Enye yezinhlobo zobunikazi bomhlaba ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseMexico kwakuyi-hacienda, umsuka wayo owabuyela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16 futhi uhlobene kakhulu nokunikezwa kwezibonelelo nama-encomiendas kusukela kumqhele waseSpain kuya kunhlonipho yokuqala bazama ukugcwalisa indawo esanda kunqotshwa.
Eminyakeni edlule, lezi zipho nezinzuzo, ekuqaleni okwakukhona amaligi ambalwa kuphela omhlaba, izilwane zaseNdiya ngezikhathi ezithile nezimbalwa kakhulu zomsebenzi, kancane kancane zaba yunithi enamandla yezenhlalo nezomnotho ebaluleke kakhulu entuthukweni. wezwe laseNew Spain.
Singasho ukuthi isakhiwo sama-haciendas sakhiwa, ngokuvamile, yisikhungo sezindlu esibizwa nge- "casco", lapho kwakukhona "indlu enkulu" lapho umninikhaya wayehlala khona nomndeni wakhe. Futhi kwakukhona ezinye izindlu, ezinesizotha kakhulu, ezazenzelwe abasebenzi abathembekile: usobhuku, umphathi wezitsha nezinye ezinye izinduna.
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yawo wonke amapulazi kwakuyindlu yesonto, lapho izinkonzo zenkolo zazinikezwa khona izakhamuzi zepulazi, futhi-ke, zonke zazinezinqolobane, izitebele, izibuya (indawo lapho okusanhlamvu kwakugaywe khona) namanye amaqhugwana aphansi ukuthi basebenzise "abasebenzi be-acasillados", ababizwa kanjalo ngoba njengenkokhelo yomholo wabo bathola "indlu" ababezohlala kuyo.
Ama-haciendas anda kuyo yonke insimu enkulu yezwe, futhi kuya ngendawo yezwe, kwakukhona okuthiwa ama-pulqueras, ama-henequeneras, ushukela, izinkampani ezixubayo nabanye, ngokomsebenzi wabo omkhulu.
Ngokuqondene nesifunda saseGuanajuato Bajío, ukusungulwa kwala mapulazi kwakusondelene kakhulu nezimayini, ezentengiselwano kanye neSonto, yingakho, manje ezweni laseGuanajuato, sithola izinhlobo ezimbili zamapulazi , lezo zenzuzo nemfuyo yezolimo.
IZINZUZO ZENZUZO
Ngokutholakala kwemithambo yesiliva ecebile yalokho okwakuzobizwa kamuva ngokuthi yiReal de Minas de Santa Fe eGuanajuato, ukuxhashazwa kwabo okukhulu kwaqala futhi inani labantu laqala ukwanda ngokungenakulinganiswa ngenxa yokufika kwabavukuzi ababelangazelela isiliva. Lokhu kuholele ekukhiqizeni ama-ranchi anikezelwe kwezimayini, anikezwa igama lamapulazi okuzuza. Kuzo, ukukhishwa nokuhlanzwa kwesiliva kwenziwa "ngenzuzo" ye-quicksilver (i-mercury).
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe embonini yezimayini, indlela yokuhlomula nge-quicksilver yayiqala ukusetshenziswa futhi izindawo ezinkulu zezimayini zahlukaniswa kancane kancane; Ngenxa yesidingo esandayo sezindlu, babeshiya umsebenzi wabo omkhulu baba yizindawo zokuhlala ezincane. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, idolobha laseGuanajuato lase livele selakhiwe ezindaweni ababehlukaniswe kuzo, ezazinikeza igama labo ezindaweni zakudala zabantu; Izindawo zeSan Roque, iPardo neDurán zakha izindawo ezingaziwa.
