa ikoloni ngekhulu le-16 ngaphansi kohlobo lwamapulazi ezinkomo, anikezwa uRodrigo de Vázquez, u-Andrés López de Céspedes noJuanes de Garnica ngemuva kuka-1533, unyaka lapho iSan Miguel el Grande yasungulwa khona okokuqala - namuhla kusuka e-Allende. Ngasekupheleni kwengxenye yesibili yalelo khulu, umfuyi uJuan de Jasso wathola amanye amaminerali esiliva abikwa eYuririapúndaro; Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi nokutholwa okwalandela kwezimayini zikaRayas neMellado, kanye nomthambo ongumama odumile okunguyena ondla iningi lamadiphozithi eSierra, umnotho wenza uguquko olunzima lapho ushiya izinkomo ezifuywayo. njengomsebenzi omkhulu futhi ube yinkampani yezimayini. Lokhu kuguquka okukhulu kwaholela ekoloniyoni ngamagembusino nabahloli bamazwe, abathi, ngenxa yesidingo esisobala sokuphakelwa kwamanzi, bathanda umbhede wezihosha kunamakhaya abo.
Omunye wabalobi bokuqala baleli dolobha, uLucio Marmolejo, usho ukuthi njengomphumela waleli dolobha elamukelwayo kanye nokuvikela imisebenzi yezimayini, kwakudingeka kwakhiwe izinqaba ezine noma iRoyal Mines: eyaseSantiago, eMarfil; leyo yaseSanta Fe, emithambekeni yeCerro del Cuarto; leyo yaseSanta Ana, ekujuleni kweSierra, neyeTepetapa. Ekuhleleni kwasekuqaleni, ngokusho kukaMarmolejo, iReal de Santa Ana yayimiselwe ukuba yinhloko yezinqaba ezishiwoyo; Kodwa-ke, kwakuyiReal de Santa Fe, eyayichuma kakhulu, eyayikhombisa umsuka wedolobha lamanje. Kungumhla ka-1554 othathwa njengendawo yokuqala yale ndawo yokuhlala ebizwa ngokuthi icebe kakhulu eNew Spain.
IGuanajuato kwadingeka ibhekane nobunzima obukhulu ekukhuleni kwayo kusukela lapho, ngoba insimu ayizange inikeze izimo ezidingekayo zokwakheka komhlaba ukuvumela ukwakheka okuphindwe kabili okwabekwa nguFelipe II. Ngale ndlela, umhosha omncane waphoqa ukuthi indawo ihlelwe ngokungajwayelekile ngokwamathambeka asetshenziswayo omhlaba, kwakheka imigwaqo emazombezombe ephulwe amagquma ayinika ukubukeka kwayo okuhle kokulandelwa kwepuleti eliphukile kuze kube namuhla. Kulezi zakhiwo zokuqala zekhulu le-16, kuphela amasonto ezibhedlela zaseNdiya asele, aguqulwe kakhulu namuhla.
Isikhathi saqhubeka nomsebenzi waso ongenakuthinteka futhi sabona imisebenzi yesikhungo ithuthuka kahle, okwathi ngo-1679 yathola isihloko esivela kuCarlos II njenge-Villa. Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukaniswa, abanye omakhelwane bayo banikela ngengxenye yezakhiwo zabo ukudala iMeya yePlaza de Ia Villa -Namuhla iPlaza de Ia Paz-, ngaleyo ndlela bathatha izinyathelo zokuqala zentuthuko yendawo yokuhlala. Kulayini wakudala isiza sashintshwa ukuze kwakhiwe isifunda saseNuestra Señora de Guanajuato - okwamanje eyiCollegiate Basilica - kanye nezinduku ezimbalwa ezingasenyakatho, ezesigodlo sokuqala sabantu: iSan Diego de Alcalá. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa imigwaqo emikhulu yayivele ichazwe futhi isifunda sasemadolobheni sasungulwa kahle ngokuya ngemisebenzi ekhiqizayo: ukukhishwa kwezimayini kwagxila ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba, inzuzo yensimbi yenziwa emapulazini asembhedeni womfula. cañada, lapho ngaphezu kwalokho kwasatshalaliswa izindawo zokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha nezokuzinikela, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala abasebenzi. Ngendlela efanayo, okokufaka okudingekayo kokuxhashazwa nokugcinwa kwabavukuzi kwaqinisekiswa ngamahlathi angapheli eSierra kanye nayo yonke imishini yezolimo neyezifuyo yeBajío ekhuthazwa ngabanikazi bezimayini uqobo. Kulezi zisekelo eziqinile, ikhulu le-18-elaliphawuleka ingcebo nokuqhathanisa unomphela- kwakudingeka lifakaze, ngokungangabazeki, ubukhazikhazi obukhulu obabeka uGuanajuato njengomkhiqizi wokuqala wesiliva emhlabeni owaziwayo, edlula kude udadewabo uZacatecas futhi kuPotosí wasenganekwaneni eViceroyalty yasePeru, njengoba uBaron de Humboldt esho kaninginingi encwadini yakhe ethi "Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain."
