Njengoba igama lalo likhombisa: IHuey teocalli, iMeya yaseTemplo, lesi sakhiwo besiside kakhulu futhi sikhulu kunawo wonke esizeni somkhosi. Bekuqukethe ngaphakathi kwayo icala elingokomfanekiso lokuhlobana okukhulu, njengoba sizobona ngezansi.
Okokuqala, kufanele sibuyele emuva emakhulwini eminyaka, kuze kube yilapho uTezozomoc, inkosi yase-Azcapotzalco, evumela ama-Aztec ukuthi azinze emkhakheni weLake Texcoco. Lokho u-Tezozomoc ayekufuna kwakungeyona enye into ngaphandle kokuthi, ngokunikeza ukuvikelwa nokwabiwa komhlaba we-Mexica, kwakuzodingeka basize njengama-mercenaries ezimpini zokwandiswa kwe-Tepanecas yase-Azcapotzalco, ngaphezu kokukhokha intela emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela kusale ngaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso owawuchuma waseTepanec, ngaleso sikhathi owawungaphansi kwezifunda namadolobha ahlukahlukene azungeze ichibi.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu okuyiqiniso elingokomlando, inganekwane isinikeza inguqulo ekhazinyulisiwe yokusungulwa kweTenochtitlan. Ngokwalokhu, ama-Aztec kwakufanele azinze endaweni lapho abona khona ukhozi (uphawu lwelanga oluhlobene noHuitzilopochtli) lume kwi-nopal. Ngokusho kukaDurán, lokho okwaqotshwa ukhozi kwakuyizinyoni, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zikhuluma kuphela ngokhozi olumi emhubheni, njengoba kungabonakala kupuleti 1 le-Mendocino Codex, noma esithombeni esihle esaziwa ngokuthi "iTeocalli de la Guerra Sagrada", namuhla okukhonjiswe eNational Museum of Anthropology, ngemuva kwawo ongabona ukuthi okuphuma emlonyeni wenyoni kuwuphawu lwempi, i-atlachinolli, imifudlana emibili, elinye lamanzi elinye igazi, okungase kuthiwe inyoka .
UKUDALWA KWEThempeli LOKUQALA
Encwadini yakhe, uFray Diego Durán usitshela ukuthi ama-Aztec afinyelela kanjani ogwini lweLake Texcoco futhi afuna izimpawu ezazibakhombise unkulunkulu wabo uHuitzilopochtli. Nakhu okuthakazelisayo: into yokuqala abayibonayo umfudlana wamanzi ogeleza phakathi kwamatshe amabili; eceleni kwaso kuneminyezane emhlophe, imijunipha nomhlanga, kuyilapho amaxoxo, izinyoka nezinhlanzi kuphuma emanzini, konke kumhlophe nakho. Abapristi bayajabula, ngoba bathole esinye sezimpawu uNkulunkulu wabo abanikeze zona. Ngakusasa babuyela endaweni efanayo bathola ukhozi lumi emhubheni. Indaba iqhubeka kanjena: baqhubekela phambili bayofuna isibikezelo sokhozi, futhi behamba besuka kolunye uhlangothi baya kolunye bahlela umhubhe futhi ngaphezulu kwawo ukhozi olulengele ngamaphiko alo lubheke emisebeni yelanga, luthatha ukushisa kwalo kanye nokuqabuleka ekuseni, nasezipikili zakhe wayenenyoni enhle kakhulu enezimpaphe eziyigugu kakhulu futhi ezikhazimulayo.