Ngenxa yokuqhubekela phambili kwamanje kwendawo yasemadolobheni, iningi lalezi zakhiwo sezinyamalele, yize sisengathola amanye amakhaya avumelane nezidingo impilo yanamuhla esibeka zona futhi, ezinsukwini zethu, sezivele zisebenza njengamahhotela, iminyuziyamu noma ama-spa futhi Elinye noma elinye lisasetshenziswa njengegumbi lasekhaya lomndeni waseGuanajuato. Kepha, ngeshwa, abanye bethu banezinkumbulo zamagama abo kuphela.
Kwezinye izindawo zezimayini zombuso, ukushiywa kwezindawo ezinkulu zezimayini bekufanele, ngezinga elikhulu, ukuncipha kwemithambo noma i- "aguamiento" (ukugcwala kwamazinga aphansi). Yilokho okwenzeka edolobhaneni lezimayini iSan Pedro de los Pozos, eduze kwedolobha laseSan Luis de la Paz, lapho namuhla singavakashela khona amanxiwa ezindawo ezazingamapulazi enzuzo.
UKULIMA
Olunye uhlobo lwepulazi elisendaweni yaseGuanajuato Bajío lwalunikelwe kwezolimo nemfuyo, kusizakala inhlabathi evundile eyenza lesi sifunda saziwa ngokufakwa kwayo. Eziningi zazo zaziphethe ukuhlinzeka ngazo zonke izidingo ezidingekayo kulabo ababezinikele kwezokumbiwa phansi, futhi uma kwenzeka lezo eziphethwe ngabezenkolo, ezikhungweni zezindela ezazigcwele kule ndawo.
Ngakho-ke, konke okusanhlamvu, izilwane kanye neminye imikhiqizo eyenza ukuba khona komkhakha wezimayini ochumayo kwenzeke, kwavela emapulazini asungulwe, ikakhulukazi, ezindaweni zasemakhaya komasipala bamanje baseSilao, León, Romita, Irapuato, Celaya, Salamanca, Apaseo el Grande noSan Miguel de Allende.
Ngokungafani namapulazi okuzuzisa, abone ukuphela kufinyelela emaphethelweni ngenxa yokuvela kwamasu wokuxhashazwa kwempahla noma ukukhathala kwemithambo, ukwehla kwabakhiqizi bemfuyo enkulu yezolimo ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomthetho omusha wezolimo omenyezelwe Njengomphumela wenhlangano ehlomile yango-1910, eyaqeda iminyaka eminingana yokuqashiswa komhlaba nokuxhashazwa ezweni lethu. Ngakho-ke, ngezinguquko kwezolimo, iningi lomhlaba kuma-haciendas aseGuanajuato (nezwe lonke) laguqulwa laba yizakhiwo ezinjenge-ejidal noma zomphakathi, kwasala, ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, kuphela "indlu enkulu" ephethwe ngumnikazi womhlaba.
Konke lokhu kudale ukuthi izigqoko zokuvikela ikhanda zezindawo ezazichuma ngaphambilini zishiywe, okwadala umonakalo omkhulu futhi ongenakulungiseka ezakhiweni. Abaningi babo, ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokunganakwa nokonakala abazithola bekuwo namuhla, abanalo elinye ikusasa ngaphandle kwaleyo yokunyamalala kwabo ngokuphelele. Kepha ngenhlanhla yawo wonke amaGuanajuatense, kusukela ngo-1995 iState Subsecretariat of Tourism isisebenzise uhlelo, ngokubambisana nabanikazi bamanje bama-haciendas, ukuzama ukuthola ezinye izindlela ezivumela ukugwema ukulahleka kwezakhiwo ezinhle nezingokomlando. .
Ngenxa yemizamo enjengalena, sisengakwazi ukubabaza ubude nobubanzi beGuanajuato inani elikhulu lamapulazi asesimweni esihle kakhulu sokongiwa kwemvelo okuthi, yize kuhlukaniswe izingxenyana ezithile, kusivumele ukuthi sibuyele emuva ngokomfanekiso kulezo zikhathi lapho ukuza nokuhamba kwabantu kwakuyiqiniso eliyisimanga eligcwalise isigaba sonke emlandweni waseGuanajuato ngempilo.