Ingxenye yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka elidlulile yaqala ukukhombisa ingcebo efihlekile yale ndawo, evezwe kumkhuhlane wokuqala wokwakha. Phakathi kwazo, kugqame isakhiwo esibalulekile sezibhedlela i-Our Lady of Belén kanye neCalzada neSanctuary yaseGuadalupe. Lokhu kudlondlobala kwaba ngufakazi ngo-1741 wokukhuphuka okwakudingeka ukuthi i-Villa ibize isihloko seDolobha ngezandla zikaFelipe V, ngenxa yenala yezimayini zayo. Ngakho-ke, iDolobha Elihloniphekile Neliqotho Kakhulu laseSanta Fe, iReal neMinas de Guanajuato livuke sekwephuze kakhulu - ngekhulu lokugcina leViceroyalty - ukugcwalisa ngokushesha ikusasa elikhulu ebelimakiwe ngalo.
Ngaleso sikhathi bekuhlala kuphela ukuthi kuqhume isiliva elikhulu, elilindelwe ngabakwaGuanajuato. Yize iMina de Rayas, eyayicebe kakhulu ngenxa yebanga layo eliphakeme, nomakhelwane wayo, uMellado, base bevele bekhiqize ingcebo eningi neziqu zokuqala ezimbili ezihloniphekile zeGuanajuato -Ios Marquesados de San Juan de Rayas neSan Clemente-, kwakuyiMina de Valenciana Lowo ophumelele ukubeka idolobha phezulu ezikhungweni zesiliva zomhlaba. Iphinde yatholakala ngo-1760, yakhiqiza ngokwanele ukukhiqiza hhayi kuphela izifunda ezintathu ezintsha - iValenciana, iCasa RuI nePérez Gálvez-, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwenqwaba yamabhilidi amasha, njengethempeli leNkampani kaJesu, iPressa de Ia U-Olla, isonto laseBelén, ithempeli nesigodlo seSan Cayetano de Valenciana kanye neCasa Mercedaria de Mellado evelele eyakhiwe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18.
Imigwaqo yayo engaphansi komhlaba, engesinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu eGuanajuato, isukela ekupheleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka futhi ingumkhiqizo wobudlelwano obuyingqayizivele eMelika phakathi kwabakhileyo namanzi. Lobu bunye bususelwa kubumbili besizukulwane nokubhujiswa kwe-cosmogonic, obumbene futhi abungahlukaniseki: idolobha lavuma ukuzalwa kwalo nomfula we-canyon; Lokhu kwahlinzeka ngoketshezi oludingekayo kwimisebenzi yalo nokusinda, kepha futhi kuyisongela ngokubhujiswa nokufa. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili izikhukhula ezimbi ezakhukhula umuzi ngamandla wesifufula, zachitha izindlu, amathempeli nezindlela, izinhlekelele ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi indawo yokuhlala yasuswa ezingeni elifanayo nombhede womfula, futhi umfula wawugcwele imfucumfucu. yezimayini, akakwazanga ukuqukatha umthamo ovuthayo woketshezi ngenkathi yemvula. Ngenxa yesikhukhula esibuhlungu sango-1760, unembeza womphakathi wavuswa ukulungisa lezi zinkinga ezinkulu. Esinye sezixazululo esasihlongozwayo kwakuwukuvala ubambo lomfula ngamawa aqinile angaphansi kancane kwamamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama kulo lonke uhlangothi lwasedolobheni lomfula. Umsebenzi we-titanic ubandakanya ukuguqula izinga lokuqala laseGuanajuato nokungcwaba izingxenye ezinkulu zedolobha ngaleyo njongo, ukukala kabusha umhlaba nokwakha ezakhiweni ezindala, lapho kwavela khona igagasi lokwenqatshwa kanye nemibhikisho kubantu ababesabela ukunyamalala kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala nempahla. Ekugcineni, kwahlehliswa ngenxa yemvelo ebizayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusetshenziswa kwayo. Kodwa-ke, isiphetho esingenakudlula ngeke sivumele isikhathi esiningi ukuthi sidlule, ngoba elinye ishwa, isikhukhula esikhulu sango-1780, saphinda sashiya incithakalo nokufa futhi saphoqa ukwenziwa kwaleyo misebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqala ngoshintsho lokuqala ezingeni olwahlupheka. idolobha lapho iphuzu lamanje lidale umonakalo omkhulu khona: isigodlo seSan Diego de Alcalá.