Ake sime isikhashana sichaze okuthile ngale nsumansumane. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, imiphakathi yasendulo isungula uchungechunge lwezimpawu ezihlobene nokusungulwa kwedolobha lazo. Okubenza benze njalo isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwabo eMhlabeni. Endabeni yama-Aztec, amaka kahle kakhulu izimpawu azibonayo ngosuku lokuqala futhi ezihambisana nombala omhlophe (izitshalo nezilwane) kanye nomfudlana wamanzi, futhi azihlukanise nezimpawu azobona ngakusasa ( ithuna, ukhozi, njll.). Hhayi-ke, izimpawu zokuqala ezibonwayo sezivele zivele edolobheni elingcwele laseCholula, uma sinaka lokho okusitshelwa ngumlando weToltec-Chichimeca, okungukuthi, yizimpawu ezihlotshaniswa namaToltec, abantu abaphambi kwama-Aztec, abo , kwakuyisibonelo sobukhulu bomuntu. Ngale ndlela benza ubuhlobo babo noma izinzalo zabo zibe semthethweni - ezingokoqobo noma ezingamanga - ngalabo bantu. Izimpawu zakamuva zokhozi nomhubhe zihlobene ngqo nama-Aztec. Ukhozi, njengoba kushiwo, lumele iLanga, ngoba iyinyoni endiza phezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ihlotshaniswa neHuitzilopochtli. Masikhumbule ukuthi lo mhubhe ukhula etsheni lapho inhliziyo kaCopil, isitha sikaHuitzilopochtli, yayiphonswe khona ngemuva kokuhlulwa nguye. Yile ndlela ukutholakala kukankulunkulu kugunyazwa ngayo ukuthola indawo lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona idolobha.
Kuyadingeka ukubhekisa lapha kolunye udaba olubalulekile: usuku lokusungulwa kwedolobha. Besihlale sitshelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngo-AD 1325. Imithombo eminingana iyiphinda iphikelela. Kepha kuvela ukuthi izifundo ze-archaeoastronomy zikhombisile ukuthi ukusitheka kwelanga kwenzeka ngalowo nyaka, obekuzoholela kubapristi bama-Aztec ukulungisa usuku lwesisekelo ukuze baluhlobanise nomcimbi obaluleke kangaka wasezulwini. Akufanele ikhohlakale ukuthi ukusitheka kwelanga eMexico yangaphambi kweSpanishi kwakugqokwe okufanekisela okuthile. Kwakuwukubonakaliswa okucacile komzabalazo phakathi kweLanga neNyanga, lapho kuvela khona izinganekwane ezinjengokulwa phakathi kukaHuitzilopochtli noCoyolxauhqui, owokuqala onobunjalo bawo belanga nowesibili wemvelo wenyanga, lapho iLanga liphuma linqoba njalo ekuseni, lapho uzalwa emhlabeni futhi uxosha ubumnyama bobusuku ngesikhali sakhe, i-xiuhcóatl noma inyoka yomlilo, okungeyona enye into ngaphandle kwe-ray yelanga.
Lapho ama-Aztec esetholile noma enikezwe indawo angahlala kuyo, uDurán ulandisa ukuthi into yokuqala abayenzayo ukwakha ithempeli likankulunkulu wabo. Usho kanje uDominican:
Ake sonke sihambe siyokwenza kuleyo ndawo yomhubhe indawo encane lapho kuhlala khona unkulunkulu wethu: ngoba ayakhiwe ngamatshe, yenziwa ngotshani nezindonga, ngoba okwamanje akukho okunye okungenziwa. Bese kuthi bonke ngentando enkulu baya endaweni yomhubhe futhi basika utshani obukhulu balezo mhlanga eceleni komhubhe ofanayo, benza isihlalo esiyisikwele, esasizosebenza njengesisekelo noma isihlalo se-hermitage kubo bonke abanye unkulunkulu wabo; Ngakho-ke bakha indlu empofu nencane phezu kwakhe, njengendawo ehlazisayo, embozwe ngotshani njengaleyo ababephuza emanzini afanayo, ngoba babengeke besakwazi ukuyithatha.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula okwenzekayo ngokulandelayo: UHuitzilopochtli ubayala ukuba bakhe umuzi nethempeli labo njengesikhungo. Indaba iyaqhubeka kanjena: "Tshela ibandla laseMexico ukuthi abanumzane ngamunye unezihlobo zabo, abangane, kanye nalabo abasebenzisana nabo bahlukane baba yizindawo ezine ezinkulu, bathatha phakathi nendawo indlu oyakhele ukuphumula kwami."
Isikhala esingcwele sisungulwa ngakho futhi sizungeze leso esizosebenza njengendawo yamadoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo zakhiwe ngokuya ngezinkomba ezine zomhlaba.
Kusukela kuleso sakhiwo sokuqala esenziwe ngezinto ezilula, ithempeli lizofinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu, ngemuva kokuthi ithempeli elifanayo lizofaka uTlaloc, unkulunkulu wamanzi, kanye nonkulunkulu wempi, uHuitzilopochtli. Okulandelayo, ake sibheke izigaba zokwakha ezitholwe yimivubukulo, kanye nezimpawu ezisemqoka zesakhiwo. Ake siqale ngesokugcina.
