Izifo ezithathelanayo zithole izindlela zazo zokusabalalisa ekufudukeni; ngenkathi abantu baseMelika bechayeka ekuthathelaneni, ukuhlaselwa kwakubulala. Kwakunezifo ezwenikazi elisha ezithinta abaseYurophu, kepha hhayi njengezihlukumezayo njengabo kwabomdabu.
Ubhadane eYurophu nase-Asia lwaludlangile futhi lwalunohlamvu lwesifo izikhathi ezintathu; okokuqala kwenzeka ngekhulu lesithupha, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwathatha izisulu eziyizigidi eziyikhulu. Owesibili ngekhulu leshumi nane futhi wayaziwa ngokuthi "ukufa kwabantu abamnyama", cishe izigidi ezingama-50 zafa ngaleso sikhathi. Ubhadane olukhulu lokugcina, olwavela eChina ngo-1894, lwasabalala kuwo wonke amazwekazi.
Ezwenikazi laseYurophu, isimo sezindlu esingesihle kanye nokuziphatha okuxekethile nendlala yikho okwasiza ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo. AbaseYurophu babenezinsizakusebenza zokwelapha ukubhekana nezifo zabo isilinganiso seHippocratic esidluliswa amaSulumane ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Iberia, okunye okutholakele kwemithi yamaGalenic kanye nezinkomba zokuqala zamakhemikhali, ngakho-ke bathatha izinyathelo njengokuhlukaniswa kwabagulayo, inhlanzeko yomuntu kanye nemiphunga yokwelapha. Kanye nezifo, baletha lolu lwazi ezwenikazi laseMelika, futhi lapha bathole lonke ulwazi olunamandla ngezifo zomdabu.
Lapha ukuxhumana kwasemhlabeni kwamadolobha nezigodi kudlale indima enkulu ekusabalaleni kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwamadoda, okuthengiswayo nezilo, izifo zazithuthwa zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye ngemigwaqo yezohwebo ngokuya kokuhamba kwazo, zithwele futhi zilethe amakhambi ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kushintshaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwenza ukuthi abantu abahlala kude nezikhungo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni bathinteke; Isibonelo, eduze kweCamino de la Plata, ugcunsula, isimungumungwane, ingxibongo, isifo, isifo sofuba nokusetshenziswa okuhanjisiwe.
Siyini lesi sifo?
Yisifo esithathelanayo ngokuxhumana ngqo ngokusebenzisa umoya nangokwemfihlo kweziguli ezinegciwane. Izimpawu eziyinhloko umkhuhlane omkhulu, ukumosha kanye nama-buboes, okubangelwa yi-Pasteurella pestis, i-microorganism etholakala egazini lamagundane asendle nawasekhaya, ikakhulukazi amagundane, amuncwa yifuza (i-vector parasite phakathi kwegundane nendoda) . Ama-lymph node ayavuvukala futhi akhishwe. Uketshezi luyathathelana kakhulu, yize ifomu elisabalalisa lesi sifo ngokushesha okuyinkinga yenkinga yamaphaphu, ngenxa yokukhwehlela okuvela kulo. Amagciwane ayaxoshwa ngamathe futhi ngokushesha athelela abantu abaseduzane. Le causal agent yalesi sifo yaziwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1894. Ngaphambi kwalolo suku, yayibangelwa izimbangela ezahlukahlukene: isijeziso saphezulu, ukushisa, ukungasebenzi, indlala, isomiso, indle kanye namahlaya esi sifo, phakathi kokunye.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo zisakazeka ngokushesha ezikhungweni zezimayini, ngenxa yezimo lapho abesilisa, abanye besifazane nabancane basebenza khona, emigodini nasemigodini yezimayini nangaphezulu emapulazini nasekusebenzeni kwamagceke. Ukugcwala kwabantu kulezi zindawo kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukuthi abasebenzi batheleleke, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimo zokudla ezingekho kahle nokusebenza ngokweqile, kuhambisana nezinhlobonhlobo zamaphaphu ezinhlupho. Lezi zinto zibangele ukusabalala ngendlela esheshayo nebulalayo.
Indlela yesifo
Ubhadane olwaqala edolobheni laseTacuba ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 1736, ngoNovemba lase luhlasele iMexico City, lwasabalala ngokushesha okukhulu eQuerétaro, Celaya, Guanajuato, León, San Luis Potosí, Pinos, Zacatecas, Fresnillo , I-Avino neSombrerete. Isizathu? Imigwaqo yayingenamanzi kakhulu kodwa yayihanjwa abalingiswa abahlukahlukene kakhulu. Iningi labantu baseNew Spain lathinteka kanti iCamino de la Plata kwakuyimoto esebenzayo yokusabalalisa enyakatho.
