Umlando wesikhathi esedlule seMexico uye wavela kancane kancane; I-Sigüenza Codex ingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu esazazi ngayo ezinye izici zempilo yaleli dolobha lokhokho.
Ama-codex, amadokhumende esiko langaphambi kweSpanishi elenziwa yi-tlacuilo noma umbhali, angaba ezenkolo, ukuze kusetshenziswe abapristi bezinkolo ezahlukahlukene, babezinikezele nasezindabeni zezomnotho ezisetshenziswa njengokubhaliswa kwabantu noma impahla nabanye abathumela imicimbi ebalulekile yomlando. Lapho abaseSpain befika futhi bephoqa isiko elisha, ukwenziwa kwama-codex enkolo kwanyamalala; Kodwa-ke, sithola inani elikhulu lamadokhumenti anama-pictograms abhekisa ezindaweni ezithile, lapho abeka khona izakhiwo noma babhalise izindaba ezahlukahlukene.
ICodex yeSigüenza
Le codex yicala elikhethekile, ingqikithi yayo ingokomlando futhi ikhuluma ngemvelaphi yama-Aztec, uhambo lwawo lokuhambela ngezinkonzo nokusungulwa kwedolobha elisha laseTenochtitlan. Yize yenziwa ngemuva kokunqoba, isabonisa izici ezihlukile zamasiko omdabu. Kungashiwo ukuthi udaba olufana nokufuduka kwama-Aztec lwalubaluleke kakhulu kulabo bantu, abafika eSigodini SaseMexico beshoda ngokudlula okwedlule.
Kuwo wonke lo mbhalo, imihlaba emibili eyehlukene iyahlangana futhi ihlangane. Isilinganiso somuntu se-Renaissance, ukusetshenziswa kukayinki wokugeza ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa komugqa, ivolumu, umdwebo okhululeke futhi onengqondo ngokwengeziwe, ukufiphaza nokusetshenziswa kwama-gloss ku-alfabhethi lesi-Latin, kunquma ithonya laseYurophu eselivele libe yingxenye yenkulumo yomdabu. ukuthi, uma unikezwe isikhathi lapho kwenziwa khona i-codex, kunzima ukuyihlukanisa. Kodwa-ke, amasiko agxile amakhulu eminyaka emphefumulweni we-tlacuilo aqhubeka ngamandla amakhulu ngakho-ke siyabona ukuthi ama-glyphs angaziwa noma abekwa endaweni asamelwe negquma njengophawu lwendawo; indlela ikhonjiswa ngezinyawo; ubukhulu bomugqa wentaba buqhubeka nokuzimisela; ukuma kwebalazwe kugcinwa neMpumalanga engxenyeni engenhla, ngokungafani nesiko laseYurophu lapho iNyakatho isetshenziswa khona njengendawo yokubhekisela; imibuthano emincane kanye nokumelwa kwe-xiuhmolpilli noma inqwaba yezinduku kusetshenziselwa ukumaka ukuphela kwesikhathi; Akukho mkhathizwe, futhi awukho umzamo wokwenza ama-portraits futhi i-oda lokufunda linikezwa ngomugqa ophawula umzila wokuhambela.
Njengoba igama layo libonisa, iSigüenza Codex kwakungeyombongi nesazi esidumile uCarlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (1645-1700). Lo mbhalo obaluleke kakhulu uku-National Library of Anthropology and History of Mexico City. Yize ukunqotshwa kweSpain kwakufuna ukunqamula noma yikuphi ukuxhumana nokwedlule, le codex iwubufakazi bangempela bokukhathazeka kwabomdabu, kokubheka esikhathini esedlule kanye nezimpande zamasiko eMexico, okuthe yize buthakathaka, ukubakhona kwabo kulo lonke leli khulu leminyaka kuyabonakala. XVI.