Ngokuvamile, iMeya yaseTemplo yayiyisakhiwo esasibheke ngasentshonalanga, lapho iLanga liwela khona. Izitebhisi zalo zazisuka enyakatho ziye eningizimu futhi zenziwa ngesigaba esisodwa, ngoba lapho kukhuphukela epulatifomu kwakukhona izitebhisi ezimbili eziholela engxenyeni engenhla yesakhiwo, ezakhiwe ngokulandelana yimizimba emine ebekiwe. Engxenyeni engenhla kwakukhona izindawo ezingcwele ezimbili, eyodwa inikezelwe kuHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu welanga nonkulunkulu wempi, kanti enye kuTlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula nokuzala. Ama-Aztec abhekele kahle ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele ingxenye ngayinye yesakhiwo ngokusho kukankulunkulu anikezelwe kuye. Ingxenye yeHuitzilopochtli ibihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yesakhiwo, kanti ingxenye yaseTláloc ibisohlangothini olusenyakatho. Kwezinye izigaba zokwakha, kubonakala amatshe wokuqagela agudla izidumbu zangaphansi okujwayelekile ohlangothini lukankulunkulu wempi, kanti leyo yaseTláloc inokubumba engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba ngamunye. Izinyoka ezinamakhanda azo ahlala endaweni yesikhulumi ngokujwayelekile ziyehluka komunye nomunye: lezo ezingasohlangothini lweTláloc zibukeka njengezinyoka zenyoka, kanti lezo zeHuitzilopochtli "ngamakhala amane" noma ama-nauyacas. Izindawo ezingcwele ezazisengxenyeni engenhla zazipendwe ngemibala ehlukene: ekaHuitzilopochtli enombala obomvu nomnyama naleyo yaseTláloc ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe. Kwenzeka okufanayo nangemibhoshongo yokuqothula eqeda ingxenye engenhla yezindawo ezingcwele, ngaphezu kwento eyayiphambi komnyango noma umnyango: ohlangothini lweHuitzilopochtli kwatholakala itshe lomhlatshelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi ipolychrome chac mool. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwabonakala ukuthi ezigabeni ezithile uhlangothi lukankulunkulu wempi lwalulukhulu kancane kunolozakwabo, olubuye lubhalwe kuTelleriano-Remensis Codex, yize epuletini elihambisanayo kube nephutha utshalomali ethempelini.
Isigaba II (cishe ngo-1390 AD). Lesi sigaba sokwakha sibonakala ngesimo saso esihle kakhulu sokongiwa kwemvelo. Kwavubukulwa izindawo ezingcwele ezimbili zengxenye ephezulu. Phambi kokufinyelela eHuitzilopochtli, kwatholakala itshe lomhlatshelo, eliqukethe ibhloko le-tezontle elakhiwe kahle phansi; ngaphansi kwetshe kwakukhona umnikelo wezimbaza zobuhlalu nobuhlalu obuluhlaza. Kunikelwe ngeminikelo eminingi ngaphansi phansi kwethempeli, kufaka phakathi ama-urns amabili womngcwabo aqukethe izinsalela zomuntu ezishisiwe (iminikelo 34 no-39). Ngokusobala izinsalela zomuntu othile wobukhosi obuphezulu kakhulu, ngoba zazihambisana nezinsimbi zegolide futhi indawo lapho kwakuhlala khona iminikelo yayiphakathi nendawo yethempeli, phansi kwebhentshi lapho kwakufanele kubekwe khona leso sithombe. umfanekiso kankulunkulu oyiqhawe. I-glyph 2 Rabbit etholakala esiteji sokugcina naku-eksisi enetshe lomhlatshelo ikhombisa, cishe, usuku olunikezwe lesi sigaba sokwakha, okuphakamisa ukuthi ama-Aztec ayesengaphansi kwe-Azcapotzalco. Uhlangothi lweTlaloc nalo lutholakale lusesimweni esihle; ezinsikeni zokungena ngaphakathi kwalo sibona umdwebo odongeni ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kwegumbi. Lesi sigaba kumele ngabe sasicishe sibe ngamamitha ayi-15 ukuphakama, yize sasingenakumbiwa engxenyeni yaso engezansi, kwazise izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lasivimbela.
