Lapho sibheka isifunda sase-Abra-Tanchipa ebalazweni, sithola iphuzu phakathi kwamadolobha aseValles naseTamuín, empumalanga yesifundazwe saseSan Luis Potosí.
Ngakho-ke, sihlela ukuvakashela esinye sezindawo zokugcina izilwane ezincane kunazo zonke ezweni. Esikhathini esedlule bekuyisihlalo sabahlali baseHuastec futhi namuhla sisahlala singenazo izindawo zokuhlala abantu, yize endaweni yaso kunethonya kunama-ejidos ayishumi nanhlanu anabantu bawo abazinikele ekufuyeni nasekulimeleni imvula, ngezitshalo zommbila, ubhontshisi, isafulawa, amabele, ubhontshisi umoba.
Ingenye yezindawo zokugcina izinto eziphilayo ezinabizelwe kakhulu, ezinendawo engamahektha angama-21,464 wamazwe omphakathi, kazwelonke nawangasese. Cishe amaphesenti angama-80 omhlaba akha indawo esemqoka, eyenzelwe imisebenzi yocwaningo lwesayensi. Ihlala esifundeni esaziwa ngokuthi yiSierra Tanchipa, enezinto eziphilayo ezihlukile nezinezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-abiotic ezakha okunye kokungabaza kwezitshalo nezilwane, okunezici zeNeotropical, okuqhubekela phambili enyakatho yezwe.
Ngaphandle kokuba yingxenye yeSierra Madre Oriental, iyinto ebalulekile ezimweni zesimo sezulu, ngoba isebenza njengesithiyo sezulu phakathi kwethafa elisogwini leGulf ne-altiplano. Lapha, imimoya yasolwandle emanzi ekhuphukayo iyaphola lapho ithinta umhlaba, futhi umswakama uyajiya futhi ukhiqize imvula eningi.
Isimo sezulu siyashisa cishe unyaka wonke. Izinga lokushisa liyahluka kancane, futhi lilinganiselwa ku-24.5 ° C ngenyanga. Izimvula zivame kakhulu ehlobo, kanti imvula eba minyaka yonke eyi-1,070 mm imele umthombo obalulekile wokugcwalisa kabusha ithebula lamanzi endaweni yethonya nemithombo yesifunda. Kunemizimba eyisithupha yamanzi unomphela, njengeLa Lajilla, iLos Venados, amadamu aseDel Mante, neLos Pato lagoon; imizimba eminingana yesikhashana yamanzi, imifula emibili nomfudlana, ogcina umjikelezo wamanzi wale ndawo, uzinzisa izitshalo futhi uthande izinhlelo ezimbili zamanzi: umgodi iPánuco river, iValles neTamuín (Choy), kanye nomfula IGuayalejo, indawo yomfula iTantoán.
IZINDAWO ZOKUPHILA KWENDALO NEZINDAWO ZOKUVUSELELWA KWE-ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Uhlu lokuqala lwezimbali luqopha izinhlobo ezingama-300 phakathi kwezitshalo ezinemithambo yegazi nolwelwe lwamanzi angenasawoti; ngezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, njenge-Brahea dulcis palm, i-Chamaedorea radicalis palm, i-Encyclia cochleata orchid, i-Dioon eduley chamal ne-Beaucarnea inermis soyate egcwele kakhulu. Izihlahla zifinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-20 futhi zakha ihlathi eliphakathi nendawo, elingagcini kakhulu, futhi livela njengeziqeshana ezisendaweni ephakeme, lapho zixubana khona nehlathi eliphansi, eliphazanyiswa ukucwenga namadlelo, ngoba lithatha izindawo ezikhukhulayo ezinamanzi amaningi empumalanga ye ukubhuka.
Olunye uhlobo lwezimila ihlathi eliphansi eliwela ingxenye yamahlamvu alo ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka; inenhlabathi empofu ekhaliphile futhi ixubene nehlathi eliphakathi, okuyindawo emelwe kahle kakhulu phakathi kuka-300 no-700 m asl. Emathafeni amakhulu asenyakatho-ntshonalanga, izimbali zokuqala zithathelwe indawo yimifino yesibili nemithi yesundu yeSabal mexicana, etholakala ehlathini elingezansi futhi edalwa yimililo evamile.
Emathafeni asentshonalanga, imicu yezihlahla ezinameva kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezincane ezinhlobonhlobo ezibusayo. Indawo eyinqayizivele yezitshalo i-holm oak eshisayo iQuercus oleoides, ehambelana nezimbali ezingazodwa ezingxenyeni ezincane eziphansi zezintaba. Isatshalaliswa ethafeni elisogwini lweGulf of Mexico, kusuka ehlathini elishisayo laseHuasteca Potosina kuya eChiapas. Lawa ngamahlathi ezimbiwa akha izinsalela zezimila, ezake zaba namandla kakhulu ezihlotshaniswa nezimo zezulu ezipholile nezibandayo kusukela ezikhathini zenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa (phakathi kuka-80,000 no-18,000 BC).
Ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi se-glaciation kuholele ekubeni khona kwalezi zihlahla ze-holm emathafeni abanzi ogu lwaseGulf, okuyisampula semvelo entekenteke, manje ephazamisekile impela nabasinda ezikhathini ezinzima.
Ngokuphathelene nezilwane zasendaweni, amarekhodi afaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 zezilwane ezincelisayo, phakathi kwazo kunezinsikazi ezisongelwa ngokuqothulwa, njenge-jaguar Panthera onca, i-marlin Felis wiedii, i-ocelot Felis pardalis, ne-puma Felis concolor. Kukhona izilwane zezintshisekelo zokuzingela, ezinjengengulube yasendle iTayassu tajacu, inyamazane emsila omhlophe u-Odocoileus virginianus kanye nonogwaja uSylvilagus floridanus, phakathi kwabanye. I-avifauna ingeza ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziyikhulu zezakhamuzi nezifudukayo, zazo ezivikelekile izinyoni ezifana nepholi “elibheke phambili elibomvu” Amazona autumnalis, i-calandrias Icterus gulariseI. cucullatus, kanye ne-chincho Mimus polyglottos. Phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni, kutholakale izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30: inyoka iBoa constrictor, ebhekwa njengengcuphe yokuqothulwa, imele isihuquzeli esikhulu kunazo zonke. Ngokuqondene nezingenamgogodla, kunemindeni engaphezu kwekhulu enamakhulu ezinhlobo ezingaziwa.
Indawo yokugcina ibalulekile kumikhakha yamasiko ne-anthropological, ngokuba yindawo ebanzi yokuhlala kwabantu isiko laseHuasteca. Izindawo ezingama-17 zemivubukulo zitholakele, njengeCerro Alto, iVista Hermosa, iTampacuala, i-El Peñón Tanchipa kanye neLa Hondurada, isikhungo esibalulekile somkhosi. Indawo yokulondolozwa inemihume eyayihlolwe kancane, phakathi kwayo okugqama kakhulu uCorinto, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, kanti iTanchipa, okusele yi-El Ciruelo neLos Monos, kanye nezimbobo ezingenakubalwa ezinama-petroglyph noma amatshe aqoshiwe.
UMGODO WESITANCHIPA, INDAWO ENESITHAKAZELO ESINEMFIHLO EFIHLIWE
Icebo lokuvakashela lesi siqiwi lalibandakanya nemizila eminingana, kepha okwakuthakazelisa kakhulu, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kwakuwukufika emgedeni waseTanchipa. Leli qembu lakhiwa noPedro Medellín, uGilberto Torres, uGermán Zamora, ongumqondisi kanye nami. Sizihlomisa ngekhampasi, ukudla, ucelemba, okungenani okungenani amalitha amabili amanzi ngamunye, ngoba kule ndawo kuyindlala.
Sishiye uCiudad Valles ekuseni kakhulu, ukuze siqhubeke nomgwaqo omkhulu oya eCiudad Mante, eTamaulipas. Ngakwesokudla, ngemuva kwamathafa abanzi ebanga elincane lezintaba ezakha lesi siqiwi futhi, ekuphakameni kwepulazi laseLaguna del Mante, ekhilomitha elingama-37, kuphawulwe uphawu oluthi: “Puente del Tigre”. Sehlise ijubane ngoba u-300 m uqhubekela phambili, kwesokudla, ukuphambuka kwamakhilomitha ayisithupha omgwaqo owubhuqu kuqala okuholela endaweni yase "Las Yeguas" lapho sishiye khona imoto ehamba ngamasondo amane. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuqhubeke, sithola igebe elimbozwe izitshalo ezinomuthi, ngenxa yokungasetshenziswa futhi, ezinhlangothini zombili, amahlathi kanye ne-acacias enameva iGavia sp, okuthi lapho iqhakaza ihlobise umgwaqo, obizwa nge- “Paso de las Gavias”. Ebangeni elide besiphelezelwa uhlaza lwesibili, olususelwa emadlelweni asendulo futhi lunamachashaza esundu sasebukhosini saseMexico iSabal, kuze kufike lapho umthambeka udinga khona umzamo owengeziwe wokuqwala. Lapho, saba nomuzwa wokuthi indawo ishintshile; uhlaza luba minyene kakhulu futhi izihlahla ezide zecaca Bursera simarubay red cedar Cedrela adorata, zifinyelela ku-20 m ukuphakama.