Ngale ndlela, abantu babona sonke isigodlo esinamasonto amane asonto nesonto laso elikhulu, i-atrium nesikwele iDieguinos, izindlu nemigwaqo ezungezile kungcwatshwe. Lapho umsebenzi uqedwa ngo-1784, ithempeli elisha lathola ubukhulu ngobude nokuphakama, ngaphezu kwesikhwama esihle esine-octagonal ne-Rococo façade yaso; Isigodlo kanye namasonto aso kwavulwa kabusha futhi isikwele - okwathi eminyakeni edlule saba yindlu yeJardin de la Unión - savulelwa imisebenzi yomphakathi yabakhileyo.
Lapho ukulungiswa kokuqala kwamazinga wedolobha sekuphothuliwe, izinhlekelele ezilandelayo zenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yalelo khulu nakuyo yonke leminyaka eyalandela, okwaphawula ukuhlala kulo lonke ubukhona bayo: idolobha laseBaroque lekhulu le-18 langcwatshwa, kugcinwa kwakhiwe okumbalwa kuphela ezindaweni eziphakeme nezisemadolobheni. Ngalesi sizathu isici esisemthethweni seGuanajuato ngokuvamile siyi-neoclassical. Ubuningi benhlokodolobha emashumini eminyaka okuqala e-XIX babonakaliswa ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezakhiwo nasekuvuselelweni kobuso babo. Lesi sithombe sisaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla ngoba, ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ngomakhelwane baso uLeón, uCelaya no-Acámbaro, ngekhulu lama-20 kwakungekho ngcebo eyanele edolobheni ukuthi "isenze sibe sesimanjemanje", silondolozele inotho yawo wonke umuntu, ngokungafanele Ebizwa ngokubukeka kwamakholoni.
Umlando wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ubaluleke kakhulu eGuanajuato njengesikhathi esihle kakhulu se-viceregal: eyokuqala emashumini ayo amaningi yayigcwele ingcebo nokuzijabulisa, okwathi ukuzalwa kwe-neoclassical yakwazi ukusizakala ngokwakha izibonisi ezinhle kakhulu, njengePalacio Condal de Casa RuI. kanye no-Alhóndiga de Granaditas odlulele. Kwakukulesi sakhiwo lapho umpristi uMiguel Hidalgo enenqwaba yabavukuzi kanye nabalimi behlula i-peninsular, ngaleyo ndlela bathola inguquko yenkululeko ukunqoba kwayo kokuqala okukhulu. Ukubamba iqhaza komvukuzi obizwa ngegama elithi "EI Pípila," ovulele indlela abahlubuki abangaphakathi e-Alhóndiga, bekubaluleke kakhulu; Yize lo mlingiswa esanda kususwa ezincwadini zomlando, uwuphawu lweqiniso lokulwela inkululeko yabantu baseGuanajuato: isibindi sakhe saphenduka insumansumane yetshe, uqapha ikusasa lomuzi eCerro de San Miguel.
Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa ukuthi i-Independence yaletha esizweni, imiphumela esheshayo yaba yinhlekelele eGuanajuato. Idolobha elihle nezimayini zalo kulimale kakhulu emnothweni walo: cishe akukho nsimbi eyakhiwayo, amapulazi okuzuza ashiywa futhi acekelwa phansi, futhi okokufaka bekuyindlala esifundeni. NguLucas Alamán kuphela onikeza isisombululo sokuvuselela ukunyakaza komnotho ngokukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezinkampani zezimayini ezinenhloko-dolobha yamaNgisi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kokunqoba kukaPorfirio Díaz, isisekelo sezinhlangano zakwamanye amazwe saphinde sakhuthazwa, esanikeza idolobha elinye ibhonanza, elabonakala ekwakhiweni kwezigodlo zePaseo de Ia Presa, kanye nasezakhiweni ezibabazekayo zasePorfiriato IGuanajuato inikezwe udumo lwamazwe omhlaba: i-eclectic Teatro Juárez, enye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu eRiphabhuliki, ngeshwa isezimayini zesigodlo saseDieguino; isigodlo seCongress kanye neSikhumbuzo Sokuthula eMayor yePlaza, kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu sensimbi seMakethe yaseHidalgo.