Ngokunikezwa kwezindaba zesifo esiwumshayabhuqe esivela ePinos kanye nomthelela obulalayo abantu ababehlupheka ngawo ngo-1737, ngoJanuwari wonyaka olandelayo umkhandlu weZacatecas wathatha izinyathelo ngokuhlanganyela nabasolwa besibhedlela iSan Juan de Dios, ukuze babhekane nalesi sifo esasiqala ukubonakala okokuqala kuleli dolobha. Kwavunyelwana ngokuthi kwenziwe imishini yokusebenza emakamelweni amabili amasha enemibhede engama-50 efakwe omatilasi, imicamelo, amashidi nezinye izinto, kanye nezinkundla namabhentshi okuhlala abagulayo.
Izinga eliphakeme lokufa okuqale ukubangelwa yilo bhubhane emadolobheni womabili liphoqe ukwakhiwa kwamathuna amasha okuzongenela kuwo umufi. Ama-peso angu-900 abekelwe lo msebenzi, lapho kwakhiwa khona amathuna angama-64 kusukela ngoDisemba 4, 1737 kuya kuJanuwari 12, 1738, njengendlela yokuqapha abantu ababulawa yilomqedazwe. Kwakukhona nesipho sama-peso angama-95 sezindleko zokungcwaba abampofu.
Ubuzalwane kanye nemiyalo yezenkolo yayinezibhedlela zokubhekana nezifo ezihlangene okwathi, ngokusho komthethosisekelo wazo nezimo zezomnotho, zanikeza usizo kubafowabo nakubantu bebonke, kungaba ngokubanika indawo yokuhlala esibhedlela, noma ngokubanikeza umuthi, ukudla noma indawo yokuhlala. ngenhloso yokunciphisa izifo zabo. Bakhokhela odokotela, odokotela abahlinzayo, abagundi bezinwele kanye nabagundi bezinwele ababegcwala izingcwecwe nezinkomishi zokudonsa ama-buboes (adenomegalies) okuthi, ngenxa yalolu bhubhane, avele kubantu. Labodokotela ababeshayela babenezincwadi ezikhethekile ngemithi yokwelashwa esanda kutholakala eyayivela phesheya kwezilwandle futhi yahamba ngomgwaqo iSilver Road, njengaseSpain naseLondon pharmacopoeias, incwadi kaMandeval's Epidemias nethi Lineo Fundamentos de Botánica, phakathi kokunye.
Esinye isinyathelo esathathwa yiziphathimandla zomphakathi zeZacatecas ukuhlinzeka ngezingubo zokulala ezigulini "ezingafundile" - labo abathintekayo ababengekho ngaphansi kwesibhedlela - ngaphezu kokukhokhela odokotela ababelaphayo. Odokotela bakhipha ithikithi esigulini ebesingashintshaniswa ngengubo kanti ezinye zisetshenziselwa ukudla ngesikhathi sigula. Lezi ziguli ezingaphandle kwakungezona ezinye ngaphandle kwabahamba ngezinyawo eCamino de la Plata kanye nabasebenzi abahamba ngezinyawo abahlala isikhashana edolobheni ababengazange bathole indawo yokuhlala efanele. Kubo futhi kwathathwa izinyathelo zokuvikela abampofu mayelana nempilo yabo kanye nokudla.
Inhlupho eZacatecas
Abantu baseZacatecas bathola ukushisa okukhulu, isomiso kanye nendlala ngonyaka we-1737 nowe-1738. Izinqolobane zommbila eziqukethwe ama-alhóndigas asedolobheni zazingapheli inyanga yonke, kwakudingeka ukuthi kubhekwe emapulazini ezisebenzi eziseduze ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla kwabantu futhi babhekane nobhubhane ngezinsizakusebenza ezengeziwe. Into ebhebhethekisa isimo sempilo esedlule bekuyizindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu, izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu nezilwane ezifile ebezikhona ngasemfuleni owele idolobha. Zonke lezi zinto kanye nendawo eyakhelene neSierra de Pinos, lapho lolu bhubhane seluvele lwagadla khona, kanye nokushushumbiswa kwabantu okuqhubekayo nokuthengiswa kwempahla kwakuyindawo yokuzalanisa eyaholela ekwandeni komqedazwe eZacatecas.
Ukushona kokuqala okwelashwa esibhedlela iSan Juan de Dios kwakungabantu baseSpain, abathengisi abavela eMexico City, okwathi lapho bedlula khona bakwazi ukusithola lesi sifo futhi basiletha ePinos naseZacatecas futhi ukusuka lapha basihambisa ohambweni lwaso olude oluya emadolobheni. izingxenye ezisenyakatho zeParras naseNew Mexico. Abantu abaningi bakhungathwa yisomiso, ukushisa, indlala futhi, njengesifo esihambisanayo, nesifo. Ngaleso sikhathi, isibhedlela esishiwo ngenhla besinamandla okulinganisela ezigulini ezingama-49, kodwa-ke, amandla aso weqiwe futhi kwakudingeka ukunika amandla amaphaseji, isonto lokugcoba kanye nesonto lasesibhedlela ukuze kuhlaliswe isibalo esikhulu sabantu abathintekile kuzo zonke izigaba nemibandela ezenhlalo: amaNdiya, iSpanishi, ama-mulattos, ama-mestizo, amanye ama-castes nabamnyama.