Uhambo luyaqala
Njengoba inganekwane eyaziwayo isho, ama-Aztec ashiya izwe lakubo i-Aztlán ngaphansi kwezikhathi zikankulunkulu wawo uHuitzilopochtli (umzwilili waseningizimu). Ngesikhathi sohambo olude bavakashela izindawo ezahlukahlukene kanti i-tlacuilo noma umbhali uzosibamba ngesandla ngokufaka imijikelezo yomzila. Ukulandisa kokuhlangenwe nakho, ukunqoba nezinhlekelele, ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwenganekwane yomlingo nomlando kuhlangene ngokuphathwa kwesikhathi esedlule ngenhloso yezepolitiki. Amandla ama-Aztec asakazeka kusukela ekusungulweni kweTenochtitlan, kanti iMexico yavuselela izinganekwane zabo ukuthi zivele njengabantu bamadlozi ahloniphekile, bathi bayinzalo yamaToltec futhi babelana ngezimpande zabo nabakwaColhuas, yingakho iColhuacan ekhulunywa njalo njalo. Eqinisweni, isiza sokuqala abasivakashelayo yiTeoculhuacan, ebhekise kuCulhuacan wasenganekwaneni noma eColhuacan, omelwe negquma eligwegwile ekhoneni elingakwesokudla lomthombo wamanzi amane; Ngaphakathi kokugcina singabona isiqhingi esimele i-Aztlán, lapho inyoni ebabazekayo ime yinde phambi kwabalandeli bayo, ibanxusa ukuba baqale uhambo olude lokuya ezweni elingcono.
Amadoda azihlela ngokwawo, kungaba ngezizwe noma ngokulandela inkosi ethile. Umlingiswa ngamunye ufaka uphawu lwabo olunamathele ekhanda labo ngomugqa omncane. Umbhali we-codex ubala izinhlanga eziyi-15 ezithatha lolu hambo, ngasinye simelwe yinduna yaso, sehlukanisa izinhlamvu ezinhlanu ezishiya kuqala ziholwa nguXomimitl, oqala uhambo oluya ephethe uphawu lwegama lakhe, ‘i-arrow foot’; Ilandelwa yilokho okungenzeka ukuthi kubizwa ngokuthi yiHuitziton, kamuva kwathiwa nguXiuhneltzin, okukhulunywa ngaye ku-codex yango-1567, yathola igama layo ku-xiuh-turquoise, i-Xicotin kanye neHuitzilihuitl yokugcina, inhloko ye-Huitznaha eyaziwa yinhloko ye-hummingbird.
Lezi zinhlamvu ezinhlanu zifika e-Aztacoalco (aztlatl-garza, atl-agua, comitl-olla), indawo lapho kuqale khona ukuxabana selokhu kwasuka e-Aztlán, -ngokusho kwalo mbhalo- futhi sibona iphiramidi nethempeli elishisiwe, uphawu lokwehlulwa lokho kwenzeke kule ndawo. Lapha, ezinye izinhlamvu eziyi-10 noma izizwe zibumbene, zimasha emgwaqweni ofanayo ziya eTenochtitlan, owokuqala ukuhola leli qembu elisha akatholakalanga futhi kunezinguqulo eziningana, kungenzeka ukuthi uyinduna yeTlacochalcas (okusho ukuthi imicibisholo iyagcinwa), u-Amimitl (ophethe induku iMixcoatl) noma iMimitzin (igama elivela kumicibisholo ye-mimitl), okulandelayo, okuzobamba iqhaza elibalulekile kamuva yiTenoch (leyo yamapheya ayigugu); bese kuvela ikhanda lama-matlatzincas (aqhamuka endaweni yamanetha), alandelwa uCuautlix (ubuso bokhozi), u-Ocelopan (onebhanela lengwe), uCuapan noma iQuetzalpantl uya ngemuva, bese u-Apanecatl (imigudu yamanzi) ehamba, I-Ahuexotl (willow water), i-Acacitli (umhlanga hare), kanye neyokugcina okungenzeka ukuthi ayikaziwa kuze kube manje.