Umjikelezo womlando uvala futhi eGuanajuato; sesifikile kwenye i-bonanza yesiliva, izinhlangano ezihlomile zihlakaza ukuthula nokuzinza kwezenhlalo eRiphabhulikhi. I-Revolution ka-1910 yadlula kuleli dolobha, yaxosha abatshalizimali bamazwe angaphandle, isimo okwathi, kanye nokudangala kwezomnotho kanye nokwehla kwamanani esiliva, kwaholela ekushiyeni izikhungo zezimayini kanye nengxenye enkulu yokuhlala ngokuphelele. baba sengozini yokunyamalala futhi babe elinye idolobha lesipoki, njengabanye abaningi emakhoneni endawo kazwelonke.
Ukululama kwakudalwe amandla abanye babantu ababeka wonke amathalente abo ekulungiseni ukuvuselelwa kwendawo. Imisebenzi emikhulu ibeka futhi ivikele isihlalo saMandla oMbuso; Izikhathi ezimbili zikaHulumeni zakha ibhilidi lamanje le-Autonomous University of Guanajuato - uphawu olungaqondakali lwabantu - futhi lwavula umbhede womfula - lwagcwala izinguquko ezingeni lekhulu le-18 nele-19 - lokwakha umthambo wezimoto oqinisa amandla ithrafikhi yezimoto engenayo: umgwaqo ongaphansi komhlaba kaMiguel Hidalgo.
Muva nje, njengesimemezelo esifanelekile sokuvuka, iSimemezelo Sedolobha laseGuanajuato njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba siqondise amehlo aso ezikhumbuzweni zomlando, okuthi, kubandakanya nezimayini zazo eziseduze, zenyukele kulesi sikhundla esishiwo ngenhla. Kusukela ngo-1988 kwaqoshwa iGuanajuato, nenombolo 482, ohlwini lwamagugu omhlaba lwe-UNESCO, okubandakanya amadolobha acebile kakhulu ezindabeni zamasiko. Leli qiniso lithonye izakhamizi zaseGuanajuato ukuthi zibuyekeze kakhudlwana ifa lazo elikhulu.
Unembeza womphakathi wabantu uvuswe ngolwazi lokuthi ukugcina okwedlule okwenzelwe ikusasa kungomunye wemisebenzi ezothokozelwa izizukulwane ezilandelayo. Inani elikhulu lezakhiwo zenkolo nezomphakathi sezibuyiselwe futhi zavuselelwa ngabaninizo, kwaveza ingxenye enkulu yobukhazikhazi obutholwe yidolobha.
Ngokwakhiwa kwamaqembu omphakathi athathe lo msebenzi ophuthumayo njengowawo, ukukhuthazwa kwempahla ehambayo yesizwe kukhuthaziwe, emelwe yiziqoqelalwazi ezicebile zamathempeli aseGuanajuato, imihlobiso yazo kanye nezinsiza: zonke izitho eziyizigaxa ze I-Viceroyalty etholakala endaweni yokuhlala yabuyiselwa futhi yafakwa enkonzweni, ngaphezu kokusindisa cishe ukuqala okungama-80 kwethempeli leNhlangano kaJesu kanye nama-25 aseSan Diego, ayesebuyiselwe, abekwa emathempelini afanayo endaweni ethile. yakhelwe ukuvikela ukulimala nokuwohloka. Lezi zenzo zenzeka ngenxa yemizamo ehlangene yamalungu omphakathi namandla omphakathi: izinhlangano ezizimele ezifana neGuanajuato Patrimonio de Ia Humanidad, A.C. nezinye izakhamizi ezizibophezele, kanye noHulumeni Wombuso, i-Secretariat for Social Development kanye ne-University of Guanajuato.
Ukulondolozwa kokubonakaliswa kwamasiko omlando ocebile wedolobha kuzosivumela ukuthi sikhombise ngokuzayo izikhathi zamabhonanza amakhulu esifundeni sezimayini, izikhathi zawo ezinhle zomnotho nezinguquko zawo kwezomnotho.
Ukuthuthuka okuhle kwesikhathi esizayo somlando weGuanajuato kuhlala kungabonakali emibhalweni kuphela, kepha futhi nasenkumbulweni nakunembeza wezakhamizi zayo, abaziwa njengabagcini befa elikhulu kanye nomthwalo wokutakulwa kwalezi zakhiwo nempahla ehambayo, manje okuyi-patrimony of sonke isintu.