Isigaba III (cishe ngo-1431 AD). Lesi sigaba sasinokukhula okukhulu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezine zethempeli futhi sasimboza ngokuphelele isigaba esedlule. Idethi ifana ne-glyph 4 Caña esengxenyeni engemuva kwegumbi elingaphansi futhi lokho kukhombisa, ngendlela, ukuthi ama-Aztec azikhulule ejokeni le-Azcapotzalco, elenzeka ngonyaka we-1428, ngaphansi kukahulumeni wase-Itzcóatl, ngakho-ke ukuthi manje amaTepanecs kwakuyimithelo, yingakho ithempeli lathola izilinganiso ezinkulu. Kuncike ezitebhisini eziya ethempelini likaHuitzilopochtli, kwatholakala imifanekiso ebaziwe eyisishiyagalombili, mhlawumbe eyamaqhawe, kwesinye isikhathi emboza izifuba zabo ngezandla, kanti enye inembobo encane esifubeni, lapho kwatholakala khona ubuhlalu bamatshe aluhlaza. , okusho izinhliziyo. Sicabanga ukuthi ngamaHuitznahuas, noma amaqhawe aseningizimu, alwa noHuitzilopochtli, njengoba kulandisa le nsumansumane. Kuqoshwe nemifanekiso emithathu yamatshe ezitebhisini zaseTláloc, enye yazo emele inyoka, emihlathini yayo kuvela ubuso bomuntu. Sekukonke, iminikelo eyishumi nantathu ehlotshaniswa nalesi sigaba itholakele. Ezinye ziqukethe izinsalela zezilwane zasolwandle, okusho ukuthi ukunwetshwa kweMexico kuya ogwini sekuqalile.
Izigaba IV no-IVa (cishe ngo-AD 1454). Lezi zigaba kuthiwa zenziwa nguMoctezuma I, owayephethe iTenochtitlan phakathi kuka-1440 no-1469. Izinto ezivela eminikelweni etholakala lapho, kanye nezimpawu ezihlobisa isakhiwo, zikhomba ukuthi umbuso usunwebeke ngokuphelele. Kokugcina, kufanele sigqamise amakhanda ezinyoka kanye nama-brazier amabili asezingeni lawo, ayetholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi yezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu nasemuva kwesikhulumi. Isiteji IVa kuphela ukunwetshwa kwe-facade enkulu. Ngokuvamile, iminikelo eyembiwe ikhombisa izinsalela zezinhlanzi, amagobolondo, iminenke namakhorali, nezicucu ezivela kwamanye amasayithi, njengalezo ezisesitayeleni saseMezcala, iGuerrero, kanye neMixtec “penates” yase-Oaxaca, esitshela ngokusabalala kwe umbuso ubheke kulezo zifunda.
Isigaba IVb (1469 AD). Kuyisandiso se-façade eyinhloko, eshiwo ku-Axayácatl (1469-1481 AD). Izinsalela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakha zihambisana nepulatifomu ejwayelekile, ngenxa yezitebhisi ezimbili eziholela emathempelini, bekungekho zinyathelo ezisele. Phakathi kwezingcezu ezivelele zalesi sigaba kukhona isithombe esibaziwe seCoyolxauhqui, esisendaweni yesikhulumi naphakathi kwesinyathelo sokuqala ohlangothini lweHuitzilopochtli. Iminikelo ehlukahlukene itholakale ezungeze unkulunkulukazi. Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ama-urns amabili omngcwabo wobumba owolintshi aqukethe amathambo ashile nezinye izinto. Ukufundwa kwezinsalela zamathambo kubonise ukuthi bangabantu besilisa, mhlawumbe abezempi abasezingeni eliphezulu abalimele nababulawa empini neMichoacán, ngoba akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi i-Axayácatl yahlulwa kabuhlungu yiTarascans. Ezinye izinto ezikhona emsamo yizinhloko ezine zezinyoka eziyingxenye yezitebhisi eziholela phezulu kwesakhiwo. Ifreyimu emibili izitebhisi zaseTláloc kanti ezinye ezimbili yilezo zeHuitzilopochtli, lezo ohlangothini ngalunye zihlukile. Okunye okubalulekile yizinyoka ezimbili ezinkulu ezinemizimba engavuleki esekupheleni kwepulatifomu futhi ezingalinganisa amamitha ayi-7 ubude. Emaphethelweni kukhona namakamelo anezitezi zemabula zemikhosi ethile. I-altare elincane elibizwa nge- "Altar de las Ranas", elisehlangothini lwaseTláloc, liphazamisa izitebhisi ezisuka endaweni enkulu iye epulatifomu.