Ulaka lukaHuitzilopochtli
Ngemuva kokudlula e-Oztocolco (oztoc-grotto, comitl-olla), eCincotlan (eduze nembiza yezindlebe), nase-Icpactepec, ama-Aztec afika endaweni lapho akha khona ithempeli. UHuitzilopochtli, ebona ukuthi abalandeli bakhe abalindanga baze bafike endaweni engcwele, uyathukuthela futhi ngamandla akhe aphezulu uthumela isijeziso kubo: izihloko zezihlahla zisongela ukuwa lapho kuvunguza umoya onamandla, imisebe ewa esibhakabhakeni iyashayisana ngokumelene namagatsha nemvula yomlilo ibeka umlilo ethempelini, elisepiramidi. UXiuhneltzin, omunye wamakhosi, ushonela kule ndawo futhi umzimba wakhe osemboziwe uvela ku-codex ukuqopha leli qiniso. Kule ndawo kugujwa iXiuhmolpillia, uphawu oluvela lapha njengenqwaba yezinduku ezincwadini ezinyaweni ezintathu, kungukuphela komjikelezo weminyaka engama-52, kulapho abomdabu bazibuza ukuthi ilanga lizophinde liphume yini, uma kuzoba khona impilo ngokulandelayo usuku.
Uhambo luyaqhubeka, badlula ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, isikhathi esihambisana nezikhathi zokuhlala ezihluka kusuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kwengu-15 endaweni ngayinye, kuboniswa yimibuthano emincane ohlangothini olulodwa noma ngezansi kwegama lendawo ngalinye. Balandela njalo izinyathelo ezikhombisa indlela, beholwa unkulunkulu wabo oyiqhawe, baqhubeka nemashi bebheke endaweni engaziwa, bedlula emadolobheni amaningi anjengeTizaatepec, iTetepanco (ezindongeni zamatshe), eTeotzapotlan (indawo yamanzi amatshe amatshe), njalonjalo, kuze kufike eTzompanco (lapho kukhonjelwa khona izingebhezi), indawo ebalulekile ephindaphindwayo cishe kuyo yonke imibhalo yohambo lokuvakasha. Ngemuva kokudlula kwamanye amadolobha amaningana, bafika eMatlatzinco lapho kukhona ukuchezuka khona; i-Anales de Tlatelolco ilandisa ukuthi uHuitzilihuitl ulahlekelwe indlela okwesikhashana wabe esejoyina abantu bakhe. Amandla aphezulu nethemba lendawo ethenjisiwe ikhiqiza amandla adingekayo ukuze aqhubeke nendlela, avakashela izindawo eziningi ezibalulekile njenge-Azcapotzalco (induli), iCalco (indawo yetshe eliyigugu), iPantitlan, (indawo yamafulegi) iTolpetlac (lapho bekhona los tules) kanye ne-Ecatepec (igquma lase-Ehécatl, unkulunkulu womoya), bonke nabo babaluliwe ku-Strip of the pilgrimage.
Impi yaseChapultepec
Ngokufanayo, bavakashela amanye amasayithi angaziwa kangako kuze kube ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile bahlala eChapultepec (chapulín hill) lapho umlingiswa u-Ahuexotl (water willow) no-Apanecatl (lowo we-Apan, - imigudu yamanzi-) elele efile phansi intaba ngemuva kokubambana nabakwaColhuas, iqembu elake lazinza kulezi zindawo. Kwaba njalo ukwehlulwa abanye babalekela kulokho okwakuzoba yiTlatelolco, kepha endleleni bayabanjwa futhi uMazatzin, omunye wabaholi baseMexico, uyaqaqwa; ezinye iziboshwa ziyiswa eCulhuacan lapho zifela khona zinqunywe ikhanda ezinye zifihle echibini eliphakathi kwama-tulares nemibhede yomhlanga. U-Acacitli (umhlanga hare), uCuapan (onefulegi) nomunye umlingiswa bakhipha amakhanda abo emgodini, batholwa futhi bathathwa njengesiboshwa phambi kukaCoxcox (pheasant), inkosi yamaColhua, owayehleli ku-icpalli noma esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi uthola intela evela ezincekwini zakhe ezintsha, ama-Aztec.
