Emashumini eminyaka adlule ekhulu elidlule, ngenxa yokubaluleka komlando wasendulo ezikhathini lapho unembeza wezwe uhlelwa khona kwezepolitiki, ukuvuselelwa kwesikhathi esedlule seSpanishi saseMexico kwenzeka.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kanye nokwenza ngcono okwalandela kwemicimbi edlule, futhi ikakhulukazi esikhathini esandulela ukunqotshwa kweYurophu kwezwe lethu, kungumphumela wamabhizinisi ahlukahlukene amasiko athela izithelo ngalesi sikhathi.
Okokuqala, kumele kuqhakanjiswe ukubaluleka kweMnyuziyamu Kazwelonke; Lokhu, kusukela ekufakweni kwayo esigodlweni esihle sangesikhathi sikaFelipe V, esemigwaqweni yaseLa Moneda, Isikhungo Somlando senhloko-dolobha yaseMexico, kwaba yindawo yokugcina izinto eziningi zemivubukulo nezomlando ezazisindisiwe incuria; ngaphezu kwalezo ezinikelwe ngabantu ngazinye kanye nalezo ezitholwe njengomkhiqizo wentshisekelo yezifundo zivela ezifundeni ezikude, zembiwa ngamakhomishini esayensi angaleso sikhathi.
Ngale ndlela, umphakathi ofundile nababenelukuluku bababaza izikhumbuzo zesikhathi esidala saseMexico, lapho incazelo yazo efihlekile yayitholwa kancane kancane. Enye into ebambe iqhaza ekusabalaliseni okwakudala komdabu ukushicilelwa kwemibhalo ethile emikhulu yomlando eyakhomba esikhathini sangaphambi kweSpanishi, njengoba kushiwo nguFausto Ramírez, okhomba phakathi kwemisebenzi emikhulu umqulu wokuqala waseMexico phakathi namakhulu eminyaka , ogama lakhe lingu-Alfredo Chavero, i-Ancient History kanye ne-Conquest of Mexico, ebhalwe nguManuel Orozco y Berra, kanye nezindatshana ezithokozisayo neziboniswe kahle ngezindikimba zemivubukulo ezanothisa ama-Anaies eNational Museum. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imibhalo emidala kanye nezindaba nama-codex okwazisa abafundi ngabantu bomdabu kanye nezinkulumo zabo zepulasitiki ezibaluleke kakhulu zase zishicilelwe.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe bezobuciko baseMexico bekhulu le-19, uMbuso wenza uhlelo lokucabanga oludinga isethi yemisebenzi yobuciko ukuxhasa izinhlelo zawo zikahulumeni, ngalesi sizathu wakhuthaza abafundi nothisha be-Academia de San Carlos ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi enezindikimba ezinencazelo eqondile esizweni sakithi nokuthi benza ukulandisa okubonakalayo kwezinye zeziqephu ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni okwathi kancane kancane zathola isimilo esisemthethweni. Izingoma ezaziwa kakhulu zezithombe yilezi ezilandelayo: UFray Bartolomé de las Casas, nguFélix Parra, iSenate yaseTlaxcala kanye neDiscovery of pulque, phakathi kwabanye.
Ku-Ida Rodríguez Prampolini ”Imidwebo emikhulu engqikithini yendabuko edwetshwe ngekota yokugcina yekhulu leminyaka ngabadwebi abavela kulesi sikhungo, ifanelana kakhulu nomqondo okhanyisiwe wamaCreoles athola ukuzimela kunamamestizos okuthi, njengesigaba esisengxabanweni, babengene emandleni emva kwezimpi zezinguquko kanye nezenzo zobuqhawe zabakhululekile ezungeze uBenito Juárez. Iqembu lesiCreole elaqala ukubusa ngemuva kwempi yenkululeko lasibona isidingo sokuqinisekisa okwedlule futhi okuhloniphekile ukuze likuphikise esikhathini esedlule samakholoni ababephila njengabafokazi nababephoqelelwe ngalo ”. Lokhu kuzochaza lo mkhiqizo oyingqayizivele wemidwebo ngomthambo womdabu, ngokusho kombhali ofanayo, oqhubeka kuze kube seminyakeni eyishumi edlule yekhulu le-19 futhi uphetha ngomdwebo womdwebi uLeandro Izaguirre El torment de Cuauhtémoc, odwetshwe ngo-1892, usuku i-Academia de ngalo ISan Carlos cishe iphela ngokukhiqizwa kwalezi zinsolo zomlando.
Lokhu kudingidwa komlando nobuciko kobuciko obukhulu baseMexico bomlingiswa wangaphambi kweSpanishi kusivumela ukuthi silinganise kabusha ama-chrome-lithographs amahle abonisa incwadi enesihloko esithi La Virgen del Tepeyac, yiSpanish Fernando Álvarez Prieto, ephrintwe eBarcelona ngu-I.F. Parres y Cía. Abahleli.
Umsebenzi uqukethe imiqulu emithathu ewugqinsi lapho kufakwa khona amapuleti angama-24 anikeza impilo endabeni esindayo, ebhalwe kakhulu ngesitayela salezo zikhathi; Ingqikimba, njengoba igama layo lisho, inikezelwe ekulandiseni imicimbi nasezindabeni ezahlukahlukene ezizungeze izibuko le-Virgin yaseGuadalupe. Ngamakhasi ayo, umfundi angafunda ngenkolo yendabuko yasendulo - lapho-ke, kugcizelelwa okubekwa kulokho umbhali akubheka njengokungajwayelekile: ukunikela ngabantu - futhi kwamanye amasiko angaleso sikhathi, lokhu kuhlangene nezindaba ze-adventure, ukukhaphela futhi uthanda lokho namuhla kubonakala kungacabangi - njengaleyo yeqhawe elihle lama-Aztec elinowesifazane waseSpain nendodakazi yeTenochca ehloniphekile enekhanda le-peninsular.