Inani elikhulu kakhulu leminikelo litholakale kulesi sigaba, ngaphansi kwepulatifomu; Lokhu kusitshela ngesikhathi seTenochtitlan esidlangalaleni kanye nenani lemingenelo engaphansi kwayo. IMeya yaseTemplo yakhula ngosayizi nobukhazikhazi futhi yayiyisibonakaliso samandla ama-Aztec kwezinye izifunda.
Isigaba V (cishe ngo-1482 AD). Okuncane okusele kulesi sigaba, kuphela ingxenye yesikhulumi esikhulu okwakumi kuso ithempeli. Mhlawumbe into ebaluleke kunazo zonke iqembu elitholwe enyakatho yeMeya yaseTemplo esilibiza nge- “Recinto de las Águilas” noma “de los Guerreros Águila”. Iqukethe ihholo elimise okwama-L elinensalela yezinsika namabhentshi ahlotshiswe ngamaqhawe e-polychrome. Emigwaqeni yomgwaqo, kwatholakala imifanekiso emibili yobumba ebabazekayo emele amaqhawe okhozi emnyango obheke entshonalanga, nakomunye umnyango izithombe ezimbili zento efanayo, nguMictlantecuhtli, inkosi yomhlaba. Le nxanxathela inamakamelo, imihubhe nezindawo zokupaka ezingaphakathi; Emnyango wephaseji, kutholakale izibalo ezimbili zamathambo ezenziwe ngobumba esitokisini. Lesi sigaba sithathwa yiTízoc (1481-1486 AD).
Isigaba VI (cishe ngo-1486 AD). U-Ahuízotl ukhiphe isinqumo phakathi kuka-1486 no-1502. Lesi sigaba singabalwa kuye, esasimboze izinhlangothi ezine zethempeli. Kuyadingeka ukugcizelela izindawo ezingcwele ezenziwa eduze kweThempeli Elikhulu; Lawa abizwa ngokuthi "Amathempeli Abomvu", angaphambili akhe amakhulu abheke empumalanga. Zitholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zethempeli futhi zisayigcina imibala yoqobo ebipendwe ngayo, okukhona kuyo okubomvu. Banendawo yokwamukela izivakashi ehlotshiswe ngamasongo amatshe anombala ofanayo. Ohlangothini olusenyakatho lweMeya yeTemplo, kwakukhona amanye amathempeli amabili, aqondaniswe neThempeli Elibomvu ngaphesheya: elinye lihlotshiswe ngamakhakhayi amatshe elinye libheke entshonalanga. Esokuqala sithakazelisa ngokukhethekile, njengoba siphakathi kokunye okubili, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ihlotshiswe ngamakhakhayi acishe abe yi-240, ingahle ikhombise inkombandlela yasenyakatho yendawo yonke, inkomba yokubanda nokufa. Kukhona enye futhi indawo engcwele ngemuva kwe- "Eagles Enclosure", ebizwa nge-shrine D. Igcinwe kahle futhi engxenyeni yayo engenhla ikhombisa umugqa oyindilinga ophakamisa ukuthi isithombe sagxiliswa lapho. Ingxenye yengaphansi engaphansi kwe- "Recinto de las Águilas" nayo itholakele, okusho ukuthi isakhiwo sakhuliswa ngalesi sikhathi.
Isigaba VII (cishe ngo-1502 AD). Kutholakale kuphela ingxenye yesikhulumi ebesisekela iMeya yaseTemplo. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sigaba kukhonjwe kuMoctezuma II (1502-1520 AD); Kwakuyilapho iSpanish sayibona futhi sayicekela phansi. Isakhiwo sifike kumamitha ayi-82 ohlangothini futhi cishe ngamamitha angama-45 ukuphakama.
Kuze kube manje sesibonile ukuthi isayensi yemivubukulo isivumele ukuthi sithole ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu yokumba, kepha kusazobonwa ukuthi luphawu luni lwesakhiwo esibaluleke kangaka nokuthi kungani sanikezelwa konkulunkulu ababili: uHuitzilopochtli noTláloc.