Kusukela empini eChapultepec, izimpilo zaseMexico zashintsha, baba amaserfs futhi isigaba sabo semizulane saphela cishe. I-tlacuilo ithwebula imininingwane yakamuva kusuka kuhambo olungcwele endaweni encishisiwe, ihlanganisa izakhi, igwebe indlela futhi ilole ama-curvature alo mzila. Into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kuleli phuzu kufanele uvule idokhumenti cishe ubheke phansi ukuze ukwazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda, wonke ama-glyphs avela ngemuva kweChapultepec asohlangothini oluphambene, indawo enamachibi kanye neyechibi ephawula isiGodi senkabeni yeMexico kuyabonakala ngokubonakala kwamakhambi asendle azungeze lezi zindawo zokugcina. Lesi ukuphela kwendawo lapho umbhali ezinikeza khona inkululeko yokupenda indawo ebukeka.
Kamuva, ama-Aztec ayakwazi ukuzinza e-Acolco (phakathi kwamanzi), futhi ngemuva kokudlula eContintlan (eduze kwamabhodwe), baphinde balwe endaweni eseduze ne-Azcatitlan-Mexicaltzinco nabanye abantu abangaziwa lapha. Ukufa, okufanekiselwa yindoda enqunywe ikhanda, kuphinde kwahlukumeza abantu be-pilgrim.
Bahamba begudla umngcele wamachibi eSigodini SaseMexico bedlula eTlachco, lapho kutholakala khona inkundla yebhola (okuwukuphela kwendawo edwetshwe ngohlelo lwasemoyeni), Iztacalco, lapho kukhona khona impi ekhonjiswe yisihlangu ohlangothini olungakwesokudla lwendlu. Ngemuva kwalo mcimbi, owesifazane ohloniphekile, owayekhulelwe, unengane, yingakho le ngosi ibizwa ngeMixiuhcan (indawo yokubelethela). Ngemuva kokubeletha, kwakuyisiko ukuthi umama ageze okungcwele, itemacalli okususelwa kulo igama leTemazcaltitlan, indawo lapho abantu baseMexico bahlala khona iminyaka emi-4 futhi bagubha iXiuhmolpillia (ukugubha umlilo omusha).
Isisekelo
Ekugcineni, isethembiso sikaHuitzilopochtli sigcwalisekile, bafika endaweni ekhonjwe ngunkulunkulu wabo, bahlala maphakathi netheku bathola idolobha laseTenochtitlan lapha limelwe yindilinga kanye necactus, uphawu olukhomba isikhungo nokwahlukaniswa kwamakhelwane amane. : Teopan, namuhla iSan Pablo; I-Atzacoalco, iSan Sebastián; ICuepopan, iSanta María neMorotlan, eSan Juan.
Izinhlamvu ezinhlanu zivela njengabasunguli beTenochtitlan, phakathi kwabo iTenoch eyaziwayo (lena enepheya eliyigugu lamatshe) no-Ocelopan (lowo onebhena lehlosi). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuneziteshi ezimbili zamanzi ezakhiwe ezivela eChapultepec zokunikeza idolobha isiphethu esivela kule ndawo, futhi okukhonjisiwe kule codex enemigqa emibili eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, edabula endaweni eyixhaphozi, ize ifinyelele ku idolobha. Okwedlule kwabantu bomdabu baseMexico kubhalwe emibhalweni yezithombe, efana nalena, edlulisa imininingwane ngomlando wabo. Ukufundwa nokusatshalaliswa kwalobu bufakazi obubalulekile bemibhalo kuzovumela bonke abantu baseMexico ukuthi baqonde ngokuphelele imvelaphi yethu.
UBatia Fux