Abantu bomdabu yibo abathinteke kakhulu maqondana nokufa: abangaphezu kwengxenye bafa. Lokhu kufakazela umqondo wokungavikeleki ngokuphelele kwalaba bantu kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, nokuthi eminyakeni engaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili kamuva kwaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuzivikela futhi iningi lafa. Ama-Mestizo nama-mulattoes aveze cishe isigamu sokufa, amasosha omzimba ahlanganiswa nengxube yegazi laseYurophu, laseMelika nelomnyama, ngakho-ke, enenkumbulo encane yokuzivikela emzimbeni.
AbaseSpain bagula kakhulu futhi bakha iqembu lesibili elithintekile. Ngokuphikisana nabomdabu, kushona oyedwa kwabathathu, iningi labo asebekhulile nezingane. Iyini incazelo? Mhlawumbe abaseSpain abanenhlonipho nabanye baseYurophu babewumkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo wezizukulwane eziningi zabasinda kwezinye izifo nobhadane olwenzeka ezwenikazi elidala, ngakho-ke, banesifo sokuzivikela esihlobene nalesi sifo. Amaqembu angathintekile kangako kwakungabakwa-castes nabamnyama, phakathi kwabo okwenzeka ukufa kwabangaphansi kwengxenye yalabo ababenegciwane.
Izinyanga lapho kwenzeka lesi sifo esibhedlela saseSan Juan de Dios kwakunguDisemba 1737 eneziguli ezimbili kuphela ezibhalisiwe, kanti ngoJanuwari 1738 isamba sasingu-64. Ngonyaka olandelayo -1739 - akubanga khona ukuqubuka lapho abantu bekwazile ukwakha kabusha ngenxa yomthelela owabhekana nalolu bhubhane oluthinta kakhulu abasebenzi, ngoba iqembu lobudala elalimala kakhulu kulo nyaka wesifo kwakuyiminyaka engama-21 kuya kwengama-30, kokubili kulesi sifo futhi ekufeni, okunika iziguli ezingama-438 eziphelele ezingama-220 ezikhiphe ukufa okunempilo kanye nokufa okungama-218.
Umuthi wasendulo
Imithi edolobheni nasekhemisi yesibhedlela iSan Juan de Dios ibiyindlala futhi kuncane okungenziwa, uma kubhekwa isimo sezokwelapha nolwazi oluyingcuphe ngesizathu salesi sifo. Kodwa-ke, okuthile kwafinyelelwa ngamakhambi anjengempepho nge-rosemary, ukudla ngamakhiwane, i-rue, usawoti, izimpushana ze-grana ezidakwe ngamanzi ezimbali ewolintshi, ngaphezu kokugwema umoya ongcolile, njengoba kunconywe nguGregario López: “letha ipomade enengxenye eyodwa i-amber nekota ye-civet ne-ochava yempuphu yama-rose, isandalwood ne-rockrose impande yomhlabathi enoviniga omncane opinki, konke kuxubene nokuphonswa ku-pomace, inqolobane yesifo kanye nomoya owonakele, futhi kwenza inhliziyo nomphefumulo kujabule. imimoya ebalulekile kulabo abeza nayo ”.
Ngaphandle kwalezi nezinye izixazululo eziningi, kwafunwa usizo lwaphezulu ekunxenxeni iGuadalupana, eyayikhonzwa nje edolobheni laseGuadalupe, iligi eyayikude neZacatecas, futhi eyayibizwa ngoPrelate, owalethwa ohambweni futhi ngivakashele wonke amathempeli omuzi ukunxusa usizo lukaNkulunkulu nokwelashwa kwesifo kanye nesomiso. Lokhu kwaba wukuqala kwesiko lokuvakashelwa yi-Preladita, njengoba esaziwa namanje futhi eqhubeka nohambo lwayo minyaka yonke selokhu kwaba nesifo sango-1737 nango-1738.
Indlela eyalandelwa yilo bhubhane yaphawulwa ukugeleza komuntu kuya enyakatho yeNew Spain. Lesi sifo savela ngonyaka olandelayo -1739- edolobheni lasezimayini iMazapil nakwezinye izindawo ezikule Camino de la Plata. Abathwali balesi sifo kwakuyibo abathengisi, abafundisi, abaphathi bezincwadi kanye nabanye abalingiswa abasendleleni yabo esuka enhlokodolobha iya enyakatho futhi bebuya nohambo olufanayo, bephethe futhi beletha isiko labo lezinto ezibonakalayo, izifo, amakhambi nemithi futhi, njengomngane ongenakuhlukaniswa, isifo.