Sifuna ukugqamisa umusa nombala, kanye nobuhlakani balezi zithombe, njengoba singacabanga, kumele ukuthi zaba yinjabulo yabafundi; Ukuqoshwa kune-lithography yeLavielle de Barcelona njengophawu lwayo lokukhiqiza, kuyo kungabonakala ukuthi abaculi abahlukahlukene abanobuciko obuhlukile bezokuhweba bangenelela, abanye babo bakhombisa ubuhlakani obukhulu. Kusuka eqenjini elikhulu siqhakambise labo ingqikithi yabo yangaphambi kweSpanishi ebhekise ngokushesha ekucabangeni ngomlando wasendulo waseMexico futhi ikakhulukazi ezenzakalweni ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwezwe laseYurophu. Lezi zithombe zinamaphuzu wokuhlangana nemidwebo kawoyela enefomethi enkulu esiyishilo ngenhla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona labo ababhekisa kubalingiswa abaqanjiwe emdlalweni: inkosazana yomdabu, umpristi "ononya", insizwa enesibindi neqhawe elihloniphekile. Izingubo zakhe zifana nezingubo zomdlalo waseshashalazini: imvunulo yempi yokhozi iyasebenza kakhulu, amaphiko enyoni edla inyama, acatshangelwe ngendwangu, aya esigqi sesimo sakhe sengqondo esinzima, kuthiwani ngengubo yompristi, ingubo isiketi eside, njengokufanele ukugqoka kwabadlali bemidlalo yekhulu elidlule.
Isimo sendawo sibeka abalingiswa edolobheni elingelona iqiniso, lapho izakhi zokuhlobisa zeMayan neMixtec zithathwa ngokukhululekile futhi ngaphandle kolwazi oluningi ngezindawo zemivubukulo nokwakhiwa okuhle kuhlangene nazo lapho izakhiwo zikhombisa izinto zokuhlobisa ngandlela thile Ngale ndlela singakwazi ukuwatolika njengama-frets noma cishe ama-frets, ngaphezu kwalokho okuthiwa "ama-lattices amanga" ukuthi, siyazi, sikhomba izakhiwo zeMayan zesitayela sePuuc.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile ngamatshe esikhumbuzo aqoshiwe kanye nezinye izinto zesiko ezikhona ezingomeni: kokunye umqophi wayenemininingwane eyiqiniso - izibalo nemikhumbi yemikhosi evela enkathini yama-Aztec- futhi ngalokho wakopisha; kwezinye izimo wayezithatha njengesibonelo izithombe zama-codex, azinikeza ubukhulu obuthathu. Ngendlela, inhloso efanayo ingabonakala kwimidwebo kawoyela yabalobi bezemfundo.
Kuma-chromolithographies ahlobene nezehlakalo zomlando eziyiqiniso, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziveza ziyaziswa; Lokhu ngokungangabazeki kungenxa yemithombo ehlukene yolwazi. Isibonelo sokuqala, lapho ukuhlangana phakathi kukaMoctezuma nabaseSpain kuhlobene khona, ngokushesha kuholela odabeni olusingathwa ngabadwebi bezimbali baseMexico abadwebe lokho okuthiwa "izikrini zokunqoba" ezazihlobisa izindlu zabanqobi, iningi labo okwakungu ithunyelwe eSpain. Ekuqoshwe komlingiswa ophakathi kwamaRoma nabomdabu base-Amazon unikezwa iNkosi yaseTenochtitlan nabangane bayo.
Ngokuphathelene nokufel 'ukholo kukaCuauhtémoc, ukuhlangana kokuqanjwa okusetshenziswe nguGabriel Guerra, kanye noLeonardo Izaguirre kanye nomdwebi wethu ongaziwa, usebenzisa ikhanda elikhulu lenyoka elinezimpaphe elisebenza njengendawo yokuphumula yenkosi yomdabu ehlushwayo. Ngokuqinisekile, umthombo wayo wokukhuthazwa kwakuwukuqoshwa okuhambisanayo komthamo oshiwo ngenhla wencwadi iMexico phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, nayo eyashicilelwa eBarcelona.
Ekugcineni, isithombe esijabulisayo sokubaleka kukaQuetzalcoatl esivela emazweni aseMexico sigqama, okubeka umlingiswa edolobheni lasePalenque - ngesitayela sokuqoshwa kukaWaldeck - egxile endaweni engenakwenzeka ehlane, efakazelwa yizitshalo eziningi ze-xerophytic, Phakathi kwazo bekungeke kulahleke i-maguey, lapho kukhishwe khona i-pulque uQuetzalcoatl adakwa ngayo, isizathu sokulahleka kwesithombe sakhe samandla.
Lapha uQuetzalcoatl uwuhlobo losanta ongumKristu onezinwele ezinde ezimhlophe nezintshebe ogqoke imvunulo yeshashalazi, ecishe ifane naleyo yompristi waseJudiya lakudala, embozwe ngokuphelele iziphambano eziyindida ezenza ababhali bokuqala bacabange ukuthi uQuetzalcoatl uhlobo lukaSanta Thomas, uhhafu wamaViking, owazama, ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ngaphambi kohambo lwaseColombia, ukuguqulwa kwamaNdiya ebuKristwini.
Kokuningi kwalokhu kushicilelwa kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kunamagugu afihliwe emidwebo eyajabulisa abafundi bawo futhi yaveza okwedlule okwachazwa kabusha: balahla abantu bakudala futhi bakuthethelela ukunqotshwa kweYurophu, noma baphakamisa isibindi nokufel 'ukholo kwamaqhawe abo ezandleni ze Umnqobi waseSpain.