Sikhuphukele endleleni ezungezwe izitshalo esizibone njengemihlobiso ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, njenge mocoque Pseudobombax ellipticum, cacalosúchilPlumeria rubra, palmilla Chamaedorea radicalis, pitaYucca treculeana, chamalDioon edule, kanye ne-soyateBeaucarnea inermis. Yizinhlobo ezigcwele lapha endaweni yazo yasekuqaleni, lapho zimila khona phakathi kwemifantu namatshe amakhulu anekhabhoni ukuze zisebenzise inhlabathi eyindlala. Kuwo wonke amagxathu sigwema ama-liana, ameva namaroyate amakhulu okuthi, ngezisekelo zawo ezibanzi, afane nemilenze yezindlovu futhi abuse cishe lonke uhla lwezintaba. Maphakathi nohlaza, cishe amamitha ayisishiyagalombili ukuphakama, ezinye izinhlobo zisinaka, njengesihlahla esiqinile se "rajador", i- "palo de leche" (esetshenziselwa izinhlanzi ze-enciela), i-chaca, i-tepeguaje nomkhiwane, iziqu ezimbozwe ngama-orchid, ama-bromeliads nama-fern. Ngaphansi kwamahlamvu, izitshalo ezincane ezinjenge-guapilla, i-nopal, i-jacube, i-chamal ne-palmilla zigcwalisa izikhala. Phakathi kwezimbali ezibhekiwe kunezinhlobo ezingama-50 ezisetshenziswa emithini yendabuko, ekwakhiweni, ekuhlobiseni nasekudleni.
Ukuhamba kwasenza sakhathala ngoba kwaphela amahora amathathu sihamba uhambo lwamakhilomitha angaba yishumi ukufika esicongweni sentaba, sisuka lapho sazisa khona ingxenye enkulu yesiqiwu. Asisaqhubeki nokuqhubeka, kepha amakhilomitha ambalwa, ngokusebenzisa igebe elifanayo, sifinyelela kuhlaza lwemifino ye-oki yasezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo ezingaziwa kakhulu.
Singene emhumeni waseTanchipa, onobumnyama obukhulu nomoya opholile ohluke kakhulu endaweni engaphandle. Emnyango, ukukhanya okufiphele kuphela okugeza futhi kuhlukanise umugqa wawo, okwakhiwe ngezindonga zamakristalu e-calcite futhi embozwe izingqimba eziluhlaza zobulembu. Umgodi ucishe ube ngamamitha angama-50 ububanzi nangaphezulu kwamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama egumbini eligobile, lapho amakhulu amalulwane elenga khona phakathi kwezikhala phakathi kwama-stalactites futhi, ezansi enothuli, umhubhe uhamba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ujule ebumnyameni imifantu.
Umhume akuwona nje ubumnyama. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kutholakala esitezi esingezansi, lapho kuphumula khona izinsalela zomuntu omdala, njengoba kungabonakala emathanjeni enqwabelene ekhoneni elilodwa. Eduze, kubonakala umgodi ongunxande, umkhiqizo wethuna eliphangiwe eligcina kuphela amatshe omfula ahlukanisiwe abalethwe evela emazweni akude ukumboza izinsalela zomlingiswa ongaziwa. Ezinye izakhamuzi zasendaweni zisitshela ukuthi, kulo mhume, amathambo anezingebhezi ezinkulu eziyisikhombisa, eziphakathi kuka-30 no-40 cm, akhishwa nge-perforation maphakathi nengxenye yawo ephezulu.
Umhume, osesiqongweni sentaba, uyingxenye yokudangala okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-50 ukuphakama, kanti ngezansi kumbozwe izimila ezicebile zeplatanillo, ukwatapheya, umkhiwane; i-herbaceous nama-liana ahlukile kuleyo yemvelo engaphandle. Ngaseningizimu yaleli sayithi, umhume waseKorinte mkhulu kakhulu futhi ubukeka umuhle futhi unezimfihlo ezifihlwe ngaphakathi kwendawo enkulu ebanzi. Ngesikhathi sokudla kwasemini sisebenzisa omunye wemigodi esezingeni eliphansi komhlaba, lapho kungenzeka khona ukulala ubusuku noma sikhosele emvuleni.
Imbuyiselo iyashesha, futhi yize kunguhambo olukhathazayo, manje sesiyazi ukuthi lolu luhlu lwezintaba, olwamenyezelwa njengeBiosphere Reserve ngoJuni 6, 1994, lunokubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu, izinsalela ezahlukahlukene cishe ezingaziwa zemivubukulo, imiphakathi yezitshalo egcinwe kahle, futhi yakha indawo yesiphephelo yemvelo yezilwane zesifunda.
